Abstract: A large-scale radio frequency signal information processing and analysis system that provides advanced signal analysis for telecommunication applications, including band capacity and geographical density determinations and detection, classification, identification, and geolocation of signals across a wide range of frequencies and across broad geographical areas. The system may utilize a range of novel algorithms for bin-wise processing, Rayleigh distribution analysis, telecommunication signal classification, receiver anomaly detection, transmitter density estimation, transmitter detection and location, geolocation analysis, telecommunication activity estimation, telecommunication utilization estimation, frequency utilization estimation, and data interpolation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for autonomous vehicle operation, in which a processor is configured to receive sensor data collected by a first sensor of a first autonomous vehicle during navigation of the first autonomous vehicle through a particular location and prior to a control signal subsequently generated by a controller of the first autonomous vehicle; determine based on the sensor data an event that triggered the control signal. A communication device coupled to the processor is configured to transmit to a second autonomous vehicle an instruction, based on the determined event, to adjust sensor data collected by a second sensor of the second autonomous vehicle during navigation of the second autonomous vehicle in the particular location.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) sensor disposed along a radio-frequency transmission line between a signal generator and an antenna. The VSWR sensor may gather VSWR measurements from radio-frequency signals transmitted by the signal generator over the transmission line. Control circuitry may identify a variation in the VSWR measurements over time and may compare the variation to a threshold value to determine whether an external object in the vicinity of the antenna is animate or inanimate. The control circuitry may reduce the maximum transmit power level of the antenna when the external object is animate and may maintain or increase the maximum transmit power level when the external object is inanimate. This may serve to maximize the wireless performance of the electronic device while also ensuring that the device complies with regulatory limits on radio-frequency energy exposure.

Abstract: In one aspect, an example method includes (i) while a media playback device of a vehicle is playing back content received on a first channel, generating, by the media playback device, a query fingerprint using second content received on a second channel; (ii) sending, by the media playback device, the query fingerprint to a server that maintains a reference database containing a plurality of reference fingerprints; (iii) receiving, by the media playback device from the server, identifying information corresponding to a reference fingerprint of the plurality of reference fingerprints that matches the query fingerprint; and (iv) while the media playback device is playing back the first content received on the first channel, providing, by the media playback device for display, at least a portion of the identifying information.

Abstract: Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) sends, to a network entity, a report indicating positioning capabilities of the UE, the positioning capabilities indicating a number of positioning calculations that the UE can perform per unit of time, per unit of frequency, or both, and performs a first set of positioning-related measurements of a set of positioning reference signal (PRS) resources and reports a second set of positioning-related measurements based on the reported positioning capabilities of the UE, the set of PRS resources to be used for the first and second sets of positioning-related measurements, a set of reporting parameters, an accuracy configuration, a latency configuration, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media described herein can be operable to facilitate location determination, communications with an AFC system, configuring operational parameters in response to an identification of active 6 GHz paths, and timing distribution and low-latency services. Methods, systems, and computer readable media are described herein for implementing and improving use of automated frequency coordination (AFC), operational deployment of the 6 GHz band for unlicensed devices, and use of the 6 GHz band for low-latency services, timing distribution, and QoS.

Abstract: There is provided a reception apparatus including a first acquisition unit which acquires, preceding text format second signaling data to be transmitted in a lower-level layer than an IP layer in a hierarchy of a protocol of an IP transmission system and containing control information independent of a service identified by an IP address, binary format first signaling data containing a flag indicating whether the second signaling data exists in digital broadcast using the IP transmission system, a second acquisition unit which acquires the second signaling data on the basis of the first signaling data, and a control unit which controls operation of the units which perform various types of processing on the basis of the second signaling data. The present technology can be applied to, for example, a television receiver.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for receiving electronic healthcare records and wearable device data associated with multiple users from multiple data sources, which are configured to generate and store the data in various data model regimes, many of which are not standardized or are variants of a standard. The data is standardized, aggregated, and then analyzed to generate reports. The reports are used to provide a plurality of customized execution environments and user interfaces on computing devices of the users, based on a report of each user. The data is used to determine distress situations and provide alert notifications in response.

Abstract: A method and system is presented for coordinating the transmission of supplemental digital data to accompany broadcast data, and in particular, analog radio broadcasts, among a plurality of broadcasters. The supplemental digital data may provide information about the particular broadcast data being transmitted (i.e. cut data) or may be supplemental to such data (i.e. news, weather and traffic data). The supplemental digital data to be presented is sorted based on particular algorithms which may take into account broadcaster-specified criteria such as target audience, time of day, type of broadcast data presented, and the like. The supplemental digital data may be audio data, visual data, or audio-visual data for presentation with the broadcast data. The supplemental digital data may further be advertisement data. The advertisement data may be sold by the broadcasters or the party coordinating the IBOC transmission of the supplemental digital data.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for validating endpoint information for nodes in a network. A network assurance appliance is configured to identify an endpoint in a bridge domain is associated with at least one subnet, retrieve at least one IP address associated with the endpoint, determine whether the at least one IP address is within the at least one subnet, and determine there is an inconsistency when the at least one IP address is not within the at least one subnet.

Abstract: A device and method for registering devices on advanced networks as well as providing operative communications between a legacy device and a advanced network. The legacy device may contain data, such as sensor data, which is being collected on a network outside the communication range/abilities of the legacy device. An intermediary device may receive the data via a first communication scheme and send the device to a server collecting the data via a second communication scheme.

Abstract: The present invention herein provides apparatus and method, allowing a user to acquire a target location wherever the target is with a target mobile locator. The target mobile locator includes a RF receiver, a transmitter, a GPS locator and a circuit. After receiving “wake-up” signal from the user, GPS locator and/or transmitter can be activated and the target location is sent back to the user. Prior to receiving the wakeup signal, at least one of the GPS locator and the transmitter are either energy reduced state or off state such that the consumption of the energy is minimized in the locator. Therefore, the locator is active for long periods of time. Optionally, a battery can be recharged using, for example, a solar cell under the sun.

Abstract: A system comprises a first server including a port, a memory, a processor operatively coupled to the port and memory, and a service application for execution by the processor. The service application is configured to: receive identification information related to an over-the-air radio broadcast via the port of the first server, wherein the identification information is transmitted to the first server using a radio broadcast receiver remote from the first server, communicate a request for automatic content recognition (ACR) of an Internet-based streaming version of the over-the-air radio broadcast; and receive metadata associated with the over-the-air radio broadcast in response to the request and initiate transmission of the metadata to the radio broadcast receiver.

Abstract: A state display apparatus includes a plurality of state display LEDs and a plurality of margin display LEDs, and when receiving a radio signal indicating that a state of a management object has changed, performs light on/off control of a state display LED associated with the management object, and controls a margin display LED arranged above the state display LED so that whether or not a reception strength of the received radio signal is equal to or higher than a prescribed threshold is indicated by a lighted state/a turned-off state of the margin display LED on/off.

Abstract: A transceiver that allows dynamic high-pass filter (HPF) cut-off frequency adjustment may include a mixer circuit to mix a local oscillator (LO) signal with a receive (RX) signal received from a transmitter to generate a baseband signal. The transceiver may further include a high-pass filter (HPF) having an adjustable cut-off frequency that is used to reduce a DC offset of the baseband signal. A control circuit can dynamically control components of the HPF to set the adjustable cut-off frequency at a first frequency during a first time period and at a second frequency during a second time period.

Abstract: A method for populating a plurality of radio stations on a user device, the method includes receiving the plurality of radio stations, including a radio station signal type, receiving a broadcast area for each of the plurality of radio stations, receiving a request for radio service from the user device, the request for radio service comprising a location of the user device, a user device signal threshold, and a user device antenna capability, wherein the user device antenna capability comprises at least one signal type, calculating a plurality of user device ranges for each of the plurality of radio stations, determining, a plurality of in-range radio stations, filtering, the plurality of in-range radio stations based at least in part on the user device signal threshold, further filtering the plurality of in-range radio stations based at least in part on the user device antenna capability, and transmitting the plurality of in-range radio stations, and related content for the each of the plurality of in-range

Abstract: Methods and devices for tuning a configurable amplifier of a multi-band RF front-end stage based on a setting of a band switch are described. A lookup table provided with the configurable amplifier is used to map configuration control data of the band switch to configuration control data of the configurable amplifier. The configurable amplifier can be part of a transmit path or a receive path of the multi-band RF front-end stage.

Abstract: In a case where testing of uplink carrier aggregation that is a frequency arrangement in which a primary component carrier and a secondary component carrier are contiguous is performed, a control unit 15 causes a call processing unit 12 to configure a transmission signal of a mobile terminal 2 in such a manner that the transmission signal satisfies a prescribed condition for user data transmission, and causes a wireless signal measurement unit 13 to detect a local oscillation frequency from a band that includes a frequency band in which a primary component carrier and a secondary component carrier are contiguous, using a reception signal that satisfies the prescribed condition for user data transmission.

Abstract: Positioning user equipment served by a base station in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method comprises obtaining a timing value used by the user equipment for timing adjustment of uplink signal transmission and a timing bias used for adjusting the timing value. The method also comprises adjusting the timing value based on the timing bias. The method further comprises determining the position of the user equipment based on the adjusted timing value, wherein the timing bias is associated with at least one difference between at least one timing value obtained from at least one previous user equipment served by the base station and at least one timing value obtained from the base station with respect to the at least one previous user equipment. By means of the method and device, the positioning of the user equipment can be accurately achieved and less overhead could be incurred.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting a power headroom report in a communication system supporting multi-carriers are disclosed, by which a user equipment is enabled to transmit the power headroom report. According to the present invention, a user equipment calculates a power headroom for each of at least one activated serving cell using a maximum transmission power of the user equipment for each of at least one activated serving cell and transmits the power headroom report including the power headroom for each of the at least one activated serving cell and the maximum transmission power of the user equipment for each of the at least one activated serving cell to a base station. In this case, the power headroom includes an information on power status of the user equipment for each of the at least one activated serving cell.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for receiving control channel resources of a relay by the relay is provided. The method includes receiving resource information including a resource block assignment information related to resource blocks allocated to the relay; and receiving control channel according to the resource information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for implementing a large area and continuous coverage of programs in a digital audio broadcasting, wherein, part of carrier frequencies are set as common carrier frequencies, and other carrier frequencies are set as service carrier frequencies; all of the common carrier frequencies are combined together to achieve a seamless coverage for the large area; a transmitting end transmits a common frequency point identifier and a program information list on the common carrier frequencies, and transmits digital broadcasting programs on the service carrier frequencies; a receiving end identifies the common carrier frequency based on the common frequency point identifier and receives the digital broadcasting program on the common carrier frequencies; for a specific program desired to be received, all the carrier frequencies on broadcasting of the program are searched based on the received program information list, and the carrier frequency with best signal quality is

Abstract: One or more embodiments of techniques or systems for content management are provided herein. In one or more embodiments, a user may preconfigure a device with preset stations or favorite stations, such as via an application on the device. The device may be utilized to synchronize a vehicle with the preset stations or favorite stations. In one or more embodiments, merely preset stations may be accessible on the vehicle during some scenarios to promote safe driving. For example, in such scenarios, merely the preset stations may be marked or defined as a favorite. In one or more embodiments, presets or favorites may be presented or organized based on characteristics of a user or other attributes, such as the time of day. In this manner, content management may be provided while promoting safe driving.

Abstract: A stray capacitance is generated between an antenna element and a ground electrode. A capacitance detection circuit detects the stray capacitance. An antenna matching circuit, is provided along a wireless communication signal path, which is a transmission path between the antenna element and a feeder circuit. A feedback control circuit transmits a control signal to the variable matching circuit on the basis of a detection result of the capacitance detection circuit in accordance with the stray capacitance. The capacitance detection circuit includes a constant current source and a timing circuit to measure the time taken to charge the antenna from the constant current source and for the voltage to reach a predetermined voltage.

Abstract: A semiconductor device (10) includes a transmitting circuit (12) that converts transmission data into a transmission signal with a specified frequency, an amplifier (13) that amplifies a power of the transmission signal, a matching circuit (14) that converts the transmission signal from a balanced signal to an unbalanced signal, and a filter circuit (14) that restricts a frequency band of the transmission signal. The matching circuit includes a primary inductor and a secondary indictor, the filter circuit includes an inductor for a filter, and the primary inductor, the secondary indictor and the inductor for a filter are wound substantially concentrically on one plane.

Abstract: The communication device comprising a video data transfer implementer, a 1st device remotely controlling implementer, a 2nd device remotely controlling implementer, and an email data transfer implementer.

Abstract: In one form, an integrated receiver includes a tracking bandpass filter, a tunable lowpass filter, and a mixer formed on a single integrated circuit chip. The tracking bandpass filter has an input for receiving a radio frequency (RF) input signal, and an output, and comprises a variable capacitor having a capacitance that varies in response to a bandpass frequency control signal, in parallel with an integrated inductor. The integrated inductor comprises a plurality of windings formed in a plurality of metal layers. The tunable lowpass filter has an input coupled to the output of the tracking bandpass filter, and an output and having a tuning input for receiving a cutoff frequency signal. The mixer has a signal input coupled to the output of the tunable lowpass filter, a local oscillator input for receiving a local oscillator signal, and a signal output for providing a converted RF signal.

Abstract: A receiver includes a local signal generator, a power phase adjuster, and a frequency converter so as to perform frequency conversion on signals included in a plurality of radio frequency bands. The local signal generator supplies a plurality of local signals. The power phase adjuster adjusts local signals in terms of signal power or relative phases. The frequency converter performs frequency conversion on radio frequency bands by use of local signals adjusted with the power phase adjuster, thus sorting them in a desired frequency range.

Abstract: A frequency translation filter 500 is configured to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal 501 comprising first and second non-contiguous carriers or non-contiguous frequency ranges. The frequency translation filter comprises a mixer 503 configured to mix the RF signal 501 received on a first input with a local oscillator (LO) signal 505 received on a second input. A filter 507 comprises a frequency dependent load impedance, the filter having band-pass characteristics which, when frequency translated using the mixer 503, contain first and second pass-bands corresponding to the first and second non-contiguous carriers or non-contiguous frequency ranges. The first and second pass-bands are centered about the local oscillator frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a splitter to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal and to provide the RF signal to multiple channels of a tuner. Each channel may include an amplifier to amplify the RF signal, a mixer to downconvert the amplified RF signal to a second frequency signal using a local oscillator (LO) signal, where each of the channels is configured to receive a different LO signal, a filter to filter the downconverted second frequency signal, and a digitizer to digitize the downconverted second frequency signal. A clock generation circuit has multiple interpolative dividers and a frequency synthesizer to generate a reference clock signal. Each of the interpolative dividers is configured to receive the reference clock signal, generate a corresponding LO signal, and provide the corresponding LO signal to the mixer of at least one of the channels.

Abstract: A mobile radio receiver for a vehicle includes a tuner front-end section, a location data port for receiving tuner location data, a sensor port for receiving sensor signal measurement data from at least one vehicle sensor, a tuner front-end section parameter server port for sending the tuner location data, the sensor signal measurement data for receiving a set of tuner front-end section parameter data, and a data processing unit. The data processing unit is operably connected to the tuner front-end section, the location data port, the sensor port, and the tuner front-end section parameter server port. The mobile radio receiver provides an operational mode, a checking mode, a tuner parameter retrieval mode, and a tuner parameter application mode.

Abstract: A receiver can extract digital data from wireless radio frequency signal. The digital data contains at least two sets of compressed digital audio data each associated with a different set of audio program. One set of compressed digital audio data is delivered in a first frequency band and the other set in a second frequency band. One of the sets is stored in a memory system and the remaining set is not stored in the memory system. A user can select one of the sets of compressed digital audio data for decompression and then conversion to analog audio signal.

Abstract: A method, system, media, and apparatus are directed to radio recording. Radio stations are simultaneously recorded based on a radio parameter including a processing parameter, a memory usage or allocation, a recording status, or the like. The radio parameter is adapted for an individual station, some radio stations, or all radio stations. The processing parameter is adapted based on a processor usage. The memory usage is adapted based on a memory requirement of a station being recorded. A station may be suspended from recording based on a loss of a signal and resumed based on a resumption of the signal. An access to a radio content recorded while a signal was available may be provided, if the signal is unavailable. The plurality of stations may be prioritized.

Abstract: Techniques are described for use in scanning by a mobile device which is configured to communicate in compliance with regulatory requirements of a regulatory domain based on country information communicated in one or more beacon frames. The mobile device scans a radio frequency (RF) band using passive scan operations on RF channels having passive scan status, where each passive scan operation involves monitoring an RF channel in attempt to decode a beacon frame. When the mobile device successfully decodes, on an RF channel for a passive scan operation, an information frame of a type that is different from a beacon frame, it changes the passive scan status of the RF channel to an active scan status and performs an active scan operation on the RF channel.

Abstract: Certain aspects of a method and system for a compact and power efficient local oscillator generation architecture in multi-standard systems may include selection of an input frequency range of operation at a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) based on a particular wireless band of operation. An image rejection mixer may be enabled to mix a plurality of generated local oscillator signals. An inductive buffer may be enabled to generate an output signal by buffering the mixed plurality of generated local oscillator signals in a single backend stage. An in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component of the generated output signal may be generated by utilizing an RC-CR quadrature network.

Abstract: A mobile radio receiver for a vehicle. The mobile radio receiver includes a tuner front-end section, a location data port, a sensor port, and a data processing unit. The location data port is used for receiving tuner location data. The sensor port is used for receiving one or more sensor signals. The data processing unit is operably connected with the tuner front-end section, with the location data port, and with the sensor port. The data processing unit further comprises predetermined tuner location data and predetermined relationship data sets for determining a set of tuner front-end section parameters based on the sensor signals. The mobile radio receiver provides an operational mode, a checking mode, a tuner parameter adjustment mode, and a tuner parameter application mode.

Abstract: A channel scanning method for Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite (DVB-S) signals is provided. The method includes: scanning a radio frequency (RF) signal according to a normal frequency step; when the Nth channel is detected, obtaining a difference between a low boundary of an Nth channel and a high boundary of an (N?1)th channel; and, when the difference is within a predetermined bandwidth range, scanning the RF signal between the high boundary of the (N?1)th channel and the low boundary of the Nth channel according to a narrow frequency step. The normal frequency step is greater than the narrow frequency step.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed related to tuning a resonant frequency of an LC circuit. In some implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in a low noise amplifier (LNA) of a receiver. The receiver can include a component configured to generate an indicator of received signal strength indication (RSSI) of a radio frequency (RF) signal received by the receiver. A control block can adjust the resonant frequency of the LC circuit based at least in part on the indicator of RSSI. As another example, the receiver can include an oscillator, such as a VCO, separate from the LC circuit that can be used to tune the resonant frequency of the LC circuit. These apparatus can compensate for variation in a zero imaginary component of an impedance across the LC circuit.

Abstract: An adaptive stepped gain amplifier, for example for use in broadband receivers, has a step size which is dynamically compensated (for each received frequency) to cope with step error caused by frequency dependence of the amplifier performance.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a method for determining whether a signal includes a wanted signal may be provided. The method may include determining a frequency at which the signal has a signal energy above a first pre-defined signal energy threshold and determining whether the signal includes a wanted signal, based on whether the signal has a signal energy above a second pre-defined signal energy threshold in a pre-defined frequency range in a frequency neighborhood of the determined frequency.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for recognizing Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) signals are provided. The solution comprises obtaining position and timing information from a satellite positioning system; tuning to a frequency channel with GSM transmission; collecting a group of I/Q samples for the length of 12 GSM frames; performing peak detection using at least two peak detectors over the group of samples wherein the found peak values are the locations of synchronization bursts (SCH). For the found peaks, the timing information, carrier-to-noise ratio, in phase and quadrature values are determined. A group of I/Q samples for the length of 12 or 51 GSM frames are collected. From the found SCH, base station identification code BSIC, frame number and Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) training sequence are determined. BCCHs corresponding to all SCH are decoded; and transmitting base stations identified.

Abstract: A conversion circuit (20) for converting a complex analog input signal having an in-phase, I, component and a quadrature-phase, Q, component resulting from frequency down conversion of a radio-frequency, RF, signal (XRF) to a frequency band covering 0 Hz into a digital representation is disclosed. It comprises a channel-selection filter unit (40) arranged to filter the complex analog input signal, thereby generating a channel-filtered I and Q components, and one or more processing units (53, 53a-b). Each processing unit comprises four mixers (60-75) for generating a first and a second frequency-translated I component and a first and a second channel-filtered Q component based on two LO signals with equal LO frequency and a 90° mutual phase shift. Furthermore, each processing unit comprises a combiner unit (85, 120) for generating a first, a second, a third, and a fourth combined signal proportional to sums and differences between said frequency translated I and Q components.

Abstract: A fast channel switching method and apparatus for a digital broadcast receiver having a single tuner are disclosed. The fast channel switching method includes setting an ongoing service channel and at least one standby service channel, buffering broadcast data received through the ongoing and standby service channels, outputting the buffered broadcast data of the ongoing service channel, determining whether the ongoing service channel is switched to one of the standby service channels, outputting, if the ongoing service channel is switched to one of the standby service channels, the buffered broadcast data of the switched standby service channel and resetting the ongoing and standby service channels.

Abstract: A receiver is set forth that includes a tuner circuit and a converter circuit. The tuner circuit provides an analog signal corresponding to a modulated signal that is received on a selected channel. The converter circuit includes a sample clock that is used to convert the analog signal to a digital signal at a conversion rate corresponding to the frequency of the sample clock. The sample clock is selectable between at least two different clock frequencies.

Abstract: A radio-frequency (RF) processing device, for a wireless communication device, is disclosed. The RF processing device comprises an antenna, an RF-signal processing module, a controller, for generating a control signal according to a band switching signal, and a matching adjustment module for adjusting an impedance between the antenna and the RF-signal processing module according to the control signal.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a band stop filter unit, a mobile communication terminal test system, and a mobile communication terminal test method that are flexibly adaptable to the addition/change of a specification in a frequency band for mobile communication. [Means for Resolution] There are provided a first variable filter (102) and a second variable filter (103) which are connected to each other in series, respectively have YIG elements to vary tuning frequencies (f1 and f2), and attenuate the desired signal within predetermined bandwidths (?BW1 and ?BW2) having centers of the tuning frequencies. The tuning frequency (f1) and the tuning frequency (f2) are controlled to be the same as each other or around each other when the desired signal is located at a low frequency band side.

Abstract: A system for searching stored audio data is described. The system includes a memory configured to store audio data received from a radio receiver and a processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to receive a search pattern, search the stored audio data for the search pattern, and provide audio data based on the search.

Abstract: A mechanism for providing tuning values to an RF radio module that, does not have memory for storing tuning values. Tuning values are requested from a server maintaining tuning values. The request is made by a device including the RF radio module for which the tuning values are requested. Requested tuning values are then received in accordance with the request. The received tuning values are stored in to a memory of the device including the RF radio module and applied to the RF radio module.

Abstract: A method of tuning a receiver includes: providing a tunable Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) having a plurality of LNAs and a plurality of LC loads coupled to the plurality of LNAs; selecting a desired LNA and a LC load corresponding to the desired LNA; isolating the desired LNA from the selected LC load; generating a local oscillation (LO) signal; routing the LO signal to the output of the tunable LNA to generate a filtered LO signal; determining a first signal power level of the filtered LO signal; changing the capacitance in the selected LC load and determining a second signal power level of the filtered LO signal; comparing the first filtered signal power level to the second filtered signal power level; and according to the comparison result, determining whether or not to adjust the capacitance in the selected LC load.

Abstract: A receiver contains a demodulator system that can extract digital data from wireless radio frequency signal. The digital data contains two sets of compressed digital audio data corresponding to two audio programs. The receiver also contains two decompressors. If a user selects a first audio program, a first compressor is used to decompress a first set of compressed digital audio data. If a user selects a second audio program, a second decompressor is used to decompress a second set of compressed digital audio data. The wireless radio frequency signal can be transmitted using a transmitter.