Abstract: A process for the alkylation of alkenes having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms with an alkane having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms to afford an alkylate comprises reacting in the liquid phase the alkene and alkane under alkylation conditions in the presence of a novel catalyst comprising: a) a refractory inorganic oxide, b) the reaction product of a first metal halide and bound surface hydroxyl groups of the refractory inorganic oxide, c) a second metal cation, and d) optionally a zerovalent third metal. The refractory inorganic oxide is selected form the group consisting of alumina, titania, zirconia, chromia, silica, boria, silica-alumina, and combinations thereof and the first metal halide is a fluoride, chloride, or bromide of aluminum or boron. The second metal cation is selected from the group consisting of: monovalent metal cations in an amount from 0.0026 up to about 0.20 gram atoms per 100 grams refractory inorganic oxide for lithium, potassium, cesium, rubidium, silver, and copper, and from 0.012 to about 0.

Abstract: The present invention includes related methods and uses, including composition comprising the polymer derived from a monomer having the formula:H.sub.2 C.dbd.CHR; (1)and optionally at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of monomers having the formula:R.sup.1 HC.dbd.CHR.sup.2 ; and (2)H.sub.2 C.dbd.CR.sup.2 R.sup.3 (3)wherein R is a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon having from 2 to 22 carbon atoms, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are the same or different hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons having 1 to 22 carbon atoms. R is preferably an ethyl group (--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3) and R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are preferably methyl groups (--CH.sub.3).

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a solid acid catalyst having a structure including a metal core having essentially an entire outer surface covered by a layer of metal oxide including a multitude of active sites provided with Lewis Acidity. The method involves an oxidizing step to form a layer of metal oxide and a halogenating step to produce a metal oxide layer with multiple active sites exhibiting Lewis Acidity.

Abstract: A catalytic composite of a refractory inorganic oxide whose bound surface hydroxyl group has reacted with a Friedel-Crafts type metal halide and whose acidity has been modified by the deposition of a monovalent metal cation, especially an alkali metal cation, or alkaline earth metal cation shows superior selectivity and a significantly decreased cracking tendency relative to similar catalysts without the monovalent metal or alkaline earth metal cation. The resulting alkylate from an isobutane-butene feedstock shows a substantial increase in research octane number relative to the alkylate formed by a similar catalyst which has not been so modified by an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation.

Abstract: A catalyst containing a porous organic or mineral support and at least one active phase having at least one aluminum halide, at least one compound selected for quaternary ammonium halides and amine hydrohalides, and at least one cuprous compound, the support having been impregnated with the active phase, the catalyst essentially constituted by particles with an average diameter in the range 0.1 .mu.m to 150 .mu.m, and the support, before impregnation with the active phase, has a total pore volume in the range 0.1 cm.sup.3 /g and 6 cm.sup.3 /g.

Abstract: A process for preparing R113a from Rl13, and R123 from R123a or R123b by rearrangement over AlCl.sub.3, in which when the reaction mixture is heated sudden start-up of the reaction, which often causes large amounts of heat to be released and the reaction to run away, is prevented by using a specially activated AlCl.sub.3, which has been activated by means of a metal halide selected from the group consisting of NaF.multidot.nHF with 0<n.ltoreq.2, AgCl and FeCl.sub.3. In addition to it being considerably easier to control the reaction, shorter reaction times for the rearrangement and a decrease in the amount of by-products which are formed, are observed.

Abstract: Catalytic solid for the (co)polymerisation of at least one olefin, comprising a coprecipitate of magnesium and of at least one transition metal, obtained by means of a process comprising the preparation of a mixture of a magnesium compound, such as the chloride or a magnesium alcoholate, and of a compound denoted by one of the formulae MY.sub.x (O--R').sub.t-x and M'O.sub.y (O--R").sub.s-2y and the treatment of the resulting mixture with a complex of formula M"(A)Al.sub.2 (X',X").sub.8 where X' and X" denote halogens, M and M' transition metals of groups IVB and VB, M" a transition metal of group IVB, A an aromatic hydrocarbon, Y a halogen or a group (O--R'"), and R', R" and R'" an alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl group.

Abstract: A supported Lewis acid catalyst system for catalyzing hydrocarbon conversion reactions including cationic polymerization, alkylation, isomerization and cracking reactions is disclosed, wherein the catalyst system comprises an inorganic oxide support having immobilized thereon a least one strong Lewis acid comprising at least one metal salt of a strong Bronsted acid wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron gallium, antimony, tantalum, niobium, yttrium, cobalt, nickel, iron, tin, zinc, magnesium barium strontium, calcium, tungsten, molybdenum and the metals of the lanthanide series and wherein the strong Bronsted acid is selected from the group consisting of mineral and organic acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Catalytic system comprising a hydrogenation catalyst on a support which comprises at least one alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal and at least one fluorine-containing aluminium compound.Process for the hydrodechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons, more particularly of chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons, by means of hydrogen and in the presence of a catalytic system comprising a hydrogenation catalyst, especially palladium, on such a support.

Abstract: To produce hydrofluorocarbons with high productivity, and to provide a catalyst for that purpose and a production method of the catalyst, there is provided a chromium-based fluorination catalyst comprising Cr, Ga, O and F as the essential constituent elements, wherein a Ga/Cr atomic ratio is from 0.001 to 0.15. The catalyst is prepared by particularly fluorinating a precursor of an oxide or a hydroxide. HF and a halogenated hydrocarbon are brought into contact in a gaseous phase in the presence of this catalyst.

Abstract: A fluorination catalyst comprising indium, chromium, oxygen and fluorine as essential constituent elements thereof. The catalyst is prepared by fluorinating a catalyst precursor comprising indium and chromium elements by bringing it into contact with hydrogen fluoride or a fluorine-containing halogenated hydrocarbon at a temperature of 300.degree. to 500.degree. C. A halogenated hydrocarbon is fluorinated by bringing it into contact with hydrogen fluoride in a gaseous phase in the presence of the catalyst.

Abstract: New crystalline phases of the fluoroaluminum compound AlF.sub.k (OH).sub.3-k and processes for their preparation and conversion to conventional phases, as well as isolation of solid HAlF.sub.4 are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrocarbon lubricant basestock comprises contacting C.sub.2 to C.sub.20 alpha-olefin feedstock, or mixtures thereof, e.g., 1-decene, under heterogeneous oligomerization conditions with a catalyst comprising halides of a metal component anchored on an adsorbent inorganic oxide solid, e.g., silica, by an oxygen-metal bond to provide a reaction mixture containing said hydrocarbon lubricant basestock. The catalyst is prepared by contacting the inorganic oxide solid with organic metal halide of the formula RMXY wherein R is alkyl or aryl, M is aluminum, X is halogen and Y is selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkoxy, and amido moieties.

Abstract: A catalyst is provided based on chlorinated eta alumina incorporating platinum and germanium and tin, as well as chlorine. This catalyst can be used in a process for the isomerization of a charge rich in normal C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 -paraffins, without hydrogen recycling.

Abstract: New crystalline phases of the fluoroaluminum compound AlF.sub.k (OH).sub.3-k and processes for their preparation and conversion to conventional phases, as well as isolation of solid HAlF.sub.4 are disclosed.

Abstract: Novel compositions, being effective as catalysts for alkane and/or cycloalkane isomerization, are prepared by a method which includes the steps of impregnating alumina with a sulfate of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc and magnesium, calcining the thus-obtained impregnated alumina materials, and heating the calcined materials with AlCl.sub.3 and at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably CCl.sub.4) at a temperature of about 40.degree.-90.degree. C. Preferably, this method also includes a step of treating the calcined impregnated alumina materials with gaseous hydrogen chloride before the heating with AlCl.sub.3 and the chlorinated hydrocarbon(s) is carried out.

Abstract: A novel method to prepare a solid acid catalyst through the reaction of a metal-alkyl halide species and the surface hydroxyl group of a solid support is disclosed. Lewis acidic metals, e.g., B, Al and Ga, etc., can then be anchored on the surface via the formation of an oxygen-metal bond. The solids containing these metals can be used as catalysts that will catalyze organic compound coversion reactions, e.g., Friedel-Crafts type reactions, olefin oligomerization, aromatic alkylation and acylation, alkane alkylation and isomerization reactions.

Abstract: A composition is prepared by mixing at least one aluminum halide (preferably AlCl.sub.3), at least one copper(II) salt (preferably CuCl.sub.2), calcium aluminate and at least one alcohol (preferably ethanol), shaping the mixture, and drying the shaped particles. The thus-obtained catalyst composition can be employed as a catalyst in the isomerization of alkanes and/or cycloalkanes.

Abstract: High surface are aluminas are pre-calcined to form gamma-alumina. In one embodiment, the gamma-alumina is treated with an anhydrous solution of a fluorine-containing compound. In a second embodiment, alumina is precipitated in the pores of the gamma-alumina and then treated with a fluorine-containing compound. In a third embodiment a cogel of aluminum trifluoride and aluminum hydroxide is prepared. The three inventive fluorided alumina supports can be impregnated with a transition metal, preferably chromium, to form a catalyst system which can be used to polymerize mono-1-olefins.

Abstract: High surface are aluminas are pre-calcined to form gamma-alumina. In one embodiment, the gamma-alumina is treated with an anhydrous solution of a fluorine-containing compound. In a second embodiment, alumina is precipitated in the pores of the gamma-alumina and then treated with a fluorine-containing compound. In a third embodiment a cogel of aluminum trifluoride and aluminum hydroxide is prepared. The three inventive fluorided alumina supports can be impregnated with a transition metal, preferably chromium, to form a catalyst system which can be used to polymerize mono-1-olefins.

Abstract: High surface are aluminas are pre-calcined to form gamma-alumina. In one embodiment, the gamma-alumina is treated with an anhydrous solution of a fluorine-containing compound. In a second embodiment, alumina is precipitated in the pores of the gamma-alumina and then treated with a fluorine-containing compound. In a third embodiment a cogel of aluminum trifluoride and aluminum hydroxide is prepared. The three inventive fluorided alumina supports can be impregnated with a transition metal, preferably chromium, to form a catalyst system which can be used to polymerize mono-1-olefins.

Abstract: Catalysts for the epoxidation of alkene, especially ethylene, to the corresponding alkylene oxide, e.g., ethylene oxide, which catalysts contain a high silver content on carriers having a high surface area and a high pore volume are disclosed. Methods for making and using such catalysts are also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a silicon enhanced amorphous silica-alumina (SEASAL) composition. The composition is characterized in that from about 3 to about 22 mole percent of the aluminum atoms in a host amorphous silica-alumina have been replaced by silicon atoms. Additionally, the SEASAL contains from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent fluoride and has a cracking activity of at least 30%. The SEASAL is prepared by reacting a host amorphous silica-alumina with a fluorosilicate salt, thereby removing aluminum atoms and inserting silicon atoms. The SEASAL compositions have uses in hydrocarbon conversion processes such as hydrocracking, cracking and alkylation.

Abstract: An improved catalyst and method for the oxyhydrochlorination of methane is disclosed. The catalyst includes a pyrogenic porous support on which is layered as active material, cobalt chloride in major proportion, and minor proportions of an alkali metal chloride and of a rare earth chloride. On contact of the catalyst with a gas flow of methane, HCl and oxygen, more than 60% of the methane is converted and of that converted more than 40% occurs as monochloromethane. Advantageously, the monochloromethane can be used to produce gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons with the recycle of HCl for further reaction. This catalyst is also of value for the production of formic acid as are analogous catalysts with lead, silver or nickel chlorides substituted for the cobalt chloride.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparation of alkylamines which comprises reacting ammonia and a monounsaturated olefin in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of:a. Acid modified montmorillonite clays;b. Heterogenous catalyst comprising a fluorine-containing compound on an inert support; andc. Heteropoly acids on an inert support.

Abstract: The activity and stability of a catalyst are enhanced by substantially precluding water contact between a catalyst finishing step and startup of a process unit utilizing the catlayst. Water is precluded from contacting the catalyst during catalyst finishing and loading at the fabrication site, transportation to the conversion site, and loading, activation, and startup in the reactors of the process unit.

Abstract: A catalyst for promoting the molecular restructuring of the components of hydrocarbons to form desired products. The catalyst comprises copper salts, copper acetate being particularly preferred, in combination with anhydrous aluminum chloride. The catalyst can be used with either gaseous hydrocarbon raw materials such as natural gas, refinery gas, biomass decomposition gases, and similar materials, or with solids, meltable solids, or liquid hydrocarbon-containing raw materials including tar sands, oil shale, waxes, asphaltic compositions and the like. In the case of gaseous raw materials, the gases are preferably brought into contact with the copper salt coated on a catalyst support such as refractory alumina, in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride, which can be in vaporous form, in a continuous process.

Abstract: Amination of phenolic compounds by ammonia is accomplished in the presence of a gamma alumina containing a small amount of fluoride.

Abstract: New alkali metal salt vanadium oxide catalysts have been prepared for the oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The new catalyst can be supported or unsupported and show excellent activity, selectivity, and resistance to common sulfur containing poisons. The new catalyst can have composition ranging from 1:0.05 alkali metal salt to vanadium ratio to 1:5 alkali metal salt to vanadium ratio. The catalyst operates at moderate temperature from about 300.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. with no apparent loss of vanadium.

Abstract: A catalytic intermediate useful in the preparation of ortho-alkylated aromatic amines is prepared by heating an amine in the presence of aluminum metal, zinc metal and aluminum chloride. This catalytic intermediate is used to alkylate aromatic amines which may be the same as or different from the amine used in the catalytic intermediate preparation. In a preferred embodiment, toluenediamine is alkylated in the ortho positions to form diethyltoluenediamine.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the treatment of a new or deactivated supported metal catalyst containing noble metal to prepare said catalyst for use in the hydrodehalogenation of a compound having the formula C.sub.n H.sub.m F.sub.p X.sub.q, where each X is independently selected from Cl and Br, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 6, m is an integer from 0 to 12, p is an integer from 1 to 13, and q is an integer from 1 to 13, and wherein m+p+q equals 2n+2 for saturated compounds which are acyclic, m+p+q equals 2n for saturated compounds which are cyclic and for olefinic compounds which are acyclic, and m+p+q equals 2n-2 for olefinic compounds which are cyclic, comprising the step of contacting said catalyst with an atmosphere comprising chlorine gas at a temperature from about 100.degree. C. to 400.degree. C. for a time sufficient to improve the catalytic activity thereof for said hydrodehalogenation.

Abstract: A catalyst for promoting the molecular restructuring of the components of hydrocarbons to form desired products. The catalyst comprises copper salts, copper acetate being particularly preferred, in combination with anhydrous aluminum chloride. The catalyst can be used with either gaseous hydrocarbon raw materials such as natural gas, refinery gas, biomass decomposition gases, and similar materials, or with solids, meltable solids, or liquid hydrocarbon-containing raw materials including tar sands, oil shale, waxes, asphaltic compositions and the like. In the case of gaseous raw materials, the gases are preferably brought into contact with the copper salt coated on a catalyst support such as refractory alumina, in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride, which can be in vaporous form, in a continuous process.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel silicon enhanced aluminas (SEAL) and processes to prepare them. The SEAL compositions have a bulk empirical formula of Al.sub.2-x Si.sub.x O.sub.3 F.sub.x where x varies from about 0.01 to about 0.5. This SEAL material has a three-dimensional pore structure with the pores having diameters in the range of about 20 to about 300 .ANG., a crystal structure characteristic of alumina, and where the surface of the SEAL has a higher silicon concentration than the interior of the SEAL. The SEAL is prepared by contacting an alumina with a fluorosilicate salt. This SEAL can be calcined to give a calcined seal with a formula Al.sub.2-x Si.sub.x O.sub.3 F.sub.y where x is as defined above and y varies from 0.01 to x. The calcined SEAL contains both strong and weak acid sites. These SEAL compositions are useful as hydrocracking catalysts.

Abstract: It has now been discovered that hydrocarbon feeds containing a polycyclic aromatic compound or mixtures thereof can be selectively hydrogenated by contacting the feed with a transition metal catalyst and hydrogen in the presence of an acid to provide a hydrocarbon mixture in which the aromatic content consists substantially of mono- and di-aromatic compounds. Useful acids include Lewis acids and acids having a pKa in the range of 0 to about -10.

Abstract: A process for selectively producing middle distillate fuel products from paraffin waxes such as slack wax and Fischer-Tropsch wax by hydroisomerizing the wax to convert 60-95 weight percent per pass of the 700.degree. F..sup.+ fraction contained in said wax. The catalyst employed is a fluorided Group VIII metal-on-alumina catalyst where the fluoride within the catalyst is present predominately as aluminum fluoride hydroxide hydrate. The preferred Group VIII metal is platinum.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for dewaxing hydrocarbon oil which is characterized by bringing the hydrocarbon oil into contact with a catalyst which is prepared by mixing specific crystalline aluminosilicate, defined in claim 1, having an SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 molar ratio between 12 and less than 70 with at least one solid fluorine compound selected from aluminum fluoride, ammonium fluoride, zinc fluoride, cadmium fluoride, manganese fluoride, chromium fluoride, tin fluoride, copper fluoride and silver fluoride; molding the resulting mixture into an optional shape; and calcining the molded mixture at a temperature of 100.degree. to 700.degree. C. for a time of 0.5 hour or more.

Abstract: Hydrocracking catalysts are disclosed which comprise specified amounts of selected inorganic oxides and specified amounts of selected metal components carried thereon. The carrier is essentially derived from solid-phase modification with specified amounts of a selected class of fluorine compounds. Mineral oils are selectively processable with high catalytic activity and at maximum yield.

Abstract: A calcined and shaped alumina, exhibiting a stabilized, high pore volume and a low surace area together with high strength, is made from an alumina, such as pseudoboehmite or chi-rho-eta alumina or mixtures of different alumina species. The stabilized product exhibits a total porosity of at least about 0.4 cc/g, a surface area within the range of about 2-20 m.sup.2 /g. The porosity is stabilized by treatment of the alumina, prior to calcination, with a combination of silica and an inorganic fluoride. The stabilized alumina product can be readily utilized as an adsorbent or a catalyst support, particularly in applications where the catalyst is subjected to high temperatures.

Abstract: Catalysts for the preparation of alkyl halides produced by reacting (1) transition metal carbonyl complex capable of oxidatively adding H.sub.2 or HCl and (2) a Lewis acid from the group consisting of aluminum halides, antimony halides and mixtures thereof, with an adsorbent solid containing surface hydroxyl groups, in a solvent.

Abstract: Oligomerization and isomerization of olefins, e.g., butene, is performed in the gas phase on a solid catalyst containing a superacid fluorine compound of an element of Group III, IV and/or V of the periodic table, e.g. Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 impregnated with a superacid or a salt thereof. e.g. HBF.sub.4, (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SiF.sub.6, H.sub.2 SiF.sub.6, NH.sub.4 BF.sub.4 or HPF.sub.6. The process is particularly applicable for increasing the olefin yield in steam cracking plants or for the recovery of fuel components from FCC residual gases.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst suitable for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide which comprises:(a) mixing alumina with a salt of an alkali metal and with aluminum fluoride or aluminum chloride,(b) calcining the mixture to obtain an alkali enriched alumina carrier,(c) applying a silver compound to the alkali enriched alumina carrier and converting said silver compound to metallic silver.

Abstract: What is described is a process for preparing a more effective catalyst for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to produce 3,3,3-triflurorpropene-1. The process comprises (A) mechanically mixing, in the absence of water, of (i) aluminum fluoride which has been prepared at temperatures less than about 400.degree. C. and (ii) a transition metal compound, the transition metal compound being selected from a group consisting of compounds of cobalt, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, titanium, and vanadium; and (B) contacting the mechanical mixture with sufficient anhydrous HF to convert the transition metal compound to a transition metal fluoride. Also described is the catalyst. Additionally, a process for the preparation of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene-1 in which the catalyst is utilized is described.

Abstract: 1,2-dichlorobenzene is isomerized to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3 and (b) at least one of iodine, alkaline earth metal halides and sulfates and lanthanide halides. Benzene and/or dichlorobenzene is chlorinated with free chlorine in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising (a) at least one suitable metal halide (preferably AlCl.sub.3, SbCl.sub.5 or FeCl.sub.3) and (b) free iodine and/or at least one organic iodo-compound (preferably methyl iodide of p-iodochlorobenzene), so as to obtain a reaction product comprising 1,4-dichlorobenzene. A preferred catalyst composition comprises (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3, (b) free iodine and (c) at least one of alkaline earth metal halides, alkaline earth metal sulfates and lanthanide halides.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas phase process for the manufacture of chloropentafluoroethane by the action of hydrofluoric acid on dichlorotetrafluoroethane in the presence of a catalyst, the said catalyst being prepared by reacting, in a gaseous phase, an alumina in which the sodium oxide content is below 300 ppm and the volume of the pores having a radius equal to 40 angstroms or above is greater than 0.7 cm.sup.3 /g, with hydrofluoric acid or with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and of air, nitrogen or a fluorinated compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved silver catalyst, suitable for use in the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, characterized by(a) a calcined, alkali metal-enriched alumina carrier and(b) from 1 to 25 percent by weight of metallic silver, based on the weight of the total catalyst,(c) an alkali metal of the group consisting of potassium, rubidium, cesium and mixtures, in the form of an oxide or hydroxide as a promoter and(d) a fluoride-anion,the latter two under (c) and (d) each being in an amount between 10 and 1000 parts by weight per million parts by weight of the total catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a silver catalyst suitable for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, characterized in that a silver compound and, if desired, a promoter are applied to a carrier, after which the silver compound is reduced to metallic silver, and in which process the carrier has been prepared by mixing an aluminum compound with an alkali metal hydroxide and with an organic fluorine compound and by calcining the obtained mixture, to the silver catalysts prepared by means of this process and to the use of the silver catalysts in the preparation of ethylene oxide.

Abstract: 1,2-dichlorobenzene is isomerized to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3 and (b) at least one of iodine, alkaline earth metal halides and sulfates and lanthanide halides. Benzene and/or dichlorobenzene is chlorinated with free chlorine in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising (a) at least one suitable metal halide (preferably AlCl.sub.3, SbCl.sub.5 or FeCl.sub.3) and (b) free iodine and/or at least one organic iodo-compound (preferably methyl iodide or p-iodochlorobenzene), so as to obtain a reaction product comprising 1,4-dichlorobenzene). A preferred catalyst composition comprises (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3, (b) free iodine and (c) at least one of alkaline earth metal halides, alkaline earth metal sulfates and lanthanide halides.

Abstract: Method of preparing a hydrocarbon conversion and polymerization catalyst comprising reacting an adsorbent containing surface hydroxyl groups with a Lewis acid in a halogenated organic solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for preparing tantalum halide supported catalysts which comprises a container for holding the support, a container for holding the tantalum pentahalide, a heating means to provide the proper temperature for reactive sublimation, and an optional means for transferring vapor from the halide container.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of metal oxide substrates having tantalum (V) chloride/fluoride/oxide bound to the surface thereof.