Abstract: A thermally imagable business record, such as a form, label, tag, or the like is provided which may be activated to form human and/or machine readable images as well as different colored images. The record comprises a substrate having a thermally imagable coating on substantially its entire surface which forms a first color when activated, and having a desensitized area on at least one area of its surface which may be overcoated with a thermally imagable coating capable of forming a different color upon activation than the first thermally imagable coating. The first thermally imagable coating provides images which are of machine readable quality, while the additional thermally imagable coatings provide images of a different color to designate selected areas on the form or label to a user.

Abstract: A thermal-sensitive color developing material containing metal particles and a matrix substance where the size of the metal particles irreversibly increase at room temperature due to cohesion, and a thermal-sensitive element using the thermal-sensitive color developing material are disclosed. The thermal-sensitive color developing material irreversibly develops a color at a temperature of room temperature or higher.

Abstract: A security document is provided containing a color-forming composition having an insulating material therein which allows the document to be passed through heated printing devices such as laser printers without the problem of premature color development. The color-forming composition includes a mixture of a color former, a color developer, and an insulating material. In a preferred embodiment, a toner adhesion-enhancing composition containing an insulating material is applied over the color-forming composition. The security document may be used to provide an authentication feature and/or an indication of attempted alterations from the use of solvents, heat or abrasion.

Abstract: A heat-sensitive document capable of providing multiple colors comprising a support having at least one surface bearing a first coating comprising a substantially colorless, chromogenic composition which is capable of producing a first color, a second coating covering a portion of the first coating, the second coating being an opaque coating, comprising an opacifying agent and a hydrophobic, polymeric binding agent, and a localized third coating covering at least a portion of said second coating comprising a substantially colorless, heat-activatable chromogenic composition capable of producing a second color, preferably under the application of heat. The opaque coating is "dual-functional", since it both enhances multicolor image quality and acts as a primer for adhering the localized chromogenic coating composition.

Abstract: A thermal paper with an image derived from a water-based security ink has more than one means of security. A variable light absorbing and/or transmitting pigment or dye in the ink is a first security and a water repelling agent in the ink is a second security. A pseudo-watermark from the coloration of the ink under ambient conditions is a third security. Visible images can be generated from the printed ink upon exposure to UV or infrared light. Methods of preparing the thermal paper comprise printing the security ink on thermal paper with only one thermosensitive coating on the surface opposite the thermosensitive coating.

Abstract: Disclosed is a printing process which comprises (a) incorporating into a printing apparatus capable of generating ink jet images a carbonless paper set comprising a first sheet, a second sheet, and optional intermediate sheets situated between the first sheet and second sheet, wherein the first sheet comprises paper coated on one surface with a color former and the second sheet comprises paper coated on one surface with a color developer, and wherein, when the carbonless paper set is assembled, the surface of the first sheet coated with the color former is in contact with the surface of a sheet coated with the color developer and the surface of the second sheet coated with the color developer is in contact with the surface of a sheet coated with the color former; (b) incorporating into the printing apparatus an ink jet ink comprising water, an organic component, and a desensitizing agent capable of interacting either (i) with the color former so that the color former's subsequent ability to interact with the

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiple part recipe card kit and method of construction and use of duplicate recipe cards. The recipe card kit includes a plurality of superimposed, coextensive, carbonless recording sheets in combination with a plurality of water-resistent, transparent laminae corresponding to the number of the recording sheets. Each of the recording sheets has a face. The recording sheets have a common joined border and are separable from one another proximate the common joined border. The recording sheets contain pressure-sensitive image-transferring chemicals which allow the recording sheets to receive recorded information simultaneously upon each face when the information is inscribed on the face of the top sheet. Each of the laminae are of sufficient size to completely overlie the corresponding recording sheets. Each of the laminae has a first side. Each first side of the laminae has transparent pressure-sensitive adhesive applied to at least a portion thereof.

Abstract: A fingerprint image generating method and a fingerprint image recording sheet are provided which can take a clear fingerprint image easily and efficiently, without the process of wiping seal ink, with less chance to generate an unclear fingerprint image even in improper operation. A solution containing an electron-donating dye precursor is applied to a fingerprint face of a fingertip and then the fingertip is pressed against a recording film to which an electron-accepting color developer is applied. The electron-accepting color developer adsorbs the electron-accepting dye precursor to occur a coloring reaction on the recording film. The fingerprint image recording sheet includes a fingerprint image recording portion applying the electron-accepting color developer thereto and the electron-donating dye precursor applied portion to which the solution of the electron-donating dye precursor is applied.

Abstract: A footwear has a thermochromic coloring color-memory layer having a large hysteresis on a color-density-to-temperature curve so as to show interchangeability between a first color phase and a second color phase different from the first color phase, and a coloring tool for forming a desired image on the footwear.

Abstract: A media for restricting the copying of a document utilizing one or more microdots that are embedded in said document for providing a non-visual, but machine detectable mark or marks. The detected means for detecting the presence of one or more microdots in said document inhibits a copy machine from copying the document.

Abstract: When a thermal transfer film and a material, on which an image is to be transferred, are spottedly adhered to each other with adhesive particles, the adhesive strength can be successfully regulated as desired and it becomes possible to provide a thermal transfer medium having an excellent storage stability. The present invention relates to a thermal transfer medium comprising: a thermal transfer film having a substrate film and a hot-melt ink layer provided on the substrate film; and an image receiving sheet adhered in a peelable manner to the thermal transfer film on the side of the hot-melt ink layer through a temporary adhesive layer, the temporary adhesive layer including adhesive particles and a binder, the thermal transfer film on the side of the hot-melt ink layer and the image receiving sheet being spottedly adhered to each other.

Abstract: A method of making a smudge-resistant thermally imageable document by applying a non-blocking ink stamp image receptive coating to the protective top coating, so that the image will dry within thirty second or less, and while producing an optical image density of at least 1.0. An ink comprising a dye, at least 8% m-pyrol by weight, a glycol, alcohol and water will dry quickly when applied from a stamp ink pad impregnated with that formulation.

Abstract: A linerless continuous series of pressure sensitive adhesive labels is provided which have on one or more selected portions thereof a series of imagable coatings which may be activated to form colored images or areas. The series of labels include a web having first and second surfaces, with a series of imagable coatings of color formers and color developers on the first surface of the web. A coating of a release material overlies the imagable coatings on the first surface of the substrate, and a coating of a pressure sensitive adhesive is positioned on the second surface of the web. The series of labels are wound or stacked so that the coating of pressure sensitive adhesive contacts the release material to permit individual labels to be dispensed.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to methods and systems for printing. More specifically, the present invention provides methods and systems for printing using a disposable substrate containing an essentially dry layer of microcapsules which contain a colorless dye solution in a first substrate region and a substantially dry layer of dye developing compound in a second substrate region. The disposable printing system according to the invention provides a reduced availability for bacterial growth and transfer due to its essentially dry characteristics.

Abstract: A microcapsule-containing oil-based coating liquid wherein the coating liquid comprises a hydrophobic core material-containing microcapsule particles dispersed individually in a state of primary particle in an oil varnish for ink use or a resin for coating use, and a solvent having an affinity for both the varnish or the resin and the surface of the microcapsule wall material in a state of having been attracted with the affinity to both the varnish or the resin and the surface layer of the microcapsule wall material. The preferred solvent is a lower divalent or multivalent alcohol.A preparative method of the foregoing coating liquid by utilizing vacuum distillation is also proposed.A sheet, like a duplicating sheet of paper coated with the foregoing oil-based coating liquid is further provided.According to the present invention, a water-based microcapsules system can be advantageously converted into an oil-based one without coagulating the primary microcapsule particles.

Abstract: A latent image printing method and apparatus uses a substrate with one main surface having a covering comprising one of a first pair of a color developer and color former dye defining a background color in conjunction with the one main surface, wherein the color developer and the color former dye react when mixed to produce a first spectral response which is visible relative to the background color and a continuous coating over the covering which is non-porous with respect to the other of the pair and solvent-resistant to the other of the pair. The coating above selected portions of the covering corresponding to a desired latent image is removed.

Abstract: A liner-less thermosensitive recording material having a substrate, a thermosensitive coloring layer formed on one side of the substrate, a thermosensitive adhesive layer which is formed on the other side of the substrate and becomes adhesive when activated, while being non-adhesive in a normal state, an optional protective layer formed on the thermosensitive coloring layer, and perforation which is formed perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the liner-less thermosensitive recording material, wherein length of a non-cut part of the perforation is smaller than about 1.5 mm and a ratio of total length of cut parts to total length of the non-cut parts in the perforation is at least 2.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a carbonless copying system for making multiple copies of a message, comprising a plurality of carbonless paper sheets of which each sheet of carbonless paper comprises a region of removable, repositionable pressure sensitive adhesive on the back surface of the sheet. The method for manufacturing the removable and repositionable pressure sensitive carbonless copying system and their use for making multiple copies of a message are also described.

Abstract: A latent image printing method and apparatus uses a substrate with one main surface having a covering comprising only one of a first pair of a color developer and color former dye in at least one selected latent imaging area defining a background color in conjunction with the one main surface, wherein the color developer and the color former dye react when mixed to produce a first spectral response which is visible relative to the background color and a continuous coating over the covering which is non-porous with respect to the other of the pair and solvent-resistant to the other of the pair. The coating above selected portions of the covering corresponding to a desired latent image is removed.

Abstract: A reversible thermosensitive recording medium is disclosed which includes an opaque support and a transparent recording film having a thermosensitive layer capable of reversibly assuming a maximum transparent state and a maximum opaque state depending upon the thermal hysteresis thereof. The recording film has an image display section in which a void space is provided between the recording film and the opaque support and a color discriminative from the color of the support. The display section in the maximum transparent state shows a reflectance greater by 5% than that in the maximum opaque state and a transmittance of 20-80% in the maximum transparent state, so that the visibility of the recorded image is improved.

Abstract: A piggyback label construction includes a first label having a stock ply with a bottom face having pressure sensitive adhesive, and an imagable top face. A second label comprises a stock ply having a bottom face with pressure sensitive adhesive, a top face with a continuous image-producing coating, and a continuous adhesive release coating over the image-producing coating. The image-producing coating preferably is a thermosensitive coating having a first heat activation temperature of about 140.degree.-250.degree. F. (preferably about 145.degree.-155.degree. F). The first label stock ply has a weight of about 30 lbs. per 1000 sheet 11".times.17" ream, or less (preferably about 18-30 lbs.). The first label stock imagable top face preferably is a second thermosensitive coating having a higher heat activation temperature than the first heat activation temperature. The image-producing coating may comprise a self-contained coating.

Abstract: Rolls of heat-printable material have heat-printed end warning stripes for several feet along the edges of the material at the end of the roll. The stripes are formed by pressing a heated roller into contact with the material as it is slit and wound on take-up cores during manufacture.

Abstract: A document capable of providing multiple colors under the application of heat comprising a support having at least one surface bearing a first coating comprising a substantially colorless, heat activatable chromogenic composition capable of producing a first color under the application of heat, and a second coating comprising a localized coating of a substantially colorless, heat activatable chromogenic composition capable of producing a second color under the application of heat. Each chromogenic composition comprises a chromogenic compound and a color developer that are substantially colorless solids in physical contact prior to reaction, but which can chemically react to produce a visible colored image by application of heat at temperatures above room temperature. Under the application of heat from a thermal printer, by quickly striking the chromogenic composition with a fingernail or blunt object to produce frictional heat, or other heat application, multicolored images are provided.

Abstract: Business forms, particularly financial instruments such as checks, money orders, bank drafts, etc., are constructed with CF and CB, or self-imaging, sheets. MICR characters may be printed on the sheets without subsequent smearing by applying a UV curable ink to a CF or self-imaging sheet so as to block the CF or self-imaging material at the selected portion to which the ink is applied, thereby rendering it incapable of functioning as a CF or self-imaging element. The ink is applied to a moving web in a continuous manner prior to printing to form a continuous strip of ink, which moves past a UV radiation source so that it is quickly cured and does not adversely affect high speed production. The ink may also be applied to a CB, CF, or self-imaging sheet as a security feature, selectively blocking the transmission of confidential indicia at the selected portion of the sheet with which it is associated.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive, laser printer heat-resistant verification system for preventing unauthorized photoduplication of security documents comprising a support bearing an information area comprising a visible principal image, and a verification area comprising a localized, autogenous coating of a pressure-sensitive chromogenic composition for producing a visible colored image by external pressure. The chromogenic composition comprises (a) pressure-rupturable microcapsules containing a chromogen and (b) a color developer capable of reacting with the chromogen to form a visible image. The pressure-rupturable microcapsules and color developer are substantially coextensive on the support, and the verification area is spaced apart from the information area.

Abstract: A pressure and heat-sensitive composition comprising chromogen-containing pressure-rupturable microcapsules and heat-sensitive color developer useful for verification of document authenticity system when applied as a localized coating on documents, such as checks and prescriptions. Quickly striking the chromogenic composition with a fingernail or blunt object to generate pressure and heat in the coating produces a colored image by friction. The chromogenic composition possesses a fugitive characteristic, whereby the colored image gradually disappears and can be made to reappear when the chromogenic coating is again subjected to external pressure and heat. This feature can be used for repeated verification of the authenticity of the document.

Abstract: A thermal-sensitive recording material having reduced illusion and surface gloss when viewed with the light of a light box to provide distinct images having excellent image quality, comprising (a) a transparent support, (b) a thermal-sensitive recording layer formed on one surface of the transparent support, and (c) a light reflection reducing layer formed on the other surface of the transparent support, wherein the chromaticity coordinates according to JIS-Z8701 of the transparent support are within a quadrilateral region having 4 points A(x=0.2805, y=0.3005), B(x=0.2820, y=0.2970), C(x=0.2885, y=0.3015) and D(x=0.2870, y=0.3040) as vertices, and the thermal-sensitive recording material on the side of said light reflection reducing layer has a glossiness of from 1 to 50% at an incident angle of 20.degree..

Abstract: A linerless label and method of production thereof are provided which result in a fully utilizable thermal transfer linerless label. A substrate of label material has first and second faces each having first and second substantially parallel first and second edges, and a coating of thermal transfer material substantially completely covers the first face. First and second adhesive release material patterns, such as strips of UV curable silicone, are disposed substantially along the first and second edges of the first face, and first and second adhesive patterns, such as strips of a permanent hot melt adhesive, are disposed substantially along the first and second edges of the second face in alignment with the silicone strips, the patterns covering less than fifty percent of the label faces. The width of the adhesive strips are less than the silicone strips.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided a system and method for featuring information on a record. The system and method utilize reactant and coreactant compositions which are formulated to produce a color-changing reaction when brought together. The system and method also utilize a record having first and second areas disposed adjacent to each other. The second area is generally treated with the reactant composition. The coreactant composition is formulated to exhibit a first marking color on the first area of the record and to produce a color-changing reaction with the reactant composition on the second area of the record. The color-changing reaction effects a second marking color on the second area. The system and method further utilize a writing implement containing the coreactant composition. The implement is used to deposit the coreactant composition on the first and second areas in the form of symbolic information.

Abstract: A color recording method and device which is capable of color recording images on large-sized paper in which a first color is developed in direct heat sensitive paper by directly supplying heat energy of thermal heads to the direct heat sensitive paper. Furthermore, in order to transfer a color ink to the direct heat sensitive paper to thereby obtain a second color, the heat energy of the thermal heads is supplied to a plurality of ink ribbons which are coated with both a desensitizing material for controlling the coloring reaction of the direct heat sensitive paper and the desired colored inks.

Abstract: A sheet of copy material of the type having on one face (18a;28a) thereof a coating (B) incorporating a colour-forming substance of the kind which when released onto a receptor material (F) produces a visible mark, and having an opposite face (18a;28b) of the material free from such coating, characterised in that said one face (18a;28a) of the material comprises a visible image (I) formed thereon before the deposition of said coating (B), which is translucent, so that said visible image (I) is discernible through said coating (B) and in that said opposite face (18b;28b) carries a further image (II) formed thereon after the deposition of said coating (B) on said one face (18a;28a).

Abstract: A latent image printing method and apparatus uses a substrate with one main surface having a covering comprising one of a first pair of a color developer and color former dye defining a background color in conjunction with the one main surface, wherein the color developer and the color former dye react when mixed to produce a first spectral response which is visible relative to the background color and a continuous coating over the covering which is non-porous with respect to the other of the pair and solvent-resistant to the other of the pair. The coating above selected portions of the covering corresponding to a desired latent image is removed.

Abstract: A display medium is disclosed, comprising at least the following layers, in this order: a heating resistive layer, a conductive layer, a background layer and an erasable thermochromic layer, and comprising a heating resistive layer which may comprise at least two layers. The display medium may also comprise a contact resistance reducing layer on the heating resistive layer and a protective layer on the erasable thermochromic layer.

Abstract: A business form such as a label, tag or the like is provided in which a thermally imagable substrate has on selected portions of its surface a plurality of different colored areas. At least one of the colored areas is obscured by thermally imaging the substrate in a selected area so as to provide color coded information. The colored areas may be preprinted as half-tone screened areas on the substrate in a number of different patterns and arrangements. The form may be printed with both color coded information and variable information in a single printing pass.

Abstract: A prescription pharmacy label comprises a face stock having top and bottom faces with a pressure sensitive adhesive on at least a major portion of the bottom face, and a release liner engaging the pressure sensitive adhesive. A CB coating is provided on a first portion of the top face, and a CF coating on a second portion of the top face, separated by a first fold line, and a third portion of the top face is uncoated. A second fold line is provided in the release liner so that the label may be Z-folded about the fold lines so that the CB and CF coatings are in face-to-face engagement, and underlie the third portion, so that handwriting provided on the third portion is transferred to the CF coating on the second portion. A slit may be provided between the first and third portions to allow part of the adhesive on the bottom face of the third portion to be exposed and to be moved into contact with a prescription medicine container (e.g.

Abstract: A latent image printing method and apparatus uses a substrate with one main surface having a covering comprising only one of a first pair of a color developer and color former dye in at least one selected latent imaging area defining a background color in conjunction with the one main surface, wherein the color developer and the color former dye react when mixed to produce a first spectral response which is visible relative to the background color and a continuous coating over the covering which is non-porous with respect to the other of the pair and solvent-resistant to the other of the pair. The coating above selected portions of the covering corresponding to a desired latent image is removed.

Abstract: A cellulosic substrate suitable for use as an envelope or mailer is provided which includes a transparentized portion which has been impregnated with a liquid polymerizable transparentizing material which has then been cured by exposure to radiation. The transparentized portion is no thicker than the remainder of the substrate to permit stacking of the substrate. The transparentized portion may also include carbonless imaging capabilities.

Abstract: Printing substrate materials (e.g., paper, cardboard, card stock, label stock, facsimile paper, thermally sensitive record materials, plastic film, et cetera . . . ) having at least one layer of an air dryable ultraviolet protective primer formed thereon. One or more layers of topcoat, such as a radiation curable topcoat, may be applied over top of the primer of the present invention to form a complete primer/topcoat system on the substrate material.

Abstract: A method for protecting against duplication of a document with a color copier comprises providing a background color on a document having an average reflectance value and printing on the background with a contrast color having a spectral characteristic which modulates the average reflectance value by no more than 5% and has an average value equal to the average reflectance value. The contrast color is printed with a printing medium that allows activation by a rub and reveal action or by application of intense light.

Abstract: A pressure sensitive carbonless copying system includes a first sheet having front and back surfaces, the back surface coated at least in part with a composition including a mixture having a pressure sensitive adhesive component and a carbonless microcapsule component; and a second sheet having front and back surfaces, the front surface coated with a carbonless image transfer material, and wherein the first sheet is temporarily adhered to the second sheet by means of the pressure sensitive adhesive component of the mixture.

Abstract: A thermochromic composition which comprises (1) an electron-donating chromogenic organic compound, (2) an electron-accepting compound, and (3) at least one desensitizer selected from among carbazole derivatives of the following formulas: ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, a phenyl group or a benzyl group and X is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, --NH.sub.2, --NO.sub.2 or --CHO; ##STR2## wherein R is an alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms and X is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, --NH.sub.2, --NO.sub.2 or --CHO. A thermochromic composition which comprises (1) an electron-donating chromogenic organic compound, (2) an electron-accepting compound, (3) at least one desensitizer selected from among carbazole derivatives mentioned above, and (4) a thermochromic transition temperature modifier. A thermochromic composition which comprises one of the thermochromic compositions mentioned above as enclosed in microcapsule.

Abstract: A thermochromic composition which comprises (1) an electron-donating chromogenic organic compound, (2) an electron-accepting compound, and (3) at least one desensitizer selected from among diphenylamine derivatives of-the following formulas: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently is H, an alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, ##STR2## (in which R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently is H, an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms). A thermochromic composition which comprises (1) an electron-donating chromogenic organic compound, (2) an electron-accepting compound, (3) at least one desensitizer selected from among diphenylamine derivatives mentioned above, and (4) a thermochromic transition temperature modifier. A thermochromic composition which comprises one of the thermochromic compositions mentioned above as enclosed in microcapsule.

Abstract: An upper thermo-sensitive paper is coated with an adhesive agent on a part of the rear surface thereof, and a lower thermo-sensitive paper is coated with a release agent on the upper surface thereof at the area corresponding to the adhesive agent coated area of said upper thermo-sensitive paper. The upper thermo-sensitive paper is laid on and adhered to the lower thermo-sensitive paper. By separating the upper thermo-sensitive paper from the lower thermo-sensitive paper at the boundary plane between the adhesive agent layer and the release agent layer, the upper thermo-sensitive paper can be used as a tack paper and the lower thermo-sensitive paper can be used as a copying paper.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and material for producing and developing thermal latent images. Upon imagewise thermal exposure of a heat sensitive recording material, the recording material selectively yields both a latent image and a visually readable image. The latent image may comprise confidential data or text, and may subsequently be rendered visually readable by an authorized recipient.

Abstract: Carbonless coating compositions which can be printed onto one or more sheets of a business form or mailer to provide a visible image which is sharper and darker than previous coatings are provided. The compositions also find use on security documents and safety papers to provide a covert image on the document beneath information which may be subject to attempted alteration, such as the amount written on a check. The covert image becomes visible upon the application of pressure or solvent in the area coated to provide evidence of the attempted alteration. The self-contained composition includes an admixture of a color former, a color developer, and a plurality of pressure-rupturable microcapsules containing a solvent. Another solvent-sensitive composition includes an admixture of a color former and a color developer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a sheet for taking a print of an object, the sheet comprising (a) a substrate, and (b) a coating layer formed over the whole surface or part of the surface of the substrate and comprising a colorless or pale-colored basic dye, a color developing material which develops a color on contact with the dye and an adhesive, the whole of the coating layer being colored by the color-forming reaction of the basic dye and the color developing material; a method of taking a print of an object with use of the sheet comprising applying a desensitizer to the object and contacting the desensitizer with the sheet; and a kit for this purpose comprising the sheet and a desensitizer.

Abstract: In the color changing print of this invention, plural areas are printed by using plural types of color changing inks which develop into different colors from the substantially invisible colorless state by reaction with a color changing agent. By the emergence of print from colorlessness and by giving changes in the appearing colors, unexpectedness and entertainingness are provided so that an attractive education may be realized.

Abstract: In order, in a self-duplicating paper product, to block certain areas in their duplicating function, it is suggested that these particular areas of at least one paper surface bearing one of the two reaction components be coated with a barrier layer not permeable to the reaction components, whereby the barrier layer material leaves the reactivity of the reaction components as such essentially unaffected.

Abstract: A roll paper for a thermal printer in which a coloring paper having a thermal coloring layer and a peeling paper on which the coloring paper with the coloring layer is stuck by an adhesive material are wound as a roll shape is comprised of first cuts for defining a picture forming region of one frame on the coloring paper in order for the picture forming region to be peeled off from the peeling paper and second cuts formed to completely cross the entire width of the roll paper, in which the first and second cuts are repeatedly formed at every picture forming region in the length direction of the roll paper.

Abstract: A method for protecting against duplication of a document with a color copier comprises providing a background color on a document having an average reflectance value and printing on the background with a contrast color having a spectral characteristic which modulates the average reflectance value by no more than 5% and has an average value equal to the average reflectance value. The contrast color is printed with a printing medium that allows activation by a rub and reveal action or by application of intense light.