Abstract: Anti-wear and/or friction reducing formulations that include a mixture of at least one first ionic liquid and at least one ashless antiwear compound. The ashless antiwear compound can be a second ionic liquid or an ashless thiophosphate compound. The formulation desirably provides synergistic anti-wear and/or friction reducing properties. The first IL can be a monocationie ionic liquid or a dicationic ionic liquid. The second IL is a dicationic ionic liquid. The ashless thiophosphate is desirably a thiophosphate, such as a fluorothiophosphate (FTP), an alkylphosphorofluoridothiolate, or an alkylthioperoxydithiophosphate. Antiwear and/or friction reduction formulations comprising the above mixtures diluted up to 25% by weight in a base oil.

Abstract: The shock absorber fluid according to the invention is characterized by comprising a lubricating base oil that has a urea adduct value of not greater than 4% by mass and a viscosity index of 100 or greater. The shock absorber fluid according to the invention can exhibit a high level of all properties including viscosity-temperature characteristic, shear stability and antifoaming property.

Abstract: A low-sulfur, low-phosphorus composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity; a substantially nitrogen-free sufurized olefin antiwear agent; a nitrogen-containing dispersant; and an overbased detergent selected from the group consisting of salixarates, saligenins, salicylates, and glyoxylates; containing less than about 0.1 percent by weight phosphorus, less than about 0.5 percent by weight sulfur, and having less than about 1.2% sulfated ash, is useful for lubricating a diesel engine, exhibiting good antiwear performance.

Abstract: A lubricant for use in processing of a metallic material includes a lubricant base composed of at least one paraffinic hydrocarbon and a modifier oil added to the lubricant base at a rate of 2-20 wt % of total weight of the lubricant. The modifier oil contains (a) a sulfuric extreme pressure agent, (b) a rust inhibitive agent and (c) a calcium ingredient. Content of sulfur is 0.5-20 wt % of total weight of the modifier oil. Content of the rust inhibitive agent is 0.1-15 wt % of total weight of the modifier oil. Further, content of calcium is 0.1-15 wt % of total weight of the modifier oil.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods comprising catalytic dimerization of ?-farnesene to obtain squalane and/or isosqualane. Compositions comprising squalane and/or isosqualane are provided. In certain embodiments, squalane and isosqualane prepared by the methods provided herein can be useful for applications in cosmetic industry and/or in the lubricants industry.

Abstract: One example embodiment includes a lubricant for application on an external device. The lubricant includes a solvent cleaner. The lubricant also includes a lubricating agent.

Abstract: A lubricating composition comprises a base oil and between 10 ppm and 1000 ppm by mass of a viscosity modifier, the viscosity modifier comprising a polymer having a number average molecular weight greater than 500,000. The polymer's side-chains may be branched or unbranched. The polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, poly alpha olefin, poly internal olefin, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-acrylate copolymers, ethylene-propylene-methacrylate copolymers, ethylene-propylene-aromatic copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene-acrylate copolymers, ethylene-propylene-diene-methacrylate copolymers, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Chemically modified lipids and methods for their preparation are provided.

Abstract: Provided is a lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines comprising at least one hydrocarbon base stock which is determined to exhibit a 100° C. PVC/40° C. PVC ratio approaching one or greater, and one or more lubricating additives. Also provided is a method for preparing such a composition, which includes determining the 100° C. PVC/40° C. PVC ratio of a hydrocarbon base stock oil, and selecting a hydrocarbon base stock oil which exhibits a 100° C. PVC/40° C. PVC ratio approaching one. One or more lubricating additives are then added to the selected base stock oil.

Abstract: A lubricant comprises oleophilic thickening fibers dispersed in at least one of an oil and/or and a lubricating fluid. The oleophilic thickening fibers have a diameter between 50 nm and 10 microns and a length that is at least 5 times the diameter.

Abstract: An aqueous hydraulic fluid composition comprising (i) a salt of formic acid, and (ii) one or more lubricants such as a monovalent metal salt, ammonium, or amine salt of a dicarboxylic acid, is described in which the aqueous hydraulic fluid composition demonstrates increased thermal stability when exposed to elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time while being able to tolerate the presence of 10% v/v synthetic seawater. The aqueous hydraulic fluid composition contains less than about 20% by weight (preferably none or substantially none) of an oil selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbon oils, and mixtures thereof. The hydraulic fluid preferably contains no glycols in some embodiments. The pH of the hydraulic fluid is preferably from 8 to 10 and is maintained by a buffer which preferably comprises borax in some embodiments.

Abstract: There is provided a sliding member including a base body and a hard carbon coating formed on the base body to define a sliding surface for sliding contact with an opposing member under lubrication according to one embodiment of the present invention. The hard carbon coating has an outermost surface portion lower in hydrogen content than a remaining portion thereof, or an outermost coating layer lower in hydrogen content than at least one other coating layer.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition comprising: a lubricating base oil comprising a first lubricating base oil component having a urea adduct value of not greater than 4% by mass, a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 14-25 mm2/s and a viscosity index of 120 or higher and a second lubricating base oil component having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of less than 14 mm2/s, wherein the content of the first lubricating base oil component is 10-99% by mass and the content of the second lubricating base oil component is 1-50% by mass, based on the total amount of the lubricating base oil; and a viscosity index improver, the lubricating oil composition having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 4-12 mm2/s and a viscosity index of 200-350.

Abstract: A solid lubricating coating formed on a contact surface of a threaded joint for pipes has a matrix of a lubricating oil-containing polymer. The lubricating oil-containing polymer has either a uniform composition or a gradient composition in which the concentration of lubricating oil decreases towards the contact surface and in which there is substantially no lubricating oil in the vicinity of the contact surface.

Abstract: Compositions including an activated oil blend are provided. An oil blend can comprise one or more oils having a long chain fatty acid, preferably an oleic acid or linoleic acid. An oil blend of the inventive subject matter can be activated in an open or closed vessel comprising a catalyst. Some preferred catalysts include copper, a polyamide such as Nylon, and stainless steel. The activated oil blend can be combined with, among other things, a fluid having molecules of sufficient polarity to complex with a fatty acid molecule of the activated oil blend.

Abstract: A process for making base oil, comprising: oligomerizing one or more olefins having a boiling point less than 82° C. in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce the base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 1100 mm2/s or higher. Also, a process, comprising: oligomerizing the olefins in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce the base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 300 mm2/s or higher and a low cloud point, wherein a wt % yield of products boiling at 482° C.+ (900° F.+) is at least 65 wt % of a total yield of products from the oligomerizing. Additionally, a process, comprising: oligomerizing the olefins in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst to produce the base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. greater than 1100 mm2/s and a low cloud point.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a low viscosity lubricant process, product, and composition characterized by low Noack volatility, low pour point, useful low temperature viscometrics, and high viscosity index and more particularly concerns a PAO composition having a kinetic viscosity at 100° C. in the range of about 4 cSt.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition, more specifically a lubricating oil composition for heavy duty diesel (HDD) engines having a sulfated ash content of no greater than 1.0 mass %, such as from about 0.7 to 1.0 mass %, a sulfur content of no greater than 0.4 mass %, and a phosphorus content of no greater than 0.12 mass % (1200 ppm), such as from about 0.08 to 0.12 mass %; and a TBN of from about 7 to about 15, which lubricating oil composition includes a major amount of oil of lubricating viscosity, at least about 0.5 mass % of an ashless antioxidant selected from sulfur-free phenolic antioxidants, aminic antioxidants, and mixtures thereof, and a minor amount of overbased metal detergent, wherein at least about 60% of the TBN contributed to the lubricating oil composition by overbased detergent is contributed by overbased magnesium detergent.

Abstract: Lubricating compositions for use in the casting of steel, in particular in continuous casting processes are provided. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating grease composition with a worked penetration of 400 to 500 for a machine tool equipped with an automatic lubricator, containing a base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 10 to 200 mm2/s and 0.1 to 10 mass % of solid particles insoluble in the base oil. The lubricating grease composition of the invention can be fed using the automatic lubricator attached to the machine tool, and can prevent the stick-slip from occurring on the sliding lubrication portion of the machine tool.

Abstract: A lubricating oil for a compression-type refrigerator using a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant including a polyvinyl ether-based compound containing in the molecule an alkylene glycol unit or a polyoxyalkylene glycol unit and a polyvinyl ether unit and having a molecular weight in the range of 300 to 3,000, and a refrigeration apparatus using the lubricating oil. The present invention can provide a lubricating oil for a compression-type refrigerator having good compatibility in the atmosphere of a hydrofluorocarbon and a high viscosity index, and a refrigeration apparatus using such a lubricating oil.

Abstract: A lubricating pellet includes an impact-rupturable shell defining an interior cavity, a lubricating substance consisting of grease or oil or other lubricating substance disposed throughout the interior cavity and contained within by said shell, providing a impact-rupturable container when the lubricating pellet is ejected from a pellet discharge device, hitting an intended target and disbursing the lubricating substance onto the target.

Abstract: A turbo-charged, sump-lubricated internal combustion engine which is susceptible to contamination of lubricant with liquid fuel, may be lubricated with a lubricant which contains an amount of a rust inhibitor effective to reduce the deterioration of said lubricant and turbo sludge formation.

Abstract: A turbo-charged, sump-lubricated internal combustion engine which is susceptible to contamination of lubricant with liquid fuel, is lubricated with a lubricant which contains an amount of an aminic antioxidant, optionally in the absence of a phenolic antioxidant, thereby reducing the deterioration of said lubricant and formation of turbo sludge.

Abstract: A composition of compressor working fluid including a dissolved gas or a condensate from a dissolved gas, and a base fluid including at least a first base stock and a second base stock, wherein the viscosity difference between the first base stock and the second base stock is greater than 125 cSt, Kv 100° C. A composition of compressor working fluid including a dissolved gas or a condensate from a dissolved gas, and a base fluid including a first base stock and a second base stock, wherein the viscosity difference between the first and second base stock is greater than 40 cSt, Kv 100° C., and wherein the first and second base stocks are each polyglycol or polyalkylene glycol base derived from propylene oxide. A method of achieving favorable viscosity index for a compressor working fluid. A method of reducing dilution from gas being compressed for a compressor working fluid.

Abstract: A method for improving fuel efficiency in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil having a composition comprising: a lubricating oil base stock; and a viscosity index improver comprising at least one propylene-based polymer. The at least one propylene-based polymer comprises from 60 wt % to 98 wt % propylene derived units and from 2 wt % to 40 wt % units derived from one or more other alpha olefins, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 500,000, a number average molecular weight (Mn) as measured by GPC of from 100,000 to 400,000, a molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn) of from 1 to 2; and a mole ratio of propylene to one or more other alpha olefins from 50:50 to 85:15.

Abstract: Pressurizing or propellant compositions and products made using the compositions are provided herein. The propellant compositions include ethane as a propellant. The ethane may be the only propellant in the composition or may be mixed with other propellants. The ethane may be the only hydrocarbon or the only saturated hydrocarbon propellant used in the compositions. Sprayable products including the propellants described herein are also provided. Finally methods of removing a contaminate from an article using the sprayable products described herein are also provided.

Abstract: Lubricating oil compositions, formulated to a preselected viscosity grade that demonstrate stay-in-grade capability in a diesel injector shear stability test, are provided. The compositions comprise a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of (i) a viscosity modifier (VM) or mixtures thereof having a low shear stability index (SSI) and (ii) a VM or mixtures thereof having an SSI greater than that of the VM from (i).

Abstract: A compressor lubricant composition providing energy savings and exhibiting excellent oxidation stability is provided, as well as a process for preparation of the lubricant composition. The composition comprises: (i) from 68 to 99.999 wt % of an isomerized base oil or blend of isomerized base oils; (ii) 0.001 through 20 wt % of a blend of ashless additives, the ashless additives having a viscosity range at 40° C. of from 50 mm2/s to 60 mm2/s, a density at 20° C. of from 0.95 through 1.05 g/cm3, a flash point of greater than 100° C. (COC), solubility in mineral oil of greater than 5 wt %, sulfur content of from 4.8 wt % through 6.0 wt %, and phosphorus content of from 2.9 through 3.6 wt %; (iii) less than 1.0 wt % of a dithiocarbamate, wherein the Conradson carbon residue is less than or equal to 3.00. The dithiocarbamate is added to the base oil blend as a top treatment.

Abstract: A method for improving the lubricating properties of a distillate base oil characterized by a pour point of 0 degrees C. or less and a boiling range having the 10 percent point falling between about 625 degrees F. and about 790 degrees F. and the 90 percent point falling between about 725 degrees F. and about 950 degrees F., the method comprises blending with said distillate base oil a sufficient amount of a pour point depressing base oil blending component to reduce the pour point of the resulting base oil blend at least 3 degrees C. below the pour point of the distillate base oil, wherein the pour point depressing base oil blending component is an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived bottoms product having a pour point that is at least 3 degrees C. higher than the pour point of the distillate base oil.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lubricating oil composition that is excellent in anti-fatigue properties for metals and load bearing properties while having improved fuel efficiency. The lubricating oil composition comprises (A) one type or a mixture of two or more types of mineral base oil having a 40° C. kinematic viscosity of from 5 to 15 mm2/s; and (B) one type or a mixture of two or more types of ester-based base oil having a 40° C. kinematic viscosity of from 3 to 25 mm2/s and a 0° C. kinematic viscosity of from 10 to 130 mm2/s, the 40° C. kinematic viscosity of the mixed base oil of (A) and (B) being 18 mm2/s or lower, the blend ratio of the ester-based base oil being from 0.58 to 80 percent by mass, and the 40° C. kinematic viscosity of the composition being from 4 to 23 mm2/s.

Abstract: A process for the oligomerization of C6-C24 alpha-olefins to give a polyolefin product comprising at least 50 mole % of alphaolefin trimers. The process involves contacting two or more C6-C24 alpha-olefins with a catalyst in a solvent at a temperature below 120° C. and under reaction conditions sufficient to produce the alphaolefin trimers. The polyolefin product has a viscosity (Kv100) from 2 to 8 cSt at 100° C., and a viscosity index (VI) from 100 to 160. The polyolefin product comprises at least two alphaolefin trimers, each having a different total carbon number. The process further involves hydrogenating the polyolefin product to form a lubricating oil base stock. The lubricating oil base stock can be used in formulating lubricating oils. The lubricating oils are advantageous as engine oils that can improve engine fuel efficiency.

Abstract: A method for transporting a heavy crude oil, includes the steps of mixing a heavy crude oil with water, a low molecular weight amine and salt at a mixing intensity of less than 300 rpm to produce an oil in water emulsion; transporting the oil in water emulsion to a destination; and adding an additional quantity of salt and heat to the oil in water emulsion to break the emulsion and produce a heavy crude oil phase which is at least 90% dehydrated.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a heavy hydrocarbon composition useful as a heavy lubricant oil base stock and to a heavy lubricant composition derived from the heavy lubricant oil base stock that remains clear and bright even after being cooled to room temperature and stored for an extended period of time.

Abstract: We provide a base stock comprising hydrocarbons with consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, wherein the base stock has a boiling range from 388 to 538° C., a VI from 105 to less than 130, and a Noack volatility from 5 to 11.5 wt % or a CCS VIS at ?25° C. from 2000 to 4000 mPa·s. We also provide a base stock slate comprising the base stock and an additional base stock having an additional boiling range from 371 to 496° C. and other properties.

Abstract: A penetrating lubricant with the capacity to offer a both penetration into rust and corrosion. Further, this lubricant actively penetrates the crystalline surface of the metal while exhibiting extreme pressure lubrication, non-migrating with lasting protection. Further lubricant exhibits dielectric strength of over 8000 volts, at the same time cleaning electrical contacts, thereby reducing resistance and associated heat. The preferred embodiment may contain alpha-olefins, low-odor aromatic solvents, base oils, and high flash mineral spirits.

Abstract: An additive package, lubricant formulation with the additive package and method of improving gear lubricant properties with the additive package are disclosed. The additive package comprises at least one antiwear additive, at least one antioxidant additive, at least one rust inhibitor additive, at least one metal passivator additive, at least one demulsifier additive, at least one defoamant additive wherein the composition has less than 3.5% phosphorous, less than 1.7% ppm nitrogen, less than 1000 ppm sulfur, less than 100 ppm metals and a TAN of less than 1.

Abstract: An oligomer of alpha olefin is produced in a three step process comprising 1) oligomerization to a vinylidene, 2) hydroformylation to a primary alcohol, and 3) dimerization of the alcohol. The final product can be hydrogenated to form a branched alkane with improved lubricating oil properties.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon prepared using an ?-olefin as a raw material and represented by the general formula (1), including the steps of: (I) producing a vinylidene olefin by dimerizing the ?-olefin in the presence of a metallocene complex catalyst; (II) further dimerizing the vinylidene olefin in the presence of an acid catalyst; and (III) hydrogenating the obtained dimer. Further, there are provided a lubricant composition containing the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compound produced by the above process, a bearing oil consisting of the lubricant composition, and making use of the same, a bearing and gyral equipment. The saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds produced by the process of the present invention have low-temperature fluidity, exhibiting low evaporativity, and excellent in thermal stability and oxidation stability.

Abstract: Provided is a lubricating oil for continuously variable transmissions characterized by that used as a base oil are a synthetic oil I having the following properties: (a) a traction coefficient at 120° C. is 115% or more of that of 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane, (b) a viscosity at ?40° C. is not higher than a viscosity (260 Pa·s) of 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane, and (c) a viscosity index is 65 or higher, and a synthetic oil II having a viscosity of 1 Pa·s or lower at ?40° C. and that the above base oil has a specific property. The above lubricating oil is a lubricating oil for continuously variable transmissions which has a high traction coefficient even at high temperature and is endowed with a good low temperature fluidity and which is suited as a lubricating oil for continuously variable transmissions for automobiles.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are marine cylinder lubricants which comprise a major amount of basestock selected from the group consisting of a Group II basestock, a Group III basestock and mixtures thereof, wherein the marine cylinder lubricant has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 13 to about 16.2 cSt; and contains less than about 10 wt. % bright stock. Also disclosed are marine cylinder lubricants which comprise a major amount of basestock selected from the group consisting of a Group II basestock, a Group III basestock and mixtures thereof, wherein the marine cylinder lubricant has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of between about 13 and about 16.2 cSt; and a total base number of 5 to about 70, and further wherein the marine cylinder lubricant contains less than about 10 wt. % bright stock.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a traction sheave elevator and a rope that contains metal as a load-bearing material, such as the suspension rope of an elevator, which rope comprises at least one or more strands laid from metal wires and which rope is lubricated with a lubricant. Another object is the use of the aforementioned lubricant for lubricating the rope. The lubricant comprises at least oil and thickener, which thickener in the lubricant comprises at least 10% or more of the mass of the lubricant.

Abstract: A novel lubricant composition is disclosed. In one embodiment the lubricant composition comprises in admixture: a first base stock component comprising one or more base stocks each having a viscosity of at least 40 cSt, Kv100° C. and a molecular weight distribution (MWD) as a function of viscosity at least 10 percent less than algorithm: MWD=0.2223+1.0232*log (Kv at 100° C. in cSt); and a second base stock component comprising one or more base stocks each having a viscosity less than 10 cSt, Kv100° C.

Abstract: Synthetic base oil composition comprising dialkyl aromatic compound with alkyl side chain carbon number from C10 to C28, or preferably C11 to C24, or even more preferably, C12 to C18, wherein the branching characteristics of the alkyl side chain has a total methyl number (TMN) determined by C13 NMR spectroscopy to be from more than 2.1 to less than 3.5, or preferably from 2.15 to 3.25, or even more preferably from 2.2 to 3.0, or a branching index (BI) from more than 0.1 to less than 1.5, or more preferably, 0.15 to 1.25, or even more preferably, 0.2 to 1.0. The synthetic base oil composition has a combination of high viscometric index, low volatility, superior low temperature properties, and improved thermal/oxidation stability, and is particularly suitable to be used as a premium synthetic base stock, second base oil component, or additive for lubricant and additive package applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides an additive concentrate comprising: ? at least 90 wt. % of a Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil, based on the total weight of the additive concentrate; ? at least 3.0 wt. % of a viscosity modifier, based on the total weight of the additive concentrate; and ? less than 5.0 wt. % of a solvency booster, based on the total weight of the additive concentrate.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an olefin-based thermoplastic elastomer composition that has both weatherability and flexibility at low temperatures, is excellent in fluidity, and causes no stickiness even in the use at high temperatures; a process oil composition for elastomers that serves as the raw material of the thermoplastic elastomer composition and contributes to the above characteristics; and an oil-extended elastomer containing the process oil composition. The process oil composition for elastomers of the present invention has a property that, when 20 parts by weight of the process oil composition for elastomers are blended with respect to 100 parts by weight of a propylene homopolymer, the melting point of the propylene homopolymer is lowered by 2 to 4.5° C. compared to that of the propylene homopolymer without blending.

Abstract: We provide a base oil comprising hydrocarbons with consecutive numbers of carbon atoms. The base oil has a boiling range from 700 to 925° F. (371 to 496° C.), a VI from 105 to 119, and either a Noack volatility less than 18 wt % or a CCS VIS at ?25° C. less than 1500 mPa·s. The base oil may have a ratio of Noack Volatility to CCS VIS at ?25° C. multiplied by 100 from 0.80 to 1.55.

Abstract: A trunk piston engine lubricating oil composition is disclosed comprising (a) a major amount of a base stock containing at least 90% by weight saturated hydrocarbons; and (b) a base stock selected from the group consisting of (i) an ester base stock wherein the ester base stock is present in an amount greater than 10% by weight and no greater than about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, (ii) an alkylated aromatic base stock, (iii) a base stock having an aromatic content of at least about 50% by weight wherein the base stock having an aromatic content of at least about 50% by weight is not an aromatic extract, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Lubricating base oils/base stocks comprising one or more hydrodewaxate and/or hydroisomerate base stock(s) and/or base oil(s), GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) or mixture thereof, preferably GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) of improved solvency comprise said base stock combined with a Group I base stock/base oil selected from the group consisting of high viscosity Group I mineral oil, preferably Bright Stock. The solvency and the capability to solubilize performance additives of base oils comprising one or more hydrodewaxate and/or hydroisomerate base stock(s) and/or base oil(s), GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) or mixture thereof, preferably GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) is improved by the addition to said base oils of a Group I base oil/base stock selected from the group consisting of high viscosity Group I mineral oil, preferably Bright Stock.

Abstract: Methods, processes, apparatus, systems, and compositions are disclosed for improving the sustainability of oil sands processing. In some embodiments, bitumen is combined with biodiluent comprising one or more liquid pyrolysis fractions obtained from pyrolyzing biomass and collecting multiple liquid fractions. The bitumen may be any source of bitumen, such as bitumen obtained from oil sands. In some embodiments, a water-rich pyrolysis liquid displaces water use in an oil sands process. The water-rich pyrolysis liquid may be used for primary separation of bitumen from oil sands or for hydrotransport, for example. Also, biochar produced from biomass pyrolysis may be introduced to an oil sands tailing pond with various benefits. Water may be recycled from a tailing pond. Integration of a pyrolysis and separation process into an oil sands refining process reduces the overall greenhouse-gas emissions on a well-to-refined product basis by 10-70% or more. Various compositions and products are also disclosed.