Abstract: An ophthalmic composition comprises active vitamin D as an effective component and is used for preventing deterioration of the optical transparency, occurrence of high intraocular pressure diseases or defective sight, observed after an ophthalmic operation, due to hyperplasia of the anterior ocular cells in the tissues damaged by the ophthalmic operation, which are in course of a healing process, and/or excess production of cellular materials. The ophthalmic composition can be dropped in the eye after operations such as those for cataract, for transplantation of intraocular lenses and for cornea to maintain the intraocular transparency of the anterior ocular region, to control the hyperplasia of the anterior ocular cells in the tissues damaged by the ophthalmic operation, which are in course of a healing process, and/or excess production of cellular materials and to thus prevent any reduction of visual acuity.

Abstract: This invention provides compositions and methods related to the administration of red yeast rice, coenzyme Q10, and chromium, with or without inositol hexanicotinate, selenium, and mixed tocopherols to reduce or control blood cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, or increasing or controlling high density lipoproteins in a mammal, to reduce arterial plaque build-up, atherosclerosis, in a mammal which may be associated with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, or intestinal vascular disorders.

Abstract: Multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for administration to non-lactating women, which comprise specific regimens of vitamins and minerals tailored to meet the physiological needs of said women. Methods for optimizing the health of women by providing multi-vitamin and mineral supplements which are specifically tailored to achieve optimal regulation of growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue during specific stages of life with minimal side effects. Methods for formulating a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement that optimize the health of a woman and which comprise identifying life stages which correlate to specific nutritional requirements as a result of varying physiological conditions during a lifetime and selecting specific types and optimal amounts of vitamins and minerals for said life stages.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an O/W type creams showing improved skin absorption and heat stability of maxacalcitol as an active ingredient. The present invention provides O/W type creams containing maxacalcitol in the oil phase and/or water phase, more specifically O/W creams containing maxacalcitol and an emulsifier wherein maxacalcitol exists in the oil phase as well as O/W creams wherein maxacalcitol exists in the water phase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dietary supplements containing low doses of phytoestrogens for supplementing the specific phytochemical dietary needs of perimenopausal and menopausal women.

Abstract: Compositions and a method for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy is disclosed. The compositions comprise a mixture of a compound that promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor, an aldose reductase inhibitor and an antioxidant, optionally formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This combination of active agents provides significant, effective relief of the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, as well as at least partial recovery of lost neurological function in some cases. In addition, the compositions of the present invention, when used in effective amounts to treat diabetic neuropathy, do not exhibit the severe side effects of many prior art compositions proposed for treatment of this ailment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for increasing the intestinal (lymphatic) absorption, cellular concentration, biliary secretion, hepatic storage, and/or liver concentration of a fat soluble vitamin in a post-menopausal woman. The method comprises orally administering to a post-menopausal woman in need thereof, a fat soluble vitamin and a fat soluble vitamin absorption increasing effective amount of L-carnitine. The L-carnitine enhances the antioxidant defense mechanism and lowers the risk of certain degenerative diseases, such as coronary heart disease, age-related macular degeneration, osteoporosis, cancer, and Alzheimer's, in post-menopausal women. The invention also provides a method for increasing the intestinal absorption of a fat soluble vitamin in an animal. The method comprises orally administering to the animal in need thereof, a fat soluble vitamin and a fat soluble vitamin absorption increasing effective amount of L-carnitine.

Abstract: A daily multi-vitamin and mineral combination for use in the adjunct care of humans with asthma comprising thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin B6, folate, Vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, inositol, para-amino benzoic acid, Vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iodine, selenium, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, boron, zinc, potassium, silicon, sulfur, vanadium, citrus bioflavonoid complex, hesperidin complex, rutin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, lycopene, lutein, Coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl cysteine. For adjunct care of humans with diabetes, alpha-lipoic acid is substituted for N-acetyl cysteine and the amount of inositol is increased. A method of supplementing the nutritional intake of humans with diabetes and/or asthma through daily oral administration of the appropriate multi-vitamin and mineral combination.

Abstract: An enteral nutritional product for a person having ulcerative colitis contains in combination (a) an oil blend which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), and (b) a source of indigestible carbohydrate which is metabolized to short chain fatty acids by microorganisms present in the human colon. Preferably the nutritional product also contains one or more nutrients which act as antioxidants.

Abstract: A dietary supplement composition for promoting healthy skin comprised of lycopene and other carotenoids, selenium, chromium and biotin.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with an anti-inflammation analgesic preparation which contains a specific 3-0-substituted ascorbic acid as an active ingredient, shows excellent anti-inflammation analgesic effects and is excellent in shelf life, safety to a skin and endermic absorptivity of the active ingredient.

Abstract: A dietary supplement for benefitting human bone health includes a calcium source, a source of vitamin D activity, and an osteoblast stimulant. A preferred calcium source is microcrystalline hydroxyapatite, which also contains protein (mostly collagen), phosphorus, fat, and other minerals. A preferred source of vitamin D activity is cholecalciferol, and a preferred osteoblast stimulant is ipriflavone. In addition to these basic ingredients, the composition can further include various other minerals known to occur in bone, vitamin C, and glucosamine sulfate, all of which exert beneficial effects on growth and maintenance of healthy bone. A method for benefitting human bone health involves administering a daily regimen of the dietary supplement.

Abstract: In its broadest aspect, the present invention is directed to the discovery of immunonutritional products that are useful in reducing the immunological system suppression that results from stress. The stress may be in the form of physical exertion, mental exhaustion, disease states and the like. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a nutritional composition comprising a structured glyceride component and an antioxidant system. This nutritional composition has been shown to be highly effective in reducing immune system down regulation or dysregulation as a result of stress.

Abstract: A method and composition for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy is disclosed. The composition comprises a cold compounded mixture of a compound that promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor, an aldose reductase inhibitor and an antioxidant formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It has been found that this combination of active agents provides significant, effective relief of the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, as well as at least partial recovery of lost neurological function in some cases. In view of the consensus in the art that effective combinations of various active agents have not been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, the present invention provides a surprising and unexpected effect.

Abstract: This invention provides compositions and methods related to the administration of red yeast rice, coenzyme Q10, and chromium, with or without inositol hexanicotinate, selenium, and mixed tocopherols to reduce or control blood cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, or increasing or controlling high density lipoproteins in a manunal, to reduce arterial plaque build-up, atherosclerosis, in a mammal which may be associated with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, or intestinal vascular disorders.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an O/W type cream showing improved skin absorption and heat stability of maxacalcitol as an active ingredient. The present invention provides O/W type creams containing maxacalcitol in the oil phase and/or water phase, more specifically O/W creams containing maxacalcitol and an emulsifier wherein maxacalcitol exists in the oil phase as well as O/W creams wherein maxacalcitol exists in the water phase.

Abstract: A storage stable magnesium oxychloride coated granular animal feed mineral supplement composition resistant to disintegration cause by moisture absorption and attrition, comprising granular mineral nutrients useful as animal feed supplements and magnesium oxychloride coatings amounting to between 0.5 and 10.0 percent of the weight of the granules, formed on the granules of mineral nutrients by coreaction of magnesium chloride and magnesium oxide. An additional coating of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent magnesium stearate formed on the magnesium oxychloride may be used to decrease the rate of wetting of the granular animal feed mineral supplements.

Abstract: A dietary supplement for promoting healthy hormonal balance in adult human subjects, and especially in elderly subjects, that comprises a secretagogue for stimulating the release of human Growth Hormone (hGH) by the pituitary, and the conversion by hGH to Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1(IGF-1), in combination with 7-keto dehydroepiandosterone (7-keto DHEA). The dietary supplement also includes other interacting ingredients for delivering antioxidants for retarding damage at the cellular level caused by the presence of free radicals, and natural herbs for promoting physiological health.

Abstract: The invention provides a unit dose of an orally consumable material, having a predetermined pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one nonprescription discomfort reliever and a predetermined nutritionally effective amount of at least one nutritional supplement. Each unit dose may be in a container having indications of the amount discomfort reliever and the amount of nutritional supplement in each unit dose. Instructions are provided for consuming the material for discomfort relief and supplementing nutrition. Consumption of the unit dose simultaneously relieves discomfort and supplements nutrition.

Abstract: Methods utilizing active vitamin D analogs for the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Methods comprise the application of an effective amount of a hypocalcemic vitamin D compound to alleviate hypercalcemia, lower serum parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) levels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dietary supplements containing low doses of phytoestrogens for supplementing the specific phytochemical dietary needs of perimenopausal and menopausal women.

Abstract: A compound of the formula wherein R is hydrogen or hydroxy, each R2 is independently H or halogen, X is ═CH2, or when R is hydroxy, X is hydrogen or ═CH2, and A is —C≡C—, or —CH2—CH2—, provided that when A is —CH2—CH2—, R2 is H.

Abstract: A composition is described comprising a vitamin D analog and a retinoid wherein: (a) the vitamin D analog is capable of binding a vitamin D receptor or being converted in vivo into a compound capable of binding a vitamin D receptor; and (b) the retinoid is selected from the group consisting of retinol in a concentration of at least about 1.0%, a compound in a concentration of at least about 1.0% capable of being converted in vivo into retinol, and a retinoid characterized by having a substitution at the 4-position. Further, methods of treating disorders characterized by abnormal cell-proliferation and/or cell-differentiation are also described.

Abstract: A composition for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows, and a method of administering the composition. The basic composition is a mixture of water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, B vitamins and minerals. The calcium content is lower than conventional calcium treatments used for this purpose. The propylene glycol gives the cow an energy boost and sweetens the taste so the cow does not object to it as it does to conventional gels and liquids. The B vitamins stimulate the cow's appetite. The minerals replace minerals lost in the milk and also help the cow absorb calcium. The composition of the present invention is in a liquid form and is preferably administered using a 200-300 cc drench gun. The end of the dispensing tube of the drench gun is placed between the teeth and cheek of the cow near the receptors that stimulate the esophageal groove reflex.

Abstract: Applicants have discovered that L-carnitine increases the intestinal (lymphatic) absorption of fat soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, and E, in post-menopausal women. As a result, L-carnitine enhances the antioxidant defense mechanism and lowers the risk of certain degenerative diseases, such as coronary heart disease, age-related macular degeneration, osteoporosis, cancer, and Alzheimer's, in post-menopausal women. The present invention provides a method for increasing the intestinal absorption, cellular concentration, biliary secretion, hepatic storage, and/or liver concentration of a fat soluble vitamin in a post-menopausal woman. The method comprises orally administering to a post-menopausal woman in need thereof, a fat soluble vitamin and a fat soluble vitamin absorption increasing effective amount of L-carnitine. The invention also provides a method for increasing the intestinal absorption of a fat soluble vitamin in an animal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic controller capable of controlling redox reaction at a low cost in a simple manner, the organic controller comprising a combination of two or more substances selected from vitamins and vitamin-like substances, a combination of one or more substances selected from vitamins and vitamin-like substances and one or more substances selected from polyphenols, a combination of one or more substances selected from vitamins and vitamin-like substances and one or more substances selected from enzymes, or a combination of one or more substances selected from vitamins and vitamin-like substances, one or more substances selected from polyphenols and one or more substances selected from enzymes, as the effective component.

Abstract: A frozen nutritional food product and method for oral delivery of nutrients, medicinal substances and other active ingredients via absorption through the oral mucosa for systemic effect. The frozen product includes at least one active ingredient, at least one flavoring agent, preservatives, food coloring, and a balance of water as a delivery liquid. The water is subjected to a magnetic treatment process and an ozonation process to enhance delivery of the active ingredients. More particularly, a first portion of the water is magnetized to neutralize the pH, increase oxygenation, and to improve the solubility of the ingredients mixed with the water. The remaining portion of the water is sterilized by ozonation, causing oxidation of undesirable metallic ions, odor and taste producing agents, and a wide variety of organics. Ozonation further increases the dissolved oxygen content of the water.

Abstract: In its broadest aspect, the present invention is directed to the discovery of immunonutritional products that are useful in reducing the immunological system suppression that results from stress. The stress may be in the form of physical exertion, mental exhaustion, disease states and the like. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a nutritional composition comprising a structured glyceride component and an antioxidant system. This nutritional composition has been shown to be highly effective in reducing immune system down regulation or dysregulation as a result of stress.

Abstract: An ophthalmic composition comprises active vitamin D as an effective component and is used for preventing deterioration of the optical transparency, occurrence of high intraocular pressure diseases or defective sight, observed after an ophthalmic operation, due to hyperplasia of the anterior ocular cells in the tissues damaged by the ophthalmic operation, which are in course of a healing process, and/or excess production of cellular materials. The ophthalmic composition can be dropped in the eye after operations such as those for cataract, for transplantation of intraocular lenses and for cornea to maintain the intraocular transparency of the anterior ocular region, to control the hyperplasia of the anterior ocular cells in the tissues damaged by the ophthalmic operation, which are in course of a healing process, and/or excess production of cellular materials and to thus prevent any reduction of visual acuity.

Abstract: A single entity product is provided for administration to persons being treated for nutritional deficiencies associated with addiction to alcohol, wherein the product is an extended-release multivitamin with minerals and trace elements in beneficial dose ranges and specifically contains thiamine and folic acid in the desired amounts of about 100 mg and 1 mg, respectively. The product may also contain riboflavin in an amount between about 1 mg and about 3 mg, pyridoxine in an amount between about 1 mg and about 3 mg, cyanocobalamin in an amount between about 6 mg and about 12 mg, biotin in an amount between about 10 mcg and about 50 mcg, niacin in an amount between about 10 mg and about 50 mg, vitamin D in an amount between about 200 IU and about 500 IU, vitamin E in an amount between about 10 IU and about 50 IU, selenium in an amount between about 5 mcg and about 50 mcg, and/or magnesium in an amount between about 100 mg and about 400 mg.

Abstract: A composition is described comprising a vitamin D analog and a retinoid wherein: (a) the vitamin D analog is capable of binding a vitamin D receptor or being converted in vivo into a compound capable of binding a vitamin D receptor; and (b) the retinoid is selected from the group consisting of retinol in a concentration of at least about 1.0% and a retinoid characterized by having a substitution at the 4-position. Further, methods of treating disorders characterized by abnormal cell-proliferation and/or cell-differentiation are also described.

Abstract: The invention provides 24-hydroxyvitamin D compounds and methods for their use in the treatment and prophylaxis of hyperparathyroidism and hyperproliferative diseases, and in the modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses as well as the treatment of bone depletive disorders.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of treating seasonal allergic rhinitis by administering retinol and ergocalciferol to individuals suffering from a hypersensitive immunological response to an allergen. Permanent, long-term relief and prevention of the recurring symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis is provided by the dosages and treatment regimens described herein.

Abstract: The invention encompasses a frozen composition containing an active ingredient. The active ingredients include but are not limited to a nutrient mixture and a medicine. In its preferred embodiment, the chemical composition contains the following ingredients: a nutrient mixture, at least one flavoring agent, preservatives, food coloring, and a balance of water. The composition can be placed in a sealed plastic bag and frozen to form a nutrient enriched ice pop. Alternatively, the composition can be frozen in-situ, either with or without a stick inserted therein. The invention also includes methods of consuming the composition.

Abstract: In its broadest aspect, the present invention is directed to the discovery of immunonutritional products that are useful in reducing the immunological system suppression that results from stress. The stress may be in the form of physical exertion, mental exhaustion, disease states and the like. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a nutritional composition comprising a structured glyceride component and an antioxidant system. This nutritional composition has been shown to be highly effective in reducing immune system down regulation or dysregulation as a result of stress.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of killing a cell by first administering to the cell a vitamin D derivative and subsequently administering to the cell a cytotoxic agent. Where the cell is within a tumor, the present invention provides a method of retarding the growth of the tumor by first administering the vitamin D derivative to the tumor and subsequently administering to the tumor the cytotoxic agent.

Abstract: A nutritional composition in a dry powder form for optimizing muscle performance during exercise and for enhancing muscle cell repair and recovery following the cessation of exercise. The dry nutritional composition includes carbohydrates and proteins in a ratio in the range of 2.8 to 4.2 parts of the carbohydrates to 1.0 part of the proteins, wherein the carbohydrates are used for providing energy during exercise and the proteins are used for stimulating the release of insulin to the muscle cells during exercise and for repairing muscle cells after exercise.

Abstract: A composition for treatment of a human body comprises a combination of at least one hormone, at least one amino acid, at least one enzyme and/or vitamin, and least one mineral. The relative proportions of the hormone, amino acid, enzyme and mineral in the combination are balanced with respect to each other so as to be present in effective amounts to substantially restore to optimal levels in the body the hormone, amino acid, enzyme and mineral The hormone, amino acid, enzyme and mineral in the combination further operate synergistically to provide both nutrients and command components to enable the body to effectively utilize the nutrients. The invention is also a method of forming a composition for the treatment of a human body.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of treating polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) with calcium alone, with vitamin D alone, or with the combination calcium and vitamin D. This invention further provides a method of treating infertility in a woman which comprises administering to the subject an amount of calcium or a derivative thereof effective to treat the infertility. The present invention is also directed to a method of treating irregular menses (oligo/amenorrhea), acne, or hirsutism, insulin resistance, or infertility which comprises administering a combination of calcium or a derivative thereof and vitamin D or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to treat irregular menses (oligo/amenorrhea), acne, or hirsutism, insulin resistance, or infertility.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of treating or preventing neoplastic diseases. The method comprises adminstering to a host in need of such treatment or prevention an effective amount of a Vitamin D.sub.3 analog of the Formula I wherein:X is H.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 ;Y is hydrogen, hydroxy or fluorine;Z is hydroxy;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are a (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or fluoroalkyl, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together with C.sub.25 form a (C.sub.3 -C.sub.6) cycloalkyl or cyclofluoroalkyl;R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are a (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or fluoroalkyl, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together with C.sub.25' form a (C.sub.3 -C.sub.6)cycloalkyl or cyclofluoroalkyl;A is a single bond or a double bond;B.sub.1 is a single bond, an E-double bond, a Z-double bond or a triple bond; andB.sub.2 is a single bond, an E-double bond, a Z-double bond or a triple bond; or a prodrug thereof.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for use in the treatment of psoriasis, having isopropyl myristate as a first active ingredient and a different anti-psoriatic agent as a second active ingredient; preferably they are combined in the same pharmaceutical composition.

Abstract: The present invention disclose to non-radioactive vitamin D compounds of formula (1) and methods to assay for the presence of vitamin D, vitamin D analogs and their metabolites which may be present in milk, blood or other biological fluids. The assay methods employed in this invention may be enzyme linked immununoassays (ELISAs) (with biotin containing compounds) and fluorimetric and chemiluminometric assays (with fluorescein or chemiluminiscence containing compounds).

Abstract: A nutritional supplement is described comprising approximately from about 10 to about 75 grams carbohydrate; approximately from about 5 to about 50 grams protein; approximately from about 3 to about 30 grams fat; and therapeutic amount of antioxidant, for use in weight maintenance in individuals who will undergo major surgery to prevent or reduce postoperative complications.

Abstract: A composition for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows, and a method of administering the composition. The basic composition is a mixture of water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, B vitamins and minerals. The calcium content is lower than conventional calcium treatments used for this purpose. The propylene glycol gives the cow an energy boost and sweetens the taste so the cow does not object to it as it does to conventional gels and liquids. The B vitamins stimulate the cow's appetite. The minerals replace minerals lost in the milk and also help the cow absorb calcium. The composition of the present invention is in a liquid form and is preferably administered using a 200-300 cc drench gun. The end of the dispensing tube of the drench gun is placed between the teeth and cheek of the cow near the receptors that stimulate the esophageal groove reflex.

Abstract: An enteral nutritional product for a person having ulcerative colitis contains in combination (a) an oil blend which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), and (b) a source of indigestible carbohydrate which is metabolized to short chain fatty acids by microorganisms present in the human colon. Preferably the nutritional product also contains one or more nutrients which act as antioxidants.

Abstract: The present invention pertains generally to the field of Public Health, including the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease which is currently the first cause of death in the American population. More specifically, the present invention concerns a total modular system of multivitamin and mineral supplementation composed of 7 distinct modules for improving public health by insuring adequate intake of micronutrients needed for disease prevention and protection against nutritional losses and deficiencies due to, for example, lifestyle factors and common inadequate dietary patterns. A module, as used herein throughout, is defined as a separate and distinct combination of vitamin-mineral and other health promoting compounds which are directed to specific target populations. The formulations of the present invention which, when combined in one capsule or tablet or as separate modules, exert a joint and enhancing effect on the major pathogenetic factors involved in the atherosclerotic process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of enhancing lean tissue mass in a subject by administering calcium to the subject, thereby enhancing the lean tissue mass in the subject. The invention is also directed to a method of enhancing bone mineral content in a physically active subject comprising administering calcium to the subject, thereby enhancing the bone mineral content in the subject. The invention is also directed to a method of enhancing bone mineral content and of enhancing lean tissue mass in a subject comprising administering calcium to the subject, thereby enhancing the bone mineral content and enhancing the lean tissue mass in the subject. The invention is further directed to a milk-free composition for enhancing bone mineral content and/or for enhancing lean tissue mass in a physically active subject, comprising an effective amount of calcium.

Abstract: An emulsion comprising an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase with the aid of a silicone emulsifying agent, the oily phase comprising at least 50% by weight of silicone oil and the aqueous phase containing at least one polyol in a quantity which imparts a water activity value to the emulsion of .ltoreq.0.85.

Abstract: Stable aqueous solubilizates are disclosed suitable for parenteral administration, of carotenoids and vitamins or vitamin derivatives, in which the carotenoid and the water-insoluble vitamins are, with the aid of a nonionic emulsifier, in the form of a micellar solution, the micelles being smaller than 100 nm, wherein the solubilizates comprise, in amounts based on the solubilizate, at least one carotenoid in a concentration of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, the water-insoluble, lipophilic vitamins or vitamin derivatives in a concentration of from 0.1 to 20% by weight and the nonionic emulsifiers in a concentration of from 1 to 40% by weight, with the proviso that the content of lipophilic vitamins is at least as large as that of the carotenoid.

Abstract: A method of inducing inhibition or loss of cell proliferation in solid tumors utilizing a Vitamin D.sub.3 analog, as well as a method of inducing loss of cell proliferation in solid tumors utilizing trans retinoic acid and a Vitamin D.sub.3 analog.In another aspect, a method of inducing inhibition or loss of cell proliferation in solid tumors utilizing a Vitamin D.sub.3 metabolite, as well as a method of inducing loss of cell proliferation in solid tumors utilizing trans retinoic acid and a Vitamin D.sub.3 metabolite.