Abstract: The present invention provides a novel linker compound which minimizes any nonspecific hydrophobic interactions and is capable of easily adjusting the length to a disulfide group subjected to metal bond to thereby enable effective formation of a metal-sulfur bond; novel ligand conjugate and ligand carrier, and a process for producing them. The linker compound is of a structure represented by the following general formula (1) where a, b, d, e are independently an integer of 0 to 6. X has a structure serving as a multi-branched structure moiety including three or more hydrocarbon derivative chains, wherein the hydrocarbon derivative chains each include an aromatic amino group at an end thereof, and may or may not include a carbon-nitrogen bond in a main chain thereof. The ligand conjugate includes the linker compound having a sugar molecule introduced therein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising a substantially pure compound represented by Structural Formula II: and methods of using such compounds to activate cytoprotective kinases.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to multiple a-lipoic acid-containing hydrophobic compounds (mALAs) capable of acting as scavengers of free radicals, metals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods of synthesizing novel antioxidant mALAs, spontaneous emulsification or nanoprecipitaion thereof to produce antioxidant nanospheres and their use in preventing or treating diseases or conditions caused by oxidative stress and other free radical mediated conditions are also described. Another aspect of this invention is the use of these antioxidant nanospheres for the preparation of antioxidant particulate delivery system of therapeutic agents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds, as well as to compositions, methods and kits comprising such compounds, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, Gulf War syndrome and related conditions, wherein the compound is a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and/or a carbohydrate oxidation activator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion topical delivery system comprising an oil phase; an aqueous phase; phenoxyethanol; an effective exfoliatingamount of a hydrophobic hydroxycarboxylic acid; a non-ionic emulsifier having an HLB of from about 7 to about 10; and at least one skin-supporting ordermatopharmaceutically active agent.

Abstract: The invention relates to the food and medical industries, medical cosmetics, dermatology, agriculture and the mixed feed industry. According to the invention vicinal dithioglycole (common formula RCH(SH)CH(SH)R?1 (I)) is used as a food additive, a food product, physiologically-active substances and active ingredients of forage additives and of forage, in cosmetic and/or dermatological and skin-therapeutic remedies. The invention comprises methods for producing such additives, products and remedies. The substance of formula (I) stimulates physiological processes, increases human and animal immunity, inhibits undesirable process in organisms and food products, produces curative and preventive action of skin, hair and nails and after vicinal dithioglycole is administered the intoxication effect of alcohol consumption known as hang-over is completely removed.

Abstract: A topical composition comprising a lipoic acid, a carnitine, and a carnosine in a suitable vehicle for topical application and a method for treating skin is provided. The present compositions are useful in improving the appearance of aged skin characterized by wrinkles and loss of elasticity. Preferred components include R-lipoic acid or R-dihydrolipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, and l-carnosine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the food and medical industries, medical cosmetics, dermatology, agriculture and the mixed feed industry. According to the invention vicinal dithioglycole (common formula RCH(SH)CH(SH)R?1 (I)) is used as a food additive, a food product, physiologically-active substances and active ingredients of forage additives and of forage, in cosmetic and/or dermatological and skin-therapeutic remedies. The invention comprises methods for producing such additives, products and remedies. The substance of formula (I) stimulates physiological processes, increases human and animal immunity, inhibits undesirable process in organisms and food products, produces curative and preventive action of skin, hair and nails and after vicinal dithioglycole is administered the intoxication effect of alcohol consumption known as hang-over is completely removed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses novel mechanisms in the aging process and describes novel methods for high-throughput screening to identify, detect, and purify agents to be used for improving mitochondrial function, maintaining the cell cycle-arrested state in senescent and post mitotic cells, and thus preventing or treating age-related diseases or disorders associated with accelerated mitochondrial function loss, telomere dysfunction, and/or deterioration of the growth-arrested state. The present invention also discloses a number of compounds or compositions identified from this method. The present invention further provides the use of low doses of rapamycin or its analogs as a mimic of caloric restriction in preventing age-related diseases or disorders.

Abstract: Disclosed, is a composition for reducing the levels or level of glucose, malondialdehyde-modified LDL, homocysteine, and/or C-reactive protein in the blood. Specifically disclosed is a composition for reducing the level of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of glucose, malondialdehyde-modified LDL, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein in the blood, which comprises the following components (a) and (b): (a) at least one component selected from the group consisting of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid; and (b) at least one component selected from the group consisting of zinc, selenium, and an antioxidant vitamin.

Abstract: This invention is directed to pharmaceutical combinations comprising an antioxidant agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, and optionally at least one other anti-diabetic agent useful for treating metabolic disorders. This invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising an antioxidant agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, optionally at least one other anti-diabetic agent, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alpha lipoic acid capsule composition stabilized in aqueous phase, which can effectively prevent alpha lipoic acid from decomposing due to external environmental conditions, such as water, temperature, light, and the like, and can maintain the stability of alpha lipoic acid from the interaction between the lipoic acid and other materials, which are added together with the lipoic acid when the lipoic acid is applied to cosmetics, foods, or medical supplies, by mixing water-dispersed alpha lipoic acid, a water-insoluble polymer having self-emulsification properties, and a hydrophilic solvent, thus capsulating alpha lipoic acid, and to a method of preparing the same.

Abstract: This invention provides methods of treating and abrogating spinal muscular atrophy by administering an antioxidant. Additionally, the invention provides a method of protecting the SMN protein by administering an antioxidant.

Abstract: A composition and a dosing unit which can be used as nutritional supplement or as medication for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The composition comprises a combination of lutein, zeaxanthin, glutathione and alpha lipoic acid, optionally supplemented with an extract of Lucium Barbarum Lynn. This composition inhibits the death of photoreceptors as a consequence of RP, whereby the visual faculties of the patient are retained for a longer time. The composition is also useful as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for treating metabolic disorders with compounds that are conjugates. The conjugates of the present invention are comprised of salicylic acid, triflusal, diflusinal, salsalate, IMD-0354, ibuprofen, diclofenac, licofelone, or HTB, and one or more antioxidants.

Abstract: A granule comprising a carrier composed of porous calcium silicate; a functional substance which is an oily liquid or a low-melting solid and a water-soluble antioxidizing agent, which are adsorbed on the carrier; and a granulating component. The problem to be solved is to improve storage stability of a powdered or tableted functional substance, for example, vitamin A to the level causing no problem in practical use.

Abstract: A method of supplementing a diet and ameliorating oxidative stress in a mammal includes administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of an active compound having the chemical structure: where n=1-4 and X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lithium sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium.

Abstract: The invention provides a multi-compartmented container suitable for the delivery of pharmaceuticals, medicines, vitamins, and the like.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a cyclodextrin/alpha-lipoic acid complex, wherein in a first step, an alpha-lipoic acid and a cyclodextrin are dissolved in an aqueous alkaline solution having a pH above pH 7, and in a second step an acid is added to lower the pH of the solution to a pH below pH 7.

Abstract: There is provided a compound having an excellent controlling effect on arthropod pests represented by the formula (I-1): wherein Z represents an optionally substituted carbocyclic group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group; G represents a -A1-R1 group, etc.; X0 represents a -A2-R4 group, etc.; X represents a -A2-R4 group, etc.; X0 represents a -A3-R6 group, etc.; or X and X0 are optionally taken together to form a -A2-T0-A3- group; M1 represents a —R8 group, etc.; A1, A2 and A3 independently represent an oxygen atom, etc.; R1 and R8 independently represents an optionally substituted C1-C20 chain hydrocarbon group, etc.; R4 and R6 independently represent an optionally substituted C1-C6 chain hydrocarbon group, etc.; and T0 represents an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkanediyl group.

Abstract: Dithiolane compounds having the structural formula (I): are useful for reinforcing and/or preserving the natural antioxidant protection of the skin against oxidative stress caused, especially, by UV radiation, e.g., by increasing the level of intracellular glutathione.

Abstract: A composition for alleviating symptoms associated with neurotoxicity. The composition may comprise compounds for preventing glutamate mediated neurotoxicity. The composition may include one or more of the following elements: at least one glutamate antagonist, at least one cAMP stimulating agent, at least one antioxidant, vitamin B12, at least one transporter and at least one surfactant. The composition may be used in methods for alleviating tinnitus, Ménière's Disease and/or hearing loss.

Abstract: Compositions are provided which can be useful in treating a renin-angiotensin aldosterone system-related disorder. These compositions include renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors and lipoic acid compounds, as well as other therapeutic agents, and are useful in treating hypertension, stroke, metabolic syndrome, or other renin-angiotensin aldosterone system-related disorders in a subject. The compositions are also useful in improving vasodilation, reducing proteinuria, and reducing insulin resistance in a subject. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment using the compositions are further provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for treating glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and age-related macular degeneration. More specifically, the present invention describes the use of agents that down-regulate expression of tanis and/or p21Waf1/Cip1/Sd1 genes to treat such disorders of the eye.

Abstract: The invention concerns novel polyunsaturated compounds of formula (I) wherein: R1 represents a R?1, -A-R?1 group, R?1 being selected from —COOH, —COOR3, —CONH2, —CONHR3, —CONR3, R4, —CHO, —CH2OH, —CH2OR5, and A represents a C2-C16 alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene; R2 represents: an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; a sugar residue or, a fatty acid residue optionally branched and/or substituted preferably at the chain terminus and particularly by hydroxy, acetoxy radical or by an optionally protected amino radical; a —OC—(CH2)n CO-tocopheryl (alpha, beta or gamma or delta) group, with 2 $m(F) n $m(F) 10; a —R?2—O—R6 group, wherein R?2 is an optionally substituted arylene group or an optionally substituted heteroarylene group, and R6 represents a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched optionally substituted C1-C16 alkyl, a straight or branched optionally substituted C2-C16 alkenyl, or a straight or branched C2-C16 alkynyl group, an optionally substituted tocophery

Abstract: A composition for application to the skin can stimulate the in vivo synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans and improve the appearance of the skin, increasing its elasticity and fullness. In general, a composition according to the present invention comprises: (1) an antioxidant compound in a quantity sufficient to enhance collagen synthesis in the skin; (2) an organic penetrant in which the antioxidant compound is soluble in a sufficient quantity that a concentration of the antioxidant compound sufficient to enhance collagen synthesis can be applied topically and penetrate the skin; (3) a mixture of essential amino acids or hydrolyzed whey protein; (4) a supplemental source of sulfur; and (5) a topical pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The antioxidant compound can be lipoic acid or a lipoic acid analogue or derivative. The organic penetrant is preferably benzyl alcohol. Other ingredients, such as esters of tocopherol and ascorbic acid, can be included.

Abstract: There is provided a halogen-containing organosulfur compound having an excellent controlling effect on arthropod pests represented by the formula (I): wherein, m represents 0, 1 or 2, n represents 0, 1 or 2, A represents optionally substituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl or optionally substituted C5-C7 cycloalkenyl group, Q represents a C1-C5 haloalkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, or a fluorine atom, R1 and R3 independently represent optionally substituted C1-C4 chain hydrocarbon, halogen or hydrogen, R2 and R4 independently represent optionally substituted C1-C4 chain hydrocarbon, —C?C(=G)R5, cyano, halogen or hydrogen, G represents oxygen or sulfur, and R represents optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, hydroxyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-C6 alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C3-C6 alkynyloxy, amino, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkylamino, optionally substituted di(C1-C4 alkyl)amino, C2-C5 cyclic amino or hydrogen.

Abstract: Compositions including topical formulations comprising secreted products obtained from the culture medium of human umbilical cord stem cells and particular combinations of components therefrom are provided for treatment of various dermatological conditions, such as adverse consequences of aging, wrinkling, altered pigmentation, altered viscoelasticity, and altered thickness, among others. Methods for using the compositions and topical formulations for treating adverse or undesirable dermatological conditions are also provided, as well as preventing the appearance of undesirable dermatological conditions.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to materials and methods for the prevention and treatment of disease conditions associated with oxidative stress or a compromised reducing environment, including inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Therapeutic compositions of the invention include compositions that can neutralize hydrogen peroxide, such as reducing agents and oxidizing agents. In one embodiment, a therapeutic composition of the invention comprises a reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate. Therapeutic compositions of the invention can optionally include compounds with antibacterial activity, compositions that inhibit bacterial adherence to cells and tissue, compositions that inhibits epithelial lipid peroxidation, compositions that add viscosity to a solution, compositions that inhibit most cells, and/or compositions that help to seal or repair tight junctions between cells of the colonic epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract: A method of treating diabetes-related vascular complications is provided. It has been found that a heightened state of oxidative stress, either acting alone or in concert with augmented apoptotic and inflammatory processes, contributes to diabetes-related vascular dysfunction. The method of treating diabetes-related vascular complications includes the treatment of diabetic patients with alpha-lipoic acid (LA) in order to mitigate the negative impact of diabetes-related vascular dysfunctions upon vascular homeostasis. The treatment method includes the step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effective dosage of alpha-lipoic acid.

Abstract: An anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic antioxidant formulation for treatment of hepatic oxidative stress and cirrhosis is disclosed. The antioxidant formulation can further include at least one of a hepatitis C virus-specific or a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-specific formulation comprising one or more compounds to retard the progression of liver fibrosis and possibly reverse an established fibrosis. Methods of treatment or therapies for treating chronic liver disease and chronic hepatitis are also provided.

Abstract: Phthalazinediones that function as intracellular redox modulators are useful in treating cells in various disease states where intracellular redox status is impaired. By buffering aberrant redox states, phthalazinediones enable cellular processes essential for survival and augment medical treatments. The phthalazinediones of the invention can modulate functions related to cell growth, differentiation, activity, or death, to correct aberrations and restore homeostasis, and can serve as adjunctive therapy in treating various disease conditions.

Abstract: A method for improving liver clearance of xenobiotic substances in an animal by feeding the animal lipoic acid in amounts of from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg per day.

Abstract: A novel spiroquinone derivative having a high ABCA1 stabilization effect and being useful for prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents for various diseases developing hypo-high density lipoproteinemia is obtained. The novel spiroquinone derivative is a compound represented by the following formula: wherein R1a, R1b, R1c and R1d each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, or an alkoxy group which may have a substituent, and R2a and R2b each represents a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group which may have a substituent (e.g.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methylenedioxy phenolic compounds and their derivatives, methods of making them and methods of using them to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease, vascular disease and/or inflammatory disease, as well as Type I and Type II Diabetes and Dyslipidemia patients at risk for hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods comprising administering to a subject a dietary composition for modifying cellular metabolism, metabolic production of reactive oxygen species and the resulting level of reactive oxygen species. The invention is drawn to a method comprising a combination of carnitine, lipoic acid and polyphenol, which has the effect of enhancing metabolism and reducing oxygen species at the same time. The invention is also drawn to a method of oral administration of carnitine, lipoic acid and polyphenol to a mammalian host, at an effective dose necessary to affect enhanced metabolic processes and reduced oxygen species in animals including humans.

Abstract: A composition for enhancing cellular energy that includes creatine, L-arginine-?-ketoglutarate, D-ribose, L-carnitine, L-citrulline, and pyruvate. The composition is administering to a subject to enhance cellular energy, to increase relative intensity of physical activity performed by the subject, to increase endurance of the subject during the physical activity and to increase the muscle mass of the subject.

Abstract: An electrical stimulation method for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the method utilizes an electrical stimulation device that includes a plurality of channels of electrodes each of which includes a first and second electrode positioned in electrical contact with tissue of a target region suffering from peripheral neuropathy. Agonist/antagonist muscles involved in abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, supination/pronation, protraction/retraction, and/or eversion/inversion in the peripheral body regions are stimulated with a patterned series of electrical pulses through channels of electrodes in accordance with a procedure for treating peripheral neuropathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for preventing the development of cancer or neurodegenerative diseases by administering N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), melatonin, or a combination thereof. The present invention also relates to methods for diagnosing cancer and/or neurdegenerative disease by detecting or determining the amount of dopamine metabolites, 4-CE, 2-CE, methylation of CE or CE-Q conjugates.

Abstract: The invention includes novel compounds, including but not limited to formula A and formula B, and an improved delivery method. These compounds and methods are useful in preventing or treating diseases or conditions associated with or caused by the presence of free radicals, and are useful for increasing cellular metabolism while simultaneously alleviating the resultant increase in oxidative stress. Specifically, a carnitine is bound to a lipoic acid derivative or to dihydrolipoic acid or its derivatives using a hydrolysable linker to form a single compound.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for treating metabolic disorders with compounds that are conjugates. The conjugates of the present invention are comprised of salicylic acid, triflusal, diflusinal, salsalate, IMD-0354, ibuprofen, diclofenac, licofelone, or HTB, and one or more antioxidants.

Abstract: The invention relates to derivatives of dihydroxyphenylalanine, to their synthesis and to pharmaceutical compositions containing said derivatives of dihydroxyphenylalanine. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of said derivatives of dihydroxyphenylalanine and said pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and prophylaxis of movement disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, hemiparkinson-hemiatrophy, parkinsonian syndrome, Lewy body disease, frontotemporal dementia, Lytico-Bodig disease (parkinsonism/dementia/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), striatonigral degeneration, Shy-Drager syndrome, sporadic olivopontocerebellar degeneration, progressive atrophy of the globus pallidus, progressive supranuclear palsy, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Huntington's disease, X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (Lubag), mitochondrial cytopathy with striatal necrosis, neuroacanthocytosis, restless legs syndrome, Wilson's disease.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) are active as dopaminergic compounds or as compounds which or as compounds which diminish the symptoms of dopamine deficiency: wherein: R1 and R2 are independently selected from —C(?O)R5 or —C(?O)OR5; or one of R1 and R2 is hydrogen and the other is —C(?O)R5 or —C(?O)OR5; R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl, —CH2Q, —C(?O)R5, —C(?O)OR5, —C(?O)NR5R6, or R5 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl or —CH2Q; R6 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl Or —CH2Q; and Q is an optionally substituted monocyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclyl ring of 3 to 6 ring atoms.

Abstract: The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a modulator of hepatic parasympathetic tone, (b) at least one diabetes drug, and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention includes methods for the treatment and/or prevention of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose intolerance, and other associated disorders with pharmaceutical compositions described herein. The invention also provides for a kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition and instructions for its use.

Abstract: The invention provides compositions for preventing or treating kidney disease and improving kidney function comprising at least two ingredients selected from the group consisting of antioxidants and mitochondrial cofactors in amounts sufficient for preventing or treating kidney disease or for improving kidney function and methods for preventing and treating kidney disease or improving kidney function comprising administering such compositions to an animal susceptible to or suffering from kidney disease or impaired kidney function. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is admixed with one or more food ingredients to produce a food composition useful for preventing or treating kidney disease and improving kidney function, particularly in senior animals.

Abstract: A method to enhance disease resistance in an animal comprising feeding the animal a diet enriched in antioxidants and providing behavioral enrichment. In one embodiment, the behavioral enrichment comprises exercising the animal regularly effective to cause behavioral enrichment, wherein the feeding and exercising combination is effective to increase neutrophil phagocytosis and B cell percentages.

Abstract: A method of preventing or treating fatigue in a subject mammal comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising (a) reduced coenzyme Q represented by the following formula (1): wherein n is an integer of 1 to 12, and (b) lipoic acid or a derivative thereof, to the mammal.

Abstract: Dithiol compounds and derivatives thereof are disclosed. The agents are useful for treating ocular disease, especially presbyopia and cataract.

Abstract: The invention encompasses compositions and methods for treating or preventing disorders in companion animals, wherein the compositions and methods include feeding the companion animal a composition including lipoic acid or a salt thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for treating otic disorders. More specifically, the present invention describes the use of agents that down-regulate expression of Tanis and/or p21Waf1/Cip1/Sd1 genes to treat such disorders of the ear.