Abstract: Methods are disclosed of treating diabetes, abnormal adipocyte activity, and insulin resistance using C-terminal fragments of adiponectin receptor R1. Methods of causing the secretion of insulin in healthy and diabetic patients using C-terminal fragments of adiponectin receptor R1 are also disclosed. In addition, methods are disclosed of increasing the insulin levels in healthy patients using C-terminal fragments of adiponectin receptor R1. In addition, methods of treating abnormal adipocyte activity, treating metabolic syndrome, causing insulin secretion, increasing insulin levels, inhibiting insulin degradation enzyme, treating Alzheimer's disease, treating cardiovascular disease associated with adiponectin levels, inhibiting ADAM-17 enzyme, treating a condition associated with TNF-alpha, and treating a condition associated with HER2-neu are disclosed. Compositions, dosage forms, and kits are also disclosed.

Abstract: Described are methods of improving glycemic control/improving insulin sensitivity by administering an inhibitor of serum response factor (SRF) activity, and methods of identifying new compounds for use in the described methods of treatment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition (a blood glucose increase inhibitor) that has an effect of lowering blood glucose level in a hyperglycemic patient and that is therefore used to reduce blood glucose level in the patient. The present invention further provides a composition that is used to prevent or treat diseases caused by hyperglycemia, in particular, diabetes and diabetic complications (a composition for preventing or treating diseases caused by hyperglycemia, an antidiabetic), based on the above-mentioned effect. A feature of the present invention is using a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of Leu-Ser-Glu-Leu as an active ingredient.

Abstract: The present inventors focused on certain nutritional compositions known to have activity of controlling blood glucose levels. These foods were administered to rats for long periods, and real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissues. As a result, the present inventors found that the expression of the PPAR? gene is enhanced by these foods, and that this is accompanied by suppressed expression of fatty acid synthase and enhanced expression of a group of PPAR? target genes associated with fatty acid metabolism. The present inventors also confirmed the effect of these foods in enhancing the expression of PPAR? and adiponectin, and discovered that these foods have the activity of enhancing the production of PPAR and PPAR-associated factors.

Abstract: Circulating levels of catestatin (Cts: human chromogranin A352-372) decrease in the plasma of patients with essential hypertension. Genetic ablation of the chromogranin A (Chga) gene in mice increases blood pressure and pre-treatment of Chga-null mice with Cts prevents blood pressure elevation, indicating a direct role of Cts in preventing hypertension. This notable vasoreactivity prompted us to test the direct cardiovascular effects and mechanisms of action of wild-type Cts (WT-Cts) and naturally occurring human variants (G364S-Cts and P370L-Cts) on myocardial and coronary functions. The cardio-inhibitory influence exerted on basal mechanical performance and the counter-regulatory action against beta-adrenergic and ET-1 stimulations, point to Cts as a novel cardiac modulator, able to protect the heart against excessive sympathochromaffin over-activation, e.g. hypertensive cardiomyopathy.

Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for oral drug delivery comprising a solid dosage form containing an effective amount of a therapeutic agent, a permeation enhancer and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a bioadhesive layer containing a bioadhesive polymer, and optionally comprising an impermeable or semi-permeable layer having an opening capable of directing a unidirectional release of the therapeutic agent and the permeation enhancer from the solid dosage form. Methods of making and using the present pharmaceutical composition are also provided.

Abstract: There is provided a novel series of analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a protein composition which upon ingestion by a healthy person with a normal fasting insulin level between 3.0-8.0 ?U/L increases the insulin level to at most 20.0 ?U/L. The invention may be in the shape of a powder, capsules, pellets, tablets, effervescent tablets or food products comprising said protein composition.

Abstract: There is provided a novel series of analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Abstract: There is provided a novel series of analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Abstract: There is provided a novel series of analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Abstract: The present invention provides fusion peptides having GLP-1 activity and enhanced stability in vivo, in particular resistancy to dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The fusion peptide comprises as component (I) N-terminally a GLP-1(7-35, 7-36 or 7-37) sequence and as component (II) C-terminally a peptide sequence of at least 9 amino acids or a functional fragment, variant or derivative thereof. Component (II) is preferably a full or partial version of IP2 (intervening peptide 2). A preferred embodiment comprises the sequence GLP-1(7-35, 36 or 37)/IP2/GLP-1(7-35, 36 or 37) or GLP-2. The fusion peptide may be produced in engineered cells or synthetically and may be used for the preparation of a medicament for treating various diseases or disorders, e.g. diabetes type 1 or 2, apoptosis related diseases or neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Provided are lipidic particles comprising phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and cholesterol. Also provided are compositions comprising the lipidic particles and having associated therewith therapeutic agents such as peptides, polypeptides or proteins. In these compositions, the therapeutic agents have reduced immunogenicity and/or longer circulating time. These compositions can be used for therapeutic administration of the peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins.

Abstract: A medicinal preparation, a process, a nutritional composition and regenerative and insulin potentiating method for humans and also for mammals for prevention, treatment and management/glycemic control of diabetes mellitus by obtaining optimum glucose level in blood, by administering an extract of Costus pictus to produce above effect in a dose of 500-2000 mg/day in humans and 50-200 mg/kg/day in rats. A method for treating hyperglycemia in a patient by administering a medicinal preparation of Costus pictus D. Don. A method for long term management of diabetes by avoiding the problems associated with tight control of blood glucose concentrations, i.e., hypoglycemia tolerance and seizures, while simultaneously avoiding the problems associated with conventional moderate control of blood glucose concentrations, i.e., pathological complications associated with hyperglycemia, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, etc.

Abstract: A method of treating insulin resistance in a subject is provided. The method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an agent capable of down-regulating phosphorylation of an IRS protein at at least one serine residue corresponding to amino acid 341, 412 and/or 413 of human IRS-1, thereby treating the insulin resistance in the subject. Also provided are methods and kits for diagnosing insulin resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Amylin Family Polypeptide-6 (AFP-6) analogs, which include derivatives and fragments, related nucleic acids, expression constructs, host cells, and processes for recombinant production of the AFP-6 analogs. The AFP-6 analogs of the invention include one or more amino acid sequence modifications. In addition, methods and compositions are disclosed to treat and prevent conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, e.g., obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, myocardial ischemia, and increased cardiovascular risk.

Abstract: Derivatives are synthesised of starting materials, usually polysaccharides, having sialic acid at the reducing terminal end, in which the reducing terminal unit is transformed into an aldehyde group. Where the polysaccharide has a sialic acid unit at the non-reducing end it may be passivated, for instance by converting into hydroxyl-substituted moiety. The derivatives may be reacted with substrates, for instance containing amine or hydrazine groups, to form non-cross-linked polysialylated compounds. The substrates may, for instance, be therapeutically useful drugs peptides or proteins or drug delivery systems.

Abstract: The present invention provides a combination of compounds capable of modulating xenin activity and, insulin secretion and weight gain. The invention also provides methods for modulating GIP activity and insulin secretion in a subject, by modulating xenin activity in the subject.

Abstract: This invention provides compositions comprising a byetta, fish oil, and a protease inhibitor, method for treating diabetes mellitus, comprising administering same, and methods for oral or rectal administration of a byetta.

Abstract: Agents capable of alleviating AHNAK phosphoprotein-mediated repression of GLUT4 gene expression are useful for prevention, treatment, and/or alleviation of insulin resistance associated with obesity, lipotoxicity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Preferred agents are double-stranded siRNAs.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method of immunomodulating an immune response in a subject comprising administering to a subject a malleable protein matrix (MPM), from fermented whey, in an amount effective to modulate the biological activity of Th17 cells, and its associated metabolic pathway, for a preventative or a therapeutic purpose of a variety of health applications in the field of immunity or obesity related diseases.

Abstract: Improved methods and kits for treating the long-term complication of diabetes that reduce the risk of the patient developing hypoglycemia during C-peptide therapy. The use of such methods and kits, can also maintain good glycemic control, and avoid excessive weight gain that may otherwise be associated with excessive insulin administration or caloric intake during C-peptide therapy.

Abstract: An injection device comprising a housing and a dose setting mechanism including a dose setting element. Contrary to prior art injection devices, the dose setting element can only be set at a few different dose settings. This is established by forming the dose setting element as a rotatable dish concealed within the housing and having a number of projections projecting outside the boundaries of the housing through a slot in the housing. A dose is set by activating a projection which in addition provides the user with a tactile guidance. Usually one projection is provided for one dose setting limiting the number of doses to be set to the number of projections.

Abstract: The present invention includes peptidomimetic compound compositions and methods of making and using peptidomimetic compounds to modulate the activity of a peptide receptor for the treatment of one or more of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia or other symptoms that relate to the function of the targeted receptor. The peptidomimetic includes an oligo-benzamide compound having at least three optionally substituted benzamides.

Abstract: The invention relates to melanocortin receptor-specific cyclic peptides of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R1, R2, R3, R4a, R4b, R4c, R5, x and y are as defined in the specification. These compounds are particularly useful in the treatments of energy homeostasis and metabolism related (e.g. diabetes), food intake related and/or energy balance and body weight related diseases, disorders and/or conditions, including obesity, overweight and diseases, disorders and/or conditions associated with obesity and/or overweight, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Abstract: The invention described herein provides novel pharmaceutically active molecules (including novel peptide derivatives and peptides) that bind to an insulin receptor; compositions comprising such molecules; methods of modulating insulin receptor activity comprising the delivery of such molecules and related insulin-binding molecules (e.g., in the context of treating and/or preventing insulin receptor-related diseases such as diabetes); nucleic acids encoding such peptides; vectors and host cells comprising such nucleic acids; and methods of producing such molecules and compositions.

Abstract: There is a need to develop a treatment for metabolic syndrome, which is directed to maintaining healthy liver metabolism and not indirectly through weight loss. The present invention provides a composition comprising whey protein for supporting and improving liver metabolism, especially in connection with fatty liver. The composition can further comprise Ca and health improving components such as probiotics and prebiotics. The composition can be in the form of food, health food, food supplement or drugs. Furthermore, due to the complexity of choice of a valid biomarker and sample matrix, there is a special need to find out specific biomarkers for fatty liver and metabolic syndrome. This invention also relates to a diagnostic method for determining fatty liver on the basis of metabolomic profiling. Statistical modelling methods are used on the metabolomic profiles to identify the biomarkers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protein hydrolysate comprising free amino acids and peptides whereby the weight ratio of free amino acids to peptides is about 1:1 and wherein at least about 50 molar % of the peptides has a molecular weight of 400 Da or less. This composition may be rich in one or more branched-chain amino acid-(BCAA-) and or glutamine-containing di- or tripeptides. Also, the invention relates to the use of a water soluble protein-containing aqueous fraction obtained from a wet-milling process or the protein hydrolysate in: the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a condition associated with inappropriate blood sugar metabolism; aiding recovery and/or endurance during or after exercise; stimulating the generation of lean body mass; infant nutrition; or the preparation of a food or feed composition or a food or feed supplement.

Abstract: The present invention provides peptides which stimulate the release of insulin. The peptides, based on GIP 1-42 include substitutions and/or modifications which enhance and influence secretion and/or have enhanced resistance to degradation. The invention also provides a process of N terminally modifying GIP and the use of the peptide analogues for treatment of diabetes.

Abstract: This invention relates to the formulations of isoflavones with soluble carrier proteins, for example whey proteins. The formulations display increased lipid modulating activity without increased estrogenic activity, relative to isoflavone alone and may be useful, for example in therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of metabolic dysfunction, cancer and skin conditions.

Abstract: Methods of modulating chronic low-grade inflammation are provided. More particularly, methods of treating diabetes, such as for example, type-2 diabetes mellitus, in a mammal by administering an effective amount of a selective proteasome inhibitor are provided. Also provided are unit dosage forms of such inhibitors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising biologically active proteins linked to extended recombinant polypeptide (XTEN), isolated nucleic acids encoding the compositions and vectors and host cells containing the same, and methods of using such compositions in treatment of glucose-related diseases, metabolic diseases, coagulation disorders, and growth hormone-related disorders and conditions.