Abstract: A spacer system for concrete forms is described for composite concrete constructions walls which permits the forming materials to remain intact with the concrete poured into the forms. The forming materials then become the exterior surfaces of the mold, saving considerable time and money usually expended in finishing or molding a design into the exterior surfaces.

Abstract: A moulded building sheet (1) has opposed side edges (5) of increased thickness with respect to the general thickness of the sheet. The thicker side edges each accommodate a rebate (6) which extends along the respective side edge and into which the free ends of reinforcing wires (7) project.

Abstract: A generally rectangular concrete building block of partially hollow construction with at least one large rectangular vertical opening extending therethrough and provided with a generally zig-zag shaped rod embedded in the interior walls and extending transversely of and formed with a transverse loop in the center of each hollow interior. In erecting a wall, a concrete footing is first poured and a plastic sheet having a row of prepunched openings is flatly arranged thereon with the openings so spaced to indicate the positions to be assumed by a series of reinforcing bars when inserted therethrough and embedded within the footing to project vertically therethrough in a row alignable with the hollow blocks.

Abstract: A preassembled unitized masonry reinforcement for cavity walls or composite walls utilizes a ladder or truss-type block mesh and suitable numbers of standard length corrugated metal wall ties pivotally and slidably connected in permanently assembled relationship to block mesh members, whereby the wall ties may be freely adjusted by pivotal and/or sliding movements to the most advantageous positions of use and similarly may be positioned for shipment entirely or nearly within the boundaries of the block mesh reinforcement. Various wall tie configurations by bending of ties can be achieved to compensate for misalignment of mortar joints in composite or cavity walls. The hinge or pivot joints between ties and reinforcing mesh members are mortar locked within bed joints of the wall for added security.

Abstract: A mounting element is provided for connecting a cladding structure to a support wall with the use of a wire anchoring member having one end mortared in the cladding structure. The mounting element has a plate-like holding portion adapted to be driven into the support wall, and an eye-like receiving portion adapted to receive the other end of the wire anchoring member. The mounting element may be manufactured from a thin sheet whose one part forms the holding portion, and another part is bent so as to form a sleeve-shaped receiving portion located centrally and extending lengthwise of the holding portion. An end face of the receiving portion may be offset relative to an end edge of the holding portion by a distance which is substantially equal to the thickness of the wire anchoring element. A leading end section of the holding portion may be bevelled so as to form an insertion tip.

Abstract: A tunnel construction made of tubbings forming a lining or casing for a tunnel includes a plurality of contact points between adjacent tubbings. These contact points comprise adhesive material acting to connect adjacent tubbings to each other at predetermined points. The contact points are distributed around the circumference of the tubbing rings at predetermined locations which depend on the type of the tubbing used and also on the points of pressure application by the driving shield of a tunneling or heading machine. The present tubbings have recesses in their surface facing into the tunnel whereby the recesses have a substantially trapezoidal shape to form three ribs extending substantially in the direction of the longitudinal tunnel axes.