Abstract: Disclosed herein is a polymeric composition comprising a polycarbonate polymer, a mineral filler, and a sulfonate salt. The sulfonate salt apparently forms a barrier between the polymer matrix and the mineral filler. The resulting composition has an improved balance of tensile modulus, impact strength, ductility, and flow properties.

Abstract: There is provided a crystalline polylactic acid resin composition comprising 95 to 99.97 parts by mass of a polylactic acid resin (A) having a D-isomer content of not greater than 0.6 mol % or not less than 99.4 mol %, and 0.03 to 5 parts by mass of a crystal nucleus agent (B). There is also provided a crystalline polylactic acid resin composition prepared by melt-kneading 100 parts by mass of a polylactic acid resin (A) having a D-isomer content of not greater than 0.6 mol % or not less than 99.4 mol %, 0.01 to 20 parts by mass of a (meth)acrylate compound (C), and 0.02 to 20 parts by mass of a peroxide (D).

Abstract: The invention relates to a biodegradable resin composition containing a biodegradable resin, a plasticizer and a crystal nucleus agent, the plasticizer being a compound containing two or more ester groups in the molecule thereof, wherein at least one alcohol component constituting the ester contains an alkylene oxide having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, added in the average amount of 0.

Abstract: A composition for coating paper includes at least one pigment selected from the group consisting of polymeric pigments, aluminosilicates, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, talc, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, aluminum trihydrate, amorphous silica and silicates; wherein the pigment is dispersed in an aqueous dispersion of a polymeric binder that is a copolymer of vinyl acetate, ethylene, at least one ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid or salt thereof and optionally one or more other monomers, wherein vinyl acetate units constitute in a range of 70-90 wt % of the polymeric binder and ethylene units constitute in a range of 10-30 wt % of the polymeric binder; and wherein the polymeric binder has a mean particle size in a range from 0.1 ?m to 0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flame-retardant aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprising: 100 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate resin having an end hydroxyl group concentration of 10 to 1000 ppm; and 0.001 to 0.5 parts by weight of a non-halogen-based aromatic sulfonic acid metal salt compound represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; and M is rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) or francium (Fr).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flame-retardant aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprising: 100 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate resin; and 0.001 to 0.5 parts by weight of a non-halogen-based aromatic sulfonic acid metal salt compound represented by the following general formula (1): ?wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an arylalkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; and M is rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) or francium (Fr). which aromatic polycarbonate comprises a mixture of a polycarbonate resin obtained by an interfacial polymerization method using no branching agent and a branched polycarbonate resin obtained by a melting.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biodegradable resin composition containing a biodegradable resin, a plasticizer and a crystal nucleus agent, the plasticizer being a compound containing two or more ester groups in the molecule thereof, wherein at least one alcohol component constituting the ester contains an alkylene oxide having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, added in the average amount of 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biodegradable resin composition containing a biodegradable resin, a plasticizer and a crystal nucleus agent, the plasticizer being a compound containing two or more ester groups in the molecule thereof, wherein at least one alcohol component constituting the ester contains an alkylene oxide having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, added in the average amount of 0.

Abstract: Use of thermoplastic molding compositions comprising, as essential components, A) a polyester, B) from 20 to 200 mmol/kg of polyester A) of at least one compound of the general formula (I) where respectively independently at any position -A1- is —NR—, —O—, —S—, —CH=A4- where R is H or C1-6-alkyl, A4 is N or CH A2 is COOX or OX, where X is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg/2, Ca/2, Sr/2, Ba/2, Al/3 A3 is C1-6-alkyl, C6-12-aryl, O7-13-alkaryl, C7-13-aralkyl, O—C1-6-alkyl, O—C6-12-aryl, O—C7-13-alkaryl, O—C7-13-aralkyl, COOX?, OX?, SX?, SO3X?, where X? is H or X, S—C1-6-alkyl, S—C6-12-aryl, NR2, halogen, NO2, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and m is an integer from 0 to 4?n, where m=1, if A3=NO2, with the proviso that the number of mmol is based on the group(s) COOX and OX and SX? where X??X, to the extent that these are present in the compound of the general formula (I), and also moreover C) from 0 to 230% by weight of further added substances, based on the weight of component A), for producing laser-transparent m

Abstract: An aromatic polycarbonate resin composition superior in thermal stability, flame retardancy, and light reflectivity, and a light reflective member consisting of a molded article of the resin. An aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprising, 3 to 30 parts by weight of a titanium oxide-based additive (B) which has been surface-treated with alumina and organosiloxane, 0.01 to 1 parts by weight of a metal salt of aromatic sulfonic acid (C), and 0.05 to 0.9 parts by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene (D) based on 100 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate resin (A), characterized in that an aluminium content a (wt %), a carbon content c (wt %) in the titanium oxide-based additive (B), and an average particle size d (?m) of titanium oxide satisfy the following (1) and (2): 6.

Abstract: A method for constructing a structure, preferably a swimming pool, includes the steps of excavating a cavity, applying a sub-base such as sand along at least a portion of the cavity, forming the sub-base into the desired shape of the structure, and applying a solidifier solution to the sub-base. The solidifier solution comprises a polymer in solution. The solidifier solution and the sub-base harden to form a smooth, hard composite layer in the base of the cavity, with the composite layer containing at least some of the polymer and at least some of the sub-base in a polymer lattice. After the solidifier solution has been applied, a liner may be installed, and the swimming pool may be filled. Additionally, the solidifier solution may be applied directly to the cavity, or to masonry or other materials, and may be used to construct any applicable structure.

Abstract: In a polycarbonate resin composition containing a polycarbonate resin and a polycarbosilane compound, the use of the polycarbosilane compound modifies the surface properties of the polycarbonate resin composition without adversely affecting the intrinsic characteristics of the polycarbonate resin, such as transparency, heat resistance, and mechanical properties, e.g., impact resistance. A polycarbonate resin composition containing 100 parts by mass of a polycarbonate resin, 0.001 to 1 part by mass of a metal salt compound, and 0.005 to 5 parts by mass of a polycarbosilane compound has significantly improved flame resistance and high transparency and causes markedly reduced outgassing and mold fouling, without losing impact resistance and heat resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to flame-retardant compositions containing: A. 65 to 99.998 wt. % polycarbonate, B. 0.001 to 1 wt. % of an organic flame-retardant salt selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth salts of aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and sulfonimide derivatives and mixtures thereof, and C. 0.001 to 1 wt. % of one or more bromine-containing flame-retardant additives, characterised in that that the overall composition contains 100 ppm to 1000 ppm bromine.

Abstract: A thermoplastic polymer composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer and a nucleating agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a) acrylic copolymers; b) a hydrophilic plasticizer; and c) a hydrophobic plasticizer. The acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition according to the present invention has no mura under moisture and heat resistant condition, and thus has an excellent stain resistance of adherends, and an excellent wettability, endurance reliability, transparency and adhesion reliability, regardless of whether surface property of the adherend is hydrophillic or hydrophobic.

Abstract: Provided are a polycarbonate resin composition which does not contain halogen and phosphorus as a flame retardant component and which is excellent in a fluidity while maintaining a flame resistance, a heat resistance and an impact resistance and a molded article thereof.

Abstract: An embodiment of a thermoplastic resin composition can comprise a cyanophenyl endcapped polycarbonate resin; a potassium diphenyl sulphon-3-sulphonate; and brominated polycarbonate; wherein the composition. In some embodiments, when the composition is in the form of a 3 mm thick extruded sheet, the sheet has a smoke density of less than 200 at an exposure period of 240 seconds in accordance with the smoke density test as set forth in ASTM E662-06, and has no burning drips on the sheet for a duration of 10 minutes in accordance with the flammability test as set forth in NF-P-92-505.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biodegradable resin composition containing a biodegradable resin, a plasticizer and a crystal nucleus agent, the plasticizer being a compound containing two or more ester groups in the molecule thereof, wherein at least one alcohol component constituting the ester contains an alkylene oxide having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, added in the average amount of 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flame retardant composition, wherein a combination of selected flame retardants, particularly potassium perfluorobutane sulphonate, with fluorocarbon or siloxane terminated polycarbonates is present in a polycarbonate substrate. The combination improves the light transparency of polycarbonates.

Abstract: A flame retardant polycarbonate resin composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (A), 0.01 to 3 parts by weight of silsesquioxane (B), 0.005 to 1.0 part by weight of an organic metal salt compound (C) and 0.01 to 3 parts by weight of a fibril-forming type fluorinated polymer (D), wherein said silsesquioxane (B) is characterized by a specific structure (a triangular cone shape). The flame retardant polycarbonate resin composition of the present invention can achieve a high degree of flame retardance even in thin-walled molded products without generating a gas containing chlorine or bromine during combustion originating from a chlorine type or bromine type flame retardant since said flame retardant is not used. Therefore, the flame retardant polycarbonate resin composition of the present invention can ideally be used in housings and parts for electrical, electronic, ITE and the like products, and its industrial utility value is extremely high.

Abstract: A composition is disclosed, comprising, based on the total weight of the composition, from 20 to 60 wt. % of a polyimide having a glass transition temperature above 180° C.; from 10 to 30 wt. % a polyester-polycarbonate copolymer; from 30 to 60 wt. % of a reinforcing filler; and at least two flame retardant additives selected from the group consisting of from 0.01 to 0.5 wt. % of a first sulfonate salt, from 0.01 to 0.5 wt. % of a second sulfonate salt, from 0.5 to 5 wt. % of a siloxane copolymer, and combinations thereof. An article molded from the composition attains an improved UL94 rating, as compared to an article molded from the same composition without the at least two flame retardant additives.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polycarbonate resin composition having an excellent balance between various properties such as flame retardancy, transparency, hue and thermal stability. The flame-retardant aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprises 100 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate resin; and 0.001 to 0.5 parts by weight of a non-halogen-based aromatic sulfonic acid metal salt compound represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms; and M is rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) or francium (Fr).

Abstract: Barium sulfate-containing composites, to methods for producing the same and to the use of said composites.

Abstract: Lime-free admixture compositions comprising a combination of ingredients are disclosed. The ingredients of the lime-free admixture compositions comprise a combination of emulsifiers, toughening resins/plasticizers, adhesive resins, pumping aids for providing lubrication, rheology controllers, water retention agents, water repellants/overcoat finishes, accelerators, liquid adsorbents/water reducers and air entraining agents. The lime-free admixture compositions are total replacements for lime. The ingredients of the lime-free admixture compositions have specific purposes that lead to optimized properties when used in combination with a binder comprising hydraulic cement. The lime-free admixture compositions are non-corrosive, making them safe to use by workers and they have rheological properties that make them suitable for use in various applications including concrete, mortars, grouts and stuccos.

Abstract: Use of water-soluble polymers for tertiary mineral oil production by introducing the polymer into a mineral oil deposit, in which the water-soluble polymers are used in the form of a dispersion of the water-soluble polymer and at least one water-soluble, polymeric stabilizer.

Abstract: Provision of an ink set for ink jet recording, which is capable of realizing a good image, in addition to high color developability, high ejection stability, high clogging recovering properties, and high fixability. An ink set including two or more kinds of ink compositions including at least a black ink composition and a color ink composition, in which the black ink composition includes a self-dispersion type pigment having a hydrophilic group on the surface thereof, the color ink composition includes a self-dispersion type pigment having a hydrophilic group on the surface thereof with a phenyl group, and all the ink compositions include resin emulsion, is used in an ink jet recording method.

Abstract: An alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt of sulfonic acid of polyphenylene ether oligomer is useful as a modifier for thermoplastic resins, typically as a flame retardant, compatibilizing agent or antistatic agent.

Abstract: An additive for imparting flame retardancy with an organic resin is provided. This additive does not use environmentally harmful halogen or phosphorus flame retardant which also adversely affects the performance of the product, and this additive satisfies severe flame retardancy requirements at the level equivalent to those employing such flame retardants. Also provided are a flame retardant polycarbonate resin composition adapted for use in producing a product having excellent mechanical properties, moldability, and outer appearance as well as an article molded therefrom. The additive for imparting flame retardancy with an organic resin comprises a silicone compound having phenyl group bonded to silicon atom, an alkali metal sulfonate salt group or an alkaline earth metal sulfonate salt group bonded to silicon atom via a hydrocarbon group (optionally containing a hetero atom), and siloxane bond.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dispersant composition comprising at least one anionic surfactant and at least one polymer comprising at least one salt of a carboxylic acid group. Also disclosed are pigment compositions and non-aqueous coating compositions comprising the dispersant composition.

Abstract: A flame retardant polycarbonate resin composition comprises 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (A), 0.01 to 3 parts by weight of a silicone compound (B) having a branched chain structure and organic functional groups, wherein said organic functional groups comprise (I) aromatic groups or (ii) aromatic groups and hydrocarbon groups (excluding aromatic groups), 0.5 to 20 parts by weight of a phosphazene compound (C), 0.01 to 2 parts by weight of an organometallic salt (D) and 0.01 to 2 parts by weight of a fiber-forming type fluorine-containing polymer (E). 5 to 25 parts byweight of titanium oxide (F) and 0.05 to 2 parts by weight of a poly(organo hydrogen sioxane) (G), per 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (A), may be further added.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymeric-type antistatic agent containing a polymer composition consisting of a polymeric-type antistatic agent containing a resin or/and an elastomer as a main component thereof; or/and a thermoplastic resin having a polar group or/and an elastomer having the polar group. At least one kind of an anion-containing salt, having a fluoro group and a sulfonyl group, is added to the polymer composition without intermediary of a medium consisting of a low-molecular-weight polyether-containing compound or a low-molecular-weight polar compound whose number-average molecular weight is not more than 5000. The present invention also provides a composition, for a conductive roller or the like, containing polymer components and the polymeric-type antistatic agent dispersed in the polymer components.

Abstract: This invention relates to a flame retardant composition comprising: (a) 81 to 99.99 weight percent of a thermoplastic resin, thermoset resin, thermoplastic resin blend, or thermoset resin blend which upon burning forms a char and (b) 0.01-19 weight percent of a silsesquioxane resin having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 300.

Abstract: A process for producing a fire resistant polycarbonate composition comprises preparing an aqueous solution of a flame retardant salt; and compounding the aqueous solution of the flame retardant salt with a polycarbonate composition to form the fire resistant polycarbonate composition. The process reduces the level of haze, color and inclusions compared to fire resistant polycarbonate compositions compounded with the same flame retardant salt in solid form.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymeric-type antistatic agent containing a polymer composition consisting of a polymeric-type antistatic agent containing a resin or/and an elastomer as a main component thereof; or/and a thermoplastic resin having a polar group or/and an elastomer having the polar group. At least one kind of an anion-containing salt, having a fluoro group and a sulfonyl group, is added to the polymer composition without intermediary of a medium consisting of a low-molecular-weight polyether-containing compound or a low-molecular-weight polar compound whose number-average molecular weight is not more than 5000. The present invention also provides a composition, for a conductive roller or the like, containing polymer components and the polymeric-type antistatic agent dispersed in the polymer components.

Abstract: A flame retardant aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprising 100 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate (A), 0.01 to 0.5 part by weight of branched metal oxide particles (branched metal oxide aggregates and/or branched metal oxide agglomerates) (B), 0.0001 to 0.2 part by weight of an alkali metal salt (C) of an organic sulfonic acid, and 0.01 to 0.5 part by weight of a fluoropolymer (D), the branched metal oxide particles (B) being dispersed in a mixture of components (A), (C) and (D), wherein at least 70% of the branched metal oxide particles (B) have a diameter within the range of from 10 to 200 nm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a deproteinized natural rubber latex wherein coagulation of a rubber component does not occur when the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) is 0.01 mol/L or less and coagulation of the rubber component occurs when the concentration of Ca2+ is 0.1 mol/L or more; a method of preparing the deproteinized natural rubber latex, which comprises adding a protease and two or more surfactants having different coagulation properties to calcium ions (Ca2+) to a natural rubber latex and maturing the natural rubber latex; a rubber product using the deproteinized natural rubber latex; and a proteolytic agent comprising a protease and two or more surfactants.

Abstract: An aromatic polycarbonate resin composition having: 100 parts by weight of a resin component (A) mainly having an aromatic polycarbonate, 0.1 to 200 parts by weight of a solid inorganic compound (B), at least one compound (C) selected from the group consisting of an organic acid, an organic acid ester, and an organic acid anhydride, 0.001 to 1 part by weight of at least one organic acid metal salt (D) selected from the group consisting of an organic acid alkali metal salt and an organic acid alkaline earth metal salt, and 0.01 to 1 part by weight of a fluoropolymer (E), wherein compound (C) is present in an amount wherein a mixture of compounds (B) and (C) exhibits a pH value of from 4 to 8.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition, which comprises: 100 parts by weight of a thermoplastic resin (A), 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of a polyorganosiloxane-containing graft copolymer (B) obtained by polymerizing, in at least one stage, a monomer (B-3) comprising a polyfunctional monomer (B-2) containing at least two polymerizable unsaturated bonds within the molecule thereof, and/or a vinyl monomer (B-4) in the presence of polyorganosiloxane particles (B-1), 0.0005 to 5 parts by weight of at least one metal salt (C) selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts and bivalent or further polyvalent metal salts, and 0.05 to 2 parts by weight of a fluororesin (D).

Abstract: A rubber composition comprises (1) a rubber component including at least one of polybutadiene rubber and a styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber having a content of vinyl bond of not less than 30%, (2) at least one specified compound as a vulcanization accelerator, and (3) a specified organic thiosulfate compound as a vulcanizing agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of PVDF homopolymer or copolymer by radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and optionally of a comonomer, in aqueous dispersion and in the presence of a transfer agent, of a persulphate as radical initiator, optionally of a surface-active additive and optionally of a paraffin wax, in which: a) an aqueous PVDF dispersion is obtained, b) the dispersion from stage a) is washed, optionally after having been coagulated, to lower the proportion of possible surfactant in the PVDF to below 300 ppm, this proportion being expressed with respect to the dried PVDF, c) sodium acetate and optionally a potassium alkylsulphonate are added to the dispersion washed in b), d) the dispersion from stage c) is dried by any means to recover the PVDF powder comprising sodium acetate and optionally a potassium alkylsulphonate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to make stabilized PVC wherein use is made of at least one compound of the formula wherein M is selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkali earth metals, Al, and transition elements, and R is selected from the group consisting of substituted, linear or branched, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl moieties, the substituents comprising at least one or more electron-withdrawing groups, as a color stability booster.

Abstract: The present invention provides a deproteinized natural rubber latex wherein coagulation of a rubber component does not occur when the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) is 0.01 mol/L or less and coagulation of the rubber component occurs when the concentration of Ca2+ is 0.1 mol/L or more; a method of preparing the deproteinized natural rubber latex, which comprises adding a protease and two or more surfactants having different coagulation properties to calcium ions (Ca2+) to a natural rubber latex and maturing the natural rubber latex; a rubber product using the deproteinized natural rubber latex; and a proteolytic agent comprising a protease and two or more surfactants.

Abstract: Flexible hydrogenated block copolymers can be successfully used in a variety of applications including films, profiles, sheets, coatings, injection molded articles, blow or rotational molded articles and pultruded articles.

Abstract: A release agent for bituminous material is disclosed which comprises a mineral oil-free composition containing an aqueous dispersion of a polyalkenamer, preferably a polyoctenamer. The release agent may additionally contain a dispersing agent and at least one fatty acid ester. The release agent also may be used for the cleaning of surfaces such as motor vehicles, road making machines and environmental surfaces contaminated with bituminous material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a release agent for bituminous material, characterized by a mineral oil-free composition containing an aqueous dispersion of a polyalkenamer, preferably of a polyoctenamer. The release agent may additionally contain a dispersing agent and at least one fatty acid ester. The release agent may also be used for the cleaning of surfaces contaminated with bituminous material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of PVDF homopolymer or copolymer by radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and optionally of a comonomer, in aqueous dispersion and in the presence of a transfer agent, of a persulphate as radical initiator, optionally of a surface-active additive and optionally of a paraffin wax, in which:

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition, which comprises:

Abstract: A process for the vulcanization of a rubber composition, and articles of manufacture where the vulcanized rubber comprises the vulcanization reaction product of the vulcanisation process of the invention, are disclosed. The vulcanisation process is carried out on a vulcanizable composition containing a silica dispersion agent of the formulae I-IV. The composition of the present invention allows for the partial or complete replacement of conventional silane coupling agents in silica filled rubber compositions.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aromatic polycarbonate resin composition comprising a resin component (A) selected from the group consisting of an aromatic polycarbonate and a resin mixture of an aromatic polycarbonate and at least one organic polymer resin other than an aromatic polycarbonate, wherein the resin mixture has an aromatic polycarbonate content of 50% by weight or more, and at least one aromatic group-containing silicone compound (B), wherein the at least one aromatic group-containing silicone compound (B) comprises a monomer, a polymer or a mixture thereof, which is represented by at least one formula selected from the group consisting of the following formulae (1) and (2): wherein the component (B) contains the aromatic group in an amount of 5 to 100 mole %, based on the total molar amount of R1, R2, R3 and R4, wherein each of R1 and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C20 hydrocarbon group, and each of R3 and R4 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C20 hydrocarbon group or a metal-containing g

Abstract: A combination of a potassium salt of a perfluoroalkane sulfonate and a sodium salt of toluene sulfonic acid, preferably in the presence of an antidrip agent to provide high melt strength, act synergistically to provide flame-retarded polycarbonate compositions at low levels. Thus, a flame-retarded polycarbonate resin can be made by adding to the polycarbonate resin an effective flame-retardant amount of a potassium salt of a perfluoroalkane sulfonate and a sodium salt of toluene sulfonic acid. The two salts may be formulated in advance into an additive composition.