Abstract: Curable perfluoroelastomer compositions are prepared in the presence of an initiator system comprising a mixture of a persulfate salt and a reducing agent wherein the amount of reducing agent present is no more than 20 mole percent of the total initiator system. The perfluoroelastomer is isolated and decarboxylated, thereby providing a product having excellent processability.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for producing linear polyvinylpyridines. The processes involve the use of hydrogen peroxide to initiate polymerization of vinylpyridine monomers in an aqueous solvent. Processes of the invention provide good reaction rates and conversions, and are particularly advantageous in achieving control of the M.sub.w 's of the final product polymers.

Abstract: Perfluoroelastomer compositions of improved processability are provided which have reduced levels of ionized or ionizable polymer endgroups.

Abstract: A process for preparing copolymers of vinyl esters and monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids by free-radical copolymerization of(a) 20 to 80 mol % of vinyl esters of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having at least 2 carbon atoms and(b) 80-20 mol % of monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, with or without(c) 0-30 mol % of other copolymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and/or(d) 0-10 mol % of monomers which contain at least two non-conjugated ethylenic double bonds in the molecule,in the presence of at least one sulfur, phosphorus and/or nitrogen compound with a reducing action and of 0.05-30% by weight, based on the monomers, of at least one surface-active agent in aqueous medium in the presence of initiators and in the presence or absence of regulators, and the use of the copolymers or of the copolymers which are obtainable therefrom by hydrolysis and/or oxidation and have vinyl alcohol units as additive to detergents and cleaners.

Abstract: A process for preparing PAN fibers under precipitation polymerization conditions in an aqueous solvent system.

Abstract: An ultra high molecular weight polymer emulsion is produced by emulsion polymerization of a vinyl monomer, wherein the oxygen concentration in the aqueous phase of the reaction system is maintained at a smaller percentage by weight than the percentage by weight of the dissolved oxygen concentration in a 0.5 wt % sodium bisulfite aqueous solution. An emulsifier and a redox polymerization initiator are used for the emulsion polymerization.

Abstract: If the employment of polymerization auxiliaries in ammonium form is avoided in the preparation of a polytetrafluoroethylene having a content of 0.02 to 1% by weight of units of a perfluoro-(alkyl vinyl) ether by the suspension process, a polymer which does not tend to discoloration on heating is obtained.

Abstract: A method of preparing poly(isopropenylphosphonic acid) is disclosed, which provides a high yield with low initiator charge. The method comprises preparing poly(isopropenylphosphonic acid) by polymerizing a mixture of isopropenylphosphonic acid and isopropenylphosphonic acid anhydride, preferably in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: This invention provides a production process by which a polymer having a hydroxyl group at both terminals can be easily obtained with a cheap price and good efficiency from a wide field of vinyl-based monomers including polar ones. In this process, a polymerization reaction of a vinyl-based monomer (a) is performed by using hydrogen peroxide (b) and, on this occasion, either one or both of a hydrogen peroxide-decomposing accelerator (c) and an amphiphilic compound (d) are further used and any component other than the (a), (b), (c) and (d) is not substantially used.

Abstract: Provided is a process useful for making acrylic polymers of methacrylic acid having improved shear stability. The process provides polymers useful as enteric coatings for medicaments having improved coating efficiency of pharmaceutical forms. Also provided are medicaments in solid form coated with said polymers.

Abstract: A process for reducing the formation of aqueous phase polymer during the suspension polymerization of unsaturated monomer is disclosed. The reduction of polymer formation in the aqueous phase and subsequent fouling of polymerization reactor surfaces is achieved by incorporating an effective amount of a water-soluble peroxide compound into the aqueous phase used for the suspension polymerization. Hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are effective aqueous phase inhibitors for use in the preparation of crosslinked polystyrene beads.

Abstract: A process for the rapid precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile and a minor amount of a vinyl carboxylic acid comonomer in an environment of less than 10 ppm metal-ions to produce an acrylonitrile copolymer which, when pyrolyzed in an oxidizing atmosphere, produces a high quality carbon fiber.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for preparing novel hydrophobically associating polymers containing cationic functionality which are useful for clean-up of waste waters containing organic contaminants. These water soluble polymers contain both water soluble and water insoluble monomers. The water soluble monomers are acrylamide (AM) and a salt of an unsaturated amine base (C), and the water insoluble monomer is a higher alkyl(meth)acrylamide or alkyl(meth)acrylate (R). These polymers are referred to as CRAM. The process relies on the dissolution of the water insoluble monomer(s) into an aqueous solution of water soluble monomers by means of a water miscible mutual cosolvent.

Abstract: Diallyloxyacetic acid and its basic addition salts, their preparation process and their application as cross-linking agents.Diallyloxyacetic acid and its basic addition salts, preparation process and application as cross-linking agents.

Abstract: Improved monodisperse spheroidal particle latices of vinyl chloride polymers, e.g., having particle sizes ranging from 0.17 to 0.8 .mu.m or from 0.5 to 1.2 .mu.m, are produced by aqueous emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, whether in a single stage or in two stages, in the absence of surface-active agent, in the presence of at least 0.2% by weight of at least one water-soluble alkali metal or ammonium persulfate initiator, and also in the presence of at least one water-soluble auxiliary compound that is a solvent for vinyl chloride, in such amount that the solubility of vinyl chloride in the aqueous phase at 25.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure is at least 1.5 g/l.

Abstract: This invention relates to high temperature aqueous processes for the polymerization of monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic monomers to produce low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer products useful as detergent additives, scale inhibitors, dispersants and crystal growth modifiers. Suitable monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid. The reactions are run at temperatures ranging from about 130.degree. C. to 240.degree. C., preferably from about 140.degree. C. to about 230.degree. C. The process can be continuous, semi-continuous, or batch.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new polymerisable compositions based on at least one water-soluble or dispersible alkoxy alkyl ester of an unsaturated carboxylic acid.More precisely, these compositions comprise:at least one methoxypolyalkoxyethyl methacrylate or acrylateat least one initiator chosen from alkali metal persulphates, ammonium persulphate and hydrogen peroxide,at least one polymerisation accelerator, and water.These compositions can be employed especially for sealing subterranean environments.

Abstract: Copolymers of aliphatic monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and unsaturated monomers have been formed by gradually and simultaneously adding monomers and initiator, in the presence of a metal salt activator, to a reaction vessel initially containing water at a temperature suitable for polymerization. These copolymers have consistent compositions and superior properties as antiscalants, dispersants and incrustation inhibitors.

Abstract: The invention relates to the stabilization of alkaline solutions of peroxide bleaching compounds using, as stabilizing agent, a water-soluble poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acid salt which in the sodium salt form has an average molecular weight Mw from 2000 to 10,000 and to the preparation of such a salt.

Abstract: Hydroxy-containing, propylene carbonate insoluble butadiene polymers having an average molecular weight of about 400 to about 25,000 and containing an average of about 2 hydroxyl groups per molecule are prepared by polymerizing butadiene in a homogeneous reaction medium consisting essentially of a propylene carbonate solution of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide at a temperature within the range of about 100.degree. to about 200.degree. C. for a reaction time within the range of about 1 to about 2 hours to thereby form the butadiene polymer and by recovering the butadiene polymer.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of polymers which comprises dissolving an emulsifier in a solvent, followed by heating the mixture formed; adding to the mixture an alkali persulfate initiator dissolved in a solvent; subsequently adding monomer thereto, which monomer is not miscible with said solvent, and wherein the monomer is added after a period of time of from about 1 second to about 60 minutes has elapsed after the addition of said dissolved initiator; and thereafter effecting polymerization.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of water absorptive resins which comprises supplying a solution containing at least 20% by weight of a water soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer as a main component to a polymerization vessel accommodating a vapor phase comprising steam or a mixture of steam with at least one gas substantially inert with respect to polymerization, and polymerizing the monomer in the vapor phase under the relative humidity conditions in the vapor phase of 30% or more.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for polymerizing vinyl monomers, the improvement comprising using an amine having a functionally effective amount of .alpha.-hydrogens to act as an initiator site and as a crosslinking site for development of a polymer chain. The amine compound acts as a reducing agent in a redox pair initiator system and has a sufficient number of .alpha.-hydrogens available for oxidation to render polymer chain growth from more than two locations on the amine. Through the various available .alpha.-hydrogens and thus polymer chains, the amine compound imparts crosslinking in the polymer and simultaneously acts as an initiator site for polymerization. The crosslinking is therefore produced out from the initiator/crosslinker, instead of by linking existing or growing polymer chains together. The method by which the crosslinking occurs in the present invention is thought to decrease the number of dangling chains present when conventional polymerization methods are used.

Abstract: A polyamide resin for use in peptide and protein synthesis, and a method of preparing and using same. The polyamide resin is prepared by cross-linking a dimethylacrylamide monomer by co-polymerization with a functional monomer in an aqueous solution, emulsifying the aqueous solution in an organic solvent and isolating the polyamide resin beads formed by adding an initiator and a promoter. The beads are used as a solid phase for peptide and protein synthesis according to methods known in the art. The conjugate of the polyamide resin and the synthesized peptide or protein is used directly for immunoassays or immunization without the need for separation of the peptide or protein from the resin and subsequent purification.

Abstract: The invention relates to the stabilization of alkaline solutions of peroxide bleaching compounds using, as stabilizing agent, a water-soluble poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acid salt which in the sodium salt form has an average molecular weight Mw from 2000 to 10,000 and to the preparation of such a salt.

Abstract: A homogeneous free radical copolymerization process for the formation of a copolymer of acrylamide and an cationic monomer derive from allyl halide and N,N-dimethyl alkylamines which comprises the steps of:(a) forming a mixture of acrylamide monomer and the cationic monomer derive from allyl halide and N,N-dimethyl alkylamines and under a nitrogen atmosphere;(b) adding deoxygenated water to said mixture to form a homogeneous reaction solution;(c) adding a free radical initiator to said homogeneous reaction solution to initiate polymerization of said acrylamide monomer and said cationic monomer derived from allyl halide and N,N-dimethylalkylamines; and(d) copolymerizing said acrylamide monomer and said cationic monomer derive from said allyl halide and said N,N-dimethyl alkylamines at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient period of time to form said copolymer of acrylamide without the formation of substantial amounts of particulates or phase separation occurring, said copolymer having an intrinsic visc

Abstract: A homogeneous free radical copolymerization process for the formation of a copolymer of acrylamide and a cationic hydrogen-bonding alkoxypropyl which comprises the steps of:(a) forming a mixture of monomer and the acrylamide-monomer under a nitrogen atmosphere;(b) adding deoxygenated water to said mixture to form a homogeneous reaction solution;(c) adding a free radical initiator to said homogeneous reaction solution to initiate polymerization of said acrylamide monomer and said cationic hydrogen-bonding alkoxypropyl monomer; and(d) copolymerizing said acrylamide monomer and said monomer at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient period of time to form said copolymer of acrylamide monomer and without the formation of substantial amounts of particulates or phase separation occurring, said copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of about 1 to about 10 dl/g. said copolymer having the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is 6 to 22 straight chained or branched alkyl or cycloalkyl group. X is about 90 to about 99.

Abstract: Polyvinylpyrrolidone having a Fikentscher K value of from 14 to 95 is prepared at from 50.degree. to 95.degree. C. in aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide as starter, the solution being maintained at pH 7-11 by means of NaOH, KOH, their carbonates or bicarbonates.

Abstract: High molecular weight N,N-dimethylacrylamide copolymers and terpolymers were synthesized. These polymers offer outstanding advantages as injection water viscosifiers in enhanced oil recovery processes including chemical, miscible, and steam or in processes requiring profile improvement through adsorption and/or gelation. They are very valuable in applications where high salinity is a problem since they are relatively insensitive to metal salts (such as those containing polyvalent ions, such as Ca.sup.++ and Mg.sup.++.).

Abstract: Copolymers which contain, as copolymerized monomer units, monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids are prepared by a process in which(a) from 10 to 60% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, its salt and/or, if appropriate, its anhydride,(b) from 90 to 40% by weight of a monothylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid of 3 to 10 carbon atoms and/or its salt and(c) from 0 to 20% by weight of another, carboxyl-free monoethylenically unsaturated monomer which is copolymerizable with (a) and (b),the percentages being based on the sum of the monomers, are polymerized in the presence of from 0.5 to 5% by weight of a water-soluble free-radical-forming initiator in an aqueous medium at from 60.degree. to 150.degree. C.

Abstract: A polymer or copolymer of maleic acid is produced by neutralizing (I) maleic acid in an aqueous medium with (III) an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia at a molar ratio of (I) to (III) in the range of 100:0 to 100:90, polymerizing (I) with a polymerization initiator, adding (III) a further amount of the alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia at a molar ratio of (I) to (III) in the range of 100:100 to 100:130 in total through the previous addition and this addition and continuing the polymerization to the complete effect.

Abstract: A polymaleate having an average molecular weight of 300 to 5000 is obtained by polymerizing a monoalkali metal maleate or monoammonium maleate at 80.degree. to 180.degree. C. in the presence of a polymerization initiator in an aqueous solvent.

Abstract: A process for producing acrylonitrile-based copolymers for carbon fibers is described, which comprises producing substantially metal-free acrylonitrile-based copolymers containing as essential components at least 95% by weight of acrylonitrile and from 0.5 to 3% by weight of a carboxyl group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer, at least 20% of the carboxyl groups being substituted with ammonium ions, in the presence of a redox polymerization initiator comprising ammonium persulfate and ammonium sulfite and, thereafter, spinning the acrylonitrile-based copolymer. The present invention permits production of acrylonitrile-based copolymers free of metal impurities responsible for the formation of defects in the ultimate carbon fibers. High performance carbon fibers can be produced without the need of any additional steps.

Abstract: A random copolymer comprising specific groups represented by the general formula: ##STR1## and specific peroxycarbonate structural units represented by the general formula: ##STR2## is produced by a method which comprises causing a compound of the formula: ##STR3## to react with a compound of the formula: ##STR4##

Abstract: The invention relates to a new polyacrylamide adhesive suitable for the fixing of fine-particle sorbent layers based on organic and/or inorganic compounds, used in overpressured one- and multilayer chromatographic procedures.The said adhesive is prepared by polymerizing the aqueous solutions of acrylamide and N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide in the presence of a catalyst pair at from 21.degree. to 30.degree. C., pulpifying the precipitate thus obtained and repeating the precipitation and the pulpification more times.

Abstract: A method of preparing a free radical initiated addition polymer in the presence of hydrogen peroxide solution is disclosed. The hydrogen peroxide solution is added incrementally to the reaction mixture during the course of the polymerization with water and low boiling organic solvents being continuously removed from the reaction mixture. The invention enables the polymerization to occur at high temperatures which is conducive to the preparation of low molecular weight polymers.

Abstract: Wholly non-charged, sterically stabilized aqueous polymer dispersions are made by emulsifying ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) of specified slight solubility in water and subjecting them in that state to polymerization in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and a non-ionic water-soluble activator compound and also in the presence of a steric stabilizer precursor compound containing a polymer chain which is soluble in the aqueous phase and an unsaturated grouping which can copolymerize with the monomer(s). The emulsification may be assisted by a conventional non-ionic surfactant, or alternatively the precursor compound may itself possess surface-active properties.

Abstract: An improved process of polymerizing an aqueous emulsion of chloroprene monomer stabilized with phenothiazine wherein polymerization is initiated in the presence of phenothiazine stabilizer and molecular oxygen with a polymerization initiator comprising sodium dithionite.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the preparation of polyhydroxybutadienes (hydroxy-containing butadiene homopolymers) which comprises injecting an aqueous solution of alkali metal sulfite or bisulfite into the polyhydroxybutadiene solvent recovery section to prevent fouling.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous production of a chemically uniform copolymer comprising 15 to 50% by weight of acrylonitrile and from 85 to 50% by weight of vinyl chloride and, optionally, up to 4% by weight of at least one other copolymerized ethylenically unsaturated comonomer containing acid groups by emulsion polymerization, wherein the copolymerization reaction is carried out with a monomer ratio of acrylonitrile to vinyl chloride of from 0.02 to 0.5, in the presence of a redox catalyst and in an acidic medium.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved emulsion polymerization process. Specifically, this invention relates to an improved method for producing acrylonitrile-butadiene polymers. The improvement is characterized in that a reaction mixture contains a mono-basic alkali phosphate buffer which results in polymers that are resistant to subsequent Mooney rise.

Abstract: There is provided a continuous process for the production of a copolymer of an alkali metal vinyl sulfonate and acrylic acid. The process comprises continuously feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal vinyl sulfonate and acrylic acid together with a polymerization initiator to a reaction zone. The reaction zone is operated adiabatically at a temperature sufficiently high to affect copolymerization of the alkali metal vinyl sulfonate and acrylic acid. The alkali metal vinyl sulfonate and acrylic acid are maintained in the reaction zone for a residence time sufficient to form a copolymer of these two monomers. The resultant copolymer is continuously removed from the reaction zone.

Abstract: Continuous process for the preparation of water-soluble polymers in which highly concentrated monomer solutions may be polymerized by a combination of a visible light and a thermally initiated process.

Abstract: A novel process for the production of fluorine-containing multi-component copolymers having functional groups is disclosed, which process is characterized in that tetrafluoroethylene having the formula: CF.sub.2 .dbd.CF.sub.2 ; one or two or more .alpha.,.beta.,.beta.-trifluoroacrylate having the generic formula: CF.sub.2 .dbd.CFCOOC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 wherein n represents an integer of 1 or greater; and one or two or more .alpha.-olefin having the generic formula: ##STR1## wherein j and m each independently represents an integer of 0 to 11 inclusive; are copolymerized with one another in the presence of a radical initiator.

Abstract: A continuous process is provided for producing substantially homogeneous, non-tacky solid terpolymers of acrylamide, an alkali metal salt of acrylic acid and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate, and copolymers, optionally cross-linked, of a (meth)acrylamidoalkylsulfonic acid or alkali metal salt thereof and (meth)acrylamide or N-alkyl(meth)acrylamide, by rapidly heating a single phase high solids aqueous solution of the monomers to polymerization initiation temperature immediately prior to depositing a uniform layer of the solution and, at the same time, a solution of a polymerization initiator, onto a moving surface, the surface and the reaction mixture only being heated if necessary to keep the temperature of the polymerizing mixing from dropping substantially below the polymerization initiation temperature.

Abstract: The terpolymers disclosed herein comprise 60-87 percent by weight butadiene, 10-30 percent styrene and 3-15 percent vinyl benzyl chloride in the polymer molecules. These are prepared by emulsion polymerization using a free radical generating initiator system. These terpolymers have excellent green strength and are useful in tire compositions.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of polymaleic acids having molecular weights of from 200 to 1,500, by polymerizing maleic anhydride in acetic anhydride in the presence of from 0.2 to 0.5 mole of hydrogen peroxide per mole of maleic anhydride, at from 80.degree. to 140.degree. C., and builders and encrustation inhibitors comprising the polymaleic acids prepared by the said process, for use in detergents.

Abstract: An amphoteric polyelectrolyte which is useful as a paper additive capable of imparting dry strength to paper, a high molecular flocculant, a high molecular dehydrating agent or the like is prepared by copolymerizing a cationic vinyl monomer such as .beta.-methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride, an anionic vinyl monomer such as acrylic acid and a vinyl monomer such as acrylamide, optionally with a nonionic vinyl monomer such as acrylonitrile, in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: Hydrocolloidal dispersions of random interpolymer compositions that have a capacity for absorbing water in amounts of from 10 to 125 times their own weight or greater and are also bacteriostatic are prepared by the polymerization in aqueous medium of a mixture of monomers comprising (1) up to about 90% by weight of an ester of an .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid and a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol having a terminal quaternary ammonium group and (2) at least one .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated comonomer in the presence of a crosslinking agent comprising a difunctional monomer derived from an .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid. The interpolymer compositions can be used for binding or coating nonwoven fabrics including paper to improve water absorbency, or cast into a structurally self-supporting film.

Abstract: In a process for producing an acrylonitrile polymer melt in a substantially melted state by polymerizing a monomer mixture containing acrylonitrile in the presence of water at elevated temperature under increased pressure, the polymerization is carried out continuously using a persulfate as the polymerization initiator and under a particular forced stirring as defined in the specification. This process effectively suppresses runaway polymerization reaction, facilitates the melting of the resulting polymer, and in addition produces in an industrially advantageous manner a melt of an acrylonitrile polymer having a moderate molecular weight.