Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Or Derivative Reactant Patents (Class 527/314)
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Patent number: 4647617Abstract: A water absorbent crosslinked polymer having at least 70% by weight of acrylic acid monomeric units, 60 to 90% of the carboxyl groups of which are in the form of an alkali metal salt, produced by a method in which a mixture comprised of acrylic acid, 60 to 90% of the carboxyl groups of which are in the form of an alkali metal salt, and a fibrous cellulosic material is heated in the presence of a radical initiator. The polymerization temperature can be effectively controlled by smooth evaporation of water. The cross-linked polymer can absorb such a large amount of water as several hundred times the weight of the polymer in an excellent absorption rate, and finds applications as, for example, a disposable diaper and a sanitary napkin.Type: GrantFiled: January 16, 1986Date of Patent: March 3, 1987Assignee: Hayashikane Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.Inventor: Kazuo Saotome
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Patent number: 4618664Abstract: A pullulan copolymer obtained by reacting with a polymerizable olefinic compound a pullulan ester which is produced by reacting pullulan with an unsaturated acid to introduce a double bond of carbon thereinto. It is highly hydrophilic and is a material having a high affinity for a living body and which is, therefore, useful for making contact lenses, intraocular lenses, artificial bones and blood vessels, etc.Type: GrantFiled: January 9, 1985Date of Patent: October 21, 1986Assignee: Sadayoshi KamiyaInventor: Yasuhiko Ohnishi
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Patent number: 4614784Abstract: Molecular composites, liquid crystalline and isotropic, comprising (i) an in situ polymerized flexible coil-like polymer and (ii) a reinforcing amount of a rigid rod-like liquid crystalline polymer. Articles made from such molecular composites have mechanical properties enhanced in three dimensions.Type: GrantFiled: April 6, 1984Date of Patent: September 30, 1986Assignee: American Cyanamid CompanyInventor: Joseph J. Kozakiewicz
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Patent number: 4605721Abstract: The present invention relates to novel graft copolymers and to a novel process for the preparation thereof. The polymeric compositions provided by the present invention comprise the reaction product of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a carboxylated cellulose ester having an acid number of at least about 5, an inherent viscosity of from about 0.01 to about 1.00 and wherein the anhydroglucose units thereof have ring substituents comprising by weight based on total polymer weight, of from about 0.05 to about 20% hydroxyl groups, from about 0.5 to about 44% acetyl groups, from 0 to about 54% butyryl groups, from 0 to about 47% propionyl groups, from about 0.4 to about 4.0% total carboxyl groups wherein from about 20% to about 100% of these carboxyl groups are non-saponifiable backbone, and wherein the material has a lactone level of from about 4.52.times.10.sup.-15 to about 6.13.times.10.sup.-4.Type: GrantFiled: April 19, 1985Date of Patent: August 12, 1986Assignee: Eastman Kodak CompanyInventors: Waylon L. Jenkins, James M. Hawkins, I. Daniel Sand
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Patent number: 4603160Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel acrylic composition, novel acrylic castings prepared therefrom, and a novel process for the preparation of the acrylic castings. The composition comprises methyl methacrylate, about 0.5 to 20% by weight of a carboxylated cellulose ester, and about 1 to 100 ppm of a vanadium promoter. Optionally, a heat dissipative material, such as a plasticizer or an additional monomer, can also be employed. In accordance with the process of the present invention, an acrylic monomer comprising methyl methacrylate is combined with about 0.5 to 20% by weight of a carboxylated cellulose ester so as to form an easily pourable syrup, about 1 to 100 ppm of a vanadium promoter is added to the syrup and the resulting solution is poured into a suitable mold, and the solution is cured at room temperature so as to form a hard acrylic casting.Type: GrantFiled: July 1, 1985Date of Patent: July 29, 1986Assignee: Eastman Kodak CompanyInventor: Donald R. Leonard
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Patent number: 4587319Abstract: The invention relates to liquid-absorbing products, in particular blood and urine. It concerns a salified acrylic allyloligosaccharide copolymer consisting in chemically combined form of at least one allyloligosaccharide with a mean degree of substitution of less than 4 per molecule and of at least one acrylic derivative with partly or totally salified carboxyl functions, said copolymer having a degree of retention, after 30 minutes in water salinated at 10 g/liter, exceeding 8 g of saline water per gram of copolymer.Preferably the allyloligosaccharide is allylsaccharose with DS 2 and the acrylic derivative is acrylic acid.The invention applies to using these polymers as additives to improve the absorption of absorbing materials used in personal hygiene.Type: GrantFiled: November 19, 1984Date of Patent: May 6, 1986Assignee: Beghin-Say S.A.Inventor: Herve Tournier
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Patent number: 4565856Abstract: Disclosed is a bioactive polymer comprising an effective biocidal amount of moieties derived from pyrithione and having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and PT represents the pyrithione moiety which is defined as ##STR2## wherein R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are individually selected from hydrogen and, a lower alkyl group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, a lower alkoxy group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, a nitro group and a halo group.Type: GrantFiled: October 12, 1984Date of Patent: January 21, 1986Assignee: Olin CorporationInventors: Samuel I. Trotz, Theodore H. Fedynyshyn
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Patent number: 4560724Abstract: A process for the preparation of aqueous polymer dispersions comprising polymerizing compounds with unsaturated ethylenic bonds at a temperature of 10.degree. to 100.degree. C. in the presence of an at least partially water-soluble free-radical initiator and at least one starch and/or starch derivative and optionally present conventional adjuvants with the starting mixture containing not more than one third of the total monomers and the remaining monomer being added during the polymerization, the initiators being at least one member of the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, ketone peroxides and organic hydroperoxides in an amount of at least 30 mmol per kg of total monomer mixture and optionally present water-soluble reducing agents and the starch is water-soluble or gells in water and contains not more than 30% by weight of amylose and the starch derivative is hydrolyzed starch in an amount of at least 0.6% by weight based on the total monomer weight.Type: GrantFiled: June 28, 1984Date of Patent: December 24, 1985Assignee: Wacker-Chemie GmbHInventors: Hartmut Brabetz, Herbert Eck, Reinhard Jira, Heinrich Hopf
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Patent number: 4541871Abstract: Water-absorbent resins having improved water-absorbency, water-absorption rate and water-dispersibility can be produced by crosslinking a water-absorbent resin comprising a carboxylate as a constituent of the resin with a crosslinking agent having at least two functional groups in the presence of water in a proportion of 0.01 to 1.3 parts by weight per part by weight of the resin in an inert solvent.Type: GrantFiled: August 7, 1984Date of Patent: September 17, 1985Assignee: Seitetsu Kagaku Co., Ltd.Inventors: Shigeji Obayashi, Morio Nakamura, Takushi Yamamoto, Masato Fujikake
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Patent number: 4532277Abstract: Contact lenses and implants for human medicine can be fabricated from a polymer blend comprising 98-80% by weight of component A and 2-20% by weight of component B wherein:component A is a cellulose ester of an aliphatic carboxylic acid with up to 40% by weight of total component A of an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer having 30-98% by weight, relative to ethylene/vinyl acetate, of incorporated vinyl acetate andcomponent B is a homopolymer or copolymer of water-soluble vinyl monomers and up to 10% by weight relative to the total polymer B of multifunctional crosslinker vinyl compounds.Type: GrantFiled: December 27, 1983Date of Patent: July 30, 1985Assignee: Bayer AktiengesellschaftInventor: Frank Wingler
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Patent number: 4524199Abstract: Dry monodispersed polymeric particles, a stabilized dispersion of such and a method for making are described. The dispersion comprises a polar dispersion medium having dispersed therein monodispersed particles comprising a thermoplastic resin core substantially insoluble in the dispersion medium formed from a styrene or butylmethacrylate containing monomer or mixtures thereof and having irreversibly anchored thereto, a nonionic amphipathic steric stabilizer comprising a graft copolymer having a portion formed from a styrene or butylmethacrylate containing monomer or mixture thereof and a portion formed from hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose or cellulose propionate.Type: GrantFiled: November 9, 1983Date of Patent: June 18, 1985Assignee: Xerox CorporationInventors: Kar P. Lok, Christopher K. Ober
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Patent number: 4522913Abstract: Mono(meth)acrylate or di(meth)acrylate of 2-methylpropylene glycol. The diacrylate, or a low molecular weight oligomer thereof, with polymeric filler and sensitizer is useful as a photosensitive component.Type: GrantFiled: June 21, 1984Date of Patent: June 11, 1985Assignee: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.Inventors: Tatsuya Kanno, Yuzo Toga
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Patent number: 4521565Abstract: A cellulose derivative-containing aqueous dispersion which is obtained by polymerizing a mixture of a cellulose derivative, at least one radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer capable of dissolving the cellulose derivative therein and water under radical polymerization conditions, said aqueous dispersion containing as a dispersion stabilizer a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer in which polymeric chain group compatible with the polymer obtained said radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer is chemically bonded onto a hydrophilic polymeric chain group.Type: GrantFiled: August 10, 1983Date of Patent: June 4, 1985Assignee: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.Inventors: Hirotaka Toaba, Masatoshi Mikumo, Masahiro Asami
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Patent number: 4501871Abstract: Anhydride-group- or carboxyl-group-containing graft copolymers of vinyl esters and other suitable monomers on polysaccharide esters of (A) a polysaccharide ester of aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 -mono-carboxylic acids as the graft substrate and (B) a grafted-on monomer mixture of (a) a vinyl ester of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 -monocarboxylic acid and (b) maleic acid anhydride and/or semiesters of maleic acid and/or fumaric acid with aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.14 -monoalcohols, the ratio by weight of (A) to (B) being from 1:0.1 to 1:2 and the molar ratio of (a) to (b) being from 1:0.5 to 1:3, and a process for producing these graft copolymers.Type: GrantFiled: December 20, 1983Date of Patent: February 26, 1985Assignee: Bayer AktiengesellschaftInventors: Herbert Bartl, Heinrich Alberts, Klaus Schuster
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Patent number: 4500608Abstract: Anaerobically-curing compositions are described comprising (A) a polymerizable monomer; (B) a halogen-containing compound as a first initiator component; (C) an amine, organic sulfimide or perfluoroalkyl sulfonanilide as a second initiator component; and (D) an inhibitor of free-radical polymerization. These compositions are particularly suitable as adhesives and may be formulated as thread-locking adhesives or may be modified by the addition of various modifying polymers to obtain desired properties such as increased viscosities or pressure-sensitive properties.Type: GrantFiled: December 9, 1983Date of Patent: February 19, 1985Assignee: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing CompanyInventor: Anthony J. Rametta
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Patent number: 4464510Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a material of composite structure containing a thermoplastic plastic and a fibrous polymer skeleton material, having a high modulus of torsional shear, good shockproofness and being processable by the formation technologies of thermoplastic plastics. According to the invention one proceeds in such a way that the fibrous polymer skeleton material is treated with a resin mixture consisting of an unsaturated polyester resin and a vinyl monomer in an amount of 1-80 percent by weight, related to the skeleton material.The use of the polyester as adhesion-intermediator considerably improves the homogeneity of the material of composite structure, it makes the substance processable without pregranulation on an extruder with a broad slot or a calendrette, and leads to plates the shockproofness of which significantly exceeds that of plates prepared without such intermediator.Type: GrantFiled: August 17, 1982Date of Patent: August 7, 1984Assignee: Muanyagipari Kutato IntezetInventors: Tibor J. Czvikovszky, Tamas Pazonyi, Laszlone I. Topolcai, Janos Kleban
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Patent number: 4443589Abstract: This invention provides a graft copolymer of at least one acrylic monomer and a cellulose ester, in which at least about 8 percent of the total weight of said graft copolymer is derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or both. It also provides anionic aqueous dispersions of such graft copolymers and coating compositions containing them.Type: GrantFiled: August 28, 1981Date of Patent: April 17, 1984Assignee: Mobil Oil CorporationInventor: Michael A. Tobias
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Patent number: 4435531Abstract: A cellulose derivative-containing emulsion composition which is the product of emulsion polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of a water-solubilized product of a cellulose derivative-modified vinyl copolymer having an acid value of from about 3 to about 150, said vinyl copolymer being obtained by copolymerizing a cellulose derivative with an ethylenically unsaturated monomeric component composed of an ethylenically unsaturated acid and another ethylenically unsaturated monomer.Type: GrantFiled: August 2, 1982Date of Patent: March 6, 1984Assignee: Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.Inventors: Yasuharu Nakayama, Kenji Yamamoto, Toshiki Komatsuzawa, Hajime Sukejima, Kazuo Nomoto
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Patent number: 4427809Abstract: Thermoplastic moulding compositions of co-graft polymers which are obtained by the polymerization of vinyl monomers, in particular by the polymerization of unsaturated esters, in the presence of mixtures consisting of the following:1. elastomers having glass transition temperatures .ltoreq.0.degree. C.,2. polyesters, polyethers, polyesterurethanes, polyurethanes, polycarbonates or mixtures thereof, and optionally3. cellulose esters of aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 carboxylic acids,and moulding compositions consisting of mixtures of these co-graft polymers with organic cellulose esters.Type: GrantFiled: December 14, 1981Date of Patent: January 24, 1984Assignee: Bayer AktiengesellschaftInventors: Heinrich Alberts, Winfried Fischer, Christian Leuschke
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Patent number: 4417025Abstract: A resin composition is prepared by emulsion-polymerizing a cellulose ester and at least one radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer in the aqueous medium under the presence of a dispersion stabilizer, said cellulose ester having been modified by chemically bonding thereonto a polymeric chain compatible with a polymer obtained from said radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer.Type: GrantFiled: January 6, 1982Date of Patent: November 22, 1983Assignee: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.Inventors: Hirotaka Toba, Masatoshi Mikumo, Masahiro Asami
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Patent number: 4415703Abstract: A cellulose derivative-containing aqueous dispersion which is obtained by polymerizing a mixture of a cellulose derivative, at least one radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer capable of dissolving the cellulose derivative therein and water under radical polymerization conditions, said aqueous dispersion containing as a dispersion stabilizer a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer in which polymeric chain group compatible with the polymer obtained said radical-polymerizable unsaturated monomer is chemically bonded onto a hydrophilic polymeric chain group.Type: GrantFiled: January 6, 1982Date of Patent: November 15, 1983Assignee: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.Inventors: Hirotaka Toba, Masatoshi Mikumo, Masahiro Asami
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Patent number: 4413036Abstract: A two-layer metal-effect coating, composed of a base layer which contains metal pigments and of a clear top coating, at least the base layer being obtained from a coating agent which contains as the film-forming binder a polymer resin which was obtained by copolymerizing olefinically unsaturated compounds, wherein the polymer resin is obtained by copolymerizing(a) 1.0 to 50.0% by weight of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile or a mixture thereof(b) 0.1 to 10.0% by weight of a compound having 2 or more polymerizable olefinic double bonds;(c) 40.0 to 98.9% by weight of other copolymerizable compounds, and(d) up to 5% by weight cellulose ester; with the total amount of the components a, b, c and d being 100% by weight.Type: GrantFiled: October 29, 1981Date of Patent: November 1, 1983Assignee: BASF Farben & Fasern A.G.Inventors: Hermann-Josef Drexler, Ulrich Poth
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Patent number: 4381370Abstract: A method for producing fire-retarded blend fibers having a fire resistance LOl-value of at least 21% O.sub.2, made from cellulose and chlorine containing polymer. Chlorine containing polymer having a chlorine content of 30-75% by weight, is blended, either as such or dissolved in a solvent, with a DMSO/formaldehyde solution of cellulose so that the obtained blend has 10-70% by weight of chlorine containing polymers, based on the total amount of cellulose and said polymers. Fibers are produced of the obtained mixture by bringing it into contact with an aqueous or alcoholic solution.Type: GrantFiled: March 20, 1981Date of Patent: April 26, 1983Assignee: The Technical Research Centre of FinlandInventors: Olli Aaltonen, Martti Alkio, Eero Avela, Riitta-Maija Housh
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Patent number: 4376852Abstract: A process is provided for preparing a graft polymermodified cellulose pulp filler from cellulose sulfite pulp having an R.sub.18 value greater than 80%, which comprises adding to the pulp a redox initiator; washing the pulp with water having a pH below 5 in an amount sufficient to adjust the redox initiator cation content to within the range from about 5 to about 1000 ppm of cellulose sulfite pulp; adding hydrogen peroxide in an amount to provide within the range from about 0.1% to about 4% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 by weight of the sulfite pulp; and then reacting the pulp with at least one monomer having the formula: ##STR1## in which: R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl; andR.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of nitrilo --CN, ##STR2## and COOR.sub.3 groups, wherein R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and 2-ethylhexyl; at a temperature at which grafting of the monomer onto the cellulose polymer molecule proceeds but below about 70.degree. C.Type: GrantFiled: May 1, 1981Date of Patent: March 15, 1983Assignee: Mooch Domsjo AktiebolagInventor: Sven G. Lindenfors
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Patent number: 4376171Abstract: Polyester resins are produced by chemically reacting a broken-down alkali metal lignin-cellulose polymer, a substituted organic hydroxy compound and a polycarboxylic acid compound and/or a polycarboxylic acid anhydride. Polyester resins may be used as molding powder, as coating agents and to produce polyurethane foams.Type: GrantFiled: May 13, 1982Date of Patent: March 8, 1983Inventor: David H. Blount
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Patent number: 4375535Abstract: This invention relates to stable, aqueous polymeric dispersions comprised of graft copolymers of at least one vinyl monomer and a derivatized and thinned amylopectin starch, that is, a starch wherein the starch is made up entirely or almost entirely of amylopectin units such as waxy maize starch. The amylopectin starch is derivatized to a degree of substitution of at least about 0.01 and thinned to an intrinsic viscosity of not less than about 0.12 deciliters per gram. The graft copolymers have a starch/monomer ratio of less than about 100/25 by weight. The dispersions have high solids contents (25% by weight or greater) and are stable (show no excessive increase in viscosity and remain homogeneous) over extended periods of time. This invention also relates to processes for the production of the dispersions.Type: GrantFiled: January 9, 1981Date of Patent: March 1, 1983Assignee: Standard Brands IncorporatedInventors: Adrian P. Kightlinger, Edwin L. Speakman, Grant T. Van Duzee
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Patent number: 4368292Abstract: The invention relates to thermoplastic moulding compositions consisting of a graft substrate composed of (a) a (meth)acrylic acid C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 -alkyl ester homo- or copolymer, and (b) of a cellulose ester of one or more aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 carboxylic acids, and polymerized units of (2) vinyl esters and/or alkyl esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid and (3) of C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -.alpha.-olefins, at least part of the (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer and of the cellulose ester being bridged together through polymerized units of the graft monomers.Type: GrantFiled: December 14, 1981Date of Patent: January 11, 1983Assignee: Bayer AktiengesellschaftInventors: Heinrich Alberts, Winfried Fischer, Christian Leuschke
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Patent number: 4365050Abstract: Aminopolysaccharides and copolymers thereof, primarily those of N-acetyl-D-glucosamines and derivatives and various monomers, is described.Type: GrantFiled: July 15, 1981Date of Patent: December 21, 1982Inventor: Edward J. Ivani
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Patent number: 4360635Abstract: Transparent thermoplastic moulding compositions having improved mechanical properties consist of graft copolymers or mixtures thereof with a cellulose ester of aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 carboxylic acids, wherein the graft copolymers consist of an ethylene vinyl ester copolymer and a cellulose ester of aliphatic C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 -carboxylic acids as the graft substrate, at least part of which being bridged with polymerized grafted units of vinyl esters and/or alkyl esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid, and, optionally, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins.Type: GrantFiled: December 12, 1980Date of Patent: November 23, 1982Assignee: Bayer AktiengesellschaftInventors: Heinrich Alberts, Winfried Fischer, Christian Leuschke, Herbert Bartl
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Patent number: 4359548Abstract: Polyester resins are produced by chemically reacting a broken-down alkali metal lignin-cellulose polymer, a substituted organic hydroxy compound and a polycarboxylic acid compound and/or a polycarboxylic acid anhydride. Polyester resins may be used as molding powder, as coating agents and to produce polyurethane foams.Type: GrantFiled: May 10, 1982Date of Patent: November 16, 1982Inventor: David H. Blount
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Patent number: 4358510Abstract: A process for forming a metallic paint film comprising(a) coating on a substrate surface a metallic paint containing as a vehicle component a modified vinyl-type copolymer obtained by copolymerizing 5-75 weight % of cellulose acetate butyrate with 95-25 weight % of a monomeric component consisting of one or more vinyl-type monomers,(b) if necessary, coating a thermosetting resin-type clear topcoating while said coated metallic paint film is in the unhardened state and(c) then baking the paint film.Type: GrantFiled: March 26, 1980Date of Patent: November 9, 1982Assignee: Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.Inventors: Satoru Ito, Tadashi Watanabe, Shinji Sugiura
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Patent number: 4339366Abstract: Polyester resins are produced by chemically reacting a broken-down alkali metal lignin-cellulose polymer, a substituted organic hydroxy compound and a polycarboxylic acid compound and/or a polycarboxylic acid anhydride. Polyester resins may be used as molding powder, as coating agents and to produce polyurethane foams.Type: GrantFiled: November 9, 1981Date of Patent: July 13, 1982Inventor: David H. Blount
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Patent number: 4330443Abstract: Acrylic monomers are grafted onto starch-containing materials by a novel dry state process in which small amounts of peroxides chemically initiate the free radical reaction. Since the process is dry and the resultant products contain no contaminants, it is unnecessary to isolate, wash, and dry them before use. The products are useful in the paper and mineral separation industries.Type: GrantFiled: June 18, 1980Date of Patent: May 18, 1982Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of AgricultureInventor: John C. Rankin
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Patent number: 4324708Abstract: A process for forming a metallic paint film comprising(a) coating on a substrate surface a metallic paint containing as a vehicle component a modified vinyl-type copolymer obtained by copolymerizing 5-75 weight % of cellulose acetate butyrate with 95-25 weight % of a monomeric component consisting of one or more vinyl-type monomers,(b) if necessary, coating a thermosetting resin-type clear topcoating while said coated metallic paint film is in the unhardened state and(c) then baking the paint film.Type: GrantFiled: October 31, 1980Date of Patent: April 13, 1982Assignee: Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.Inventors: Satoru Ito, Tadashi Watanabe, Shinji Sugiura
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Patent number: 4322472Abstract: An aqueous adhesive composition containing a graft copolymerized product of low amylose starch and acrylamide with rheological and remoistening adhesive properties suitable for coating low basis weight kraft paper on transfer roll coating equipment to make remoistenable sealing tapes. The desired properties of the adhesive composition are obtained by a controlled graft copolymerization together with a simultaneous gelatinization of the starch at temperatures below 210.degree. F. and with the essential addition of cupric or ferric ions before initiating the reaction. The resulting coatable adhesive has a comparatively low viscosity as required for transfer roll coating while retaining the improved adhesion properties of the acrylamide.Type: GrantFiled: October 27, 1980Date of Patent: March 30, 1982Assignee: Alco Standard CorporationInventors: Mark L. Kaspar, James F. Lowey