Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of producing calcium cellulose glycolate. Basically, the method comprises converting sodium cellulose glycolate to calcium cellulose glycolate in a heterogeneous reaction system under particular reaction conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt derived from cellulose having a crystal form of cellulose II, wherein the total saturation degree <<F>> represented by the following formula:<<F>>=<<f.sub.2 >>+<<f.sub.3 >>+<<f.sub.6 >>wherein <<f.sub.2 >>, <<f.sub.3 >> and <<f.sub.6 >> represent the probabilities of substitution of substituent groups for OH groups located at the C.sub.2, C.sub.3 and C.sub.6 positions, respectively, of the glucose ring constituting the cellulose,is in the range of from 0.10 to 0.64. This carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt is excellent in liquid absorbing property and is prepared by treating cellulose having a crystal form of cellulose II with an alkali and then reacting the treated cellulose with monochloroacetic acid or sodium monochloroacetate. This carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt can be used in the form of a structure such as a sheet, a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric.

Abstract: What are disclosed are polysaccharide derivatives of the formula ##STR1## in which n denotes a number from 100 to 12,500 and R denotes hydrogen, a carboxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical or a detectable molecular group, any combination of the (3n+2) R radicals being possible, but at least one R being a carboxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl group and at least one R being a detectable molecular group, and a process for their preparation and their use for the determination of endohydrolases, in indicator paper and for the detection of metabolites in biological liquids, are described.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), including mixed ethers of NaCMC, by etherifying cellulose with alkyl monochloroacetates in an aqueous-alkaline dispersion containing at least one organic solvent. In the process, cellulose is first alkalized in an aqueous-alkaline dispersion, which optionally already contains the organic solvent. Subsequently, the alkali cellulose is reacted essentially with an alkyl monochloroacetate as the etherifying agent, in the presence of the organic solvent.

Abstract: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is disclosed wherein the average degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit is in the range of 0.4 to 1.6, the number-average degree of polymerization is in the range of 100 to 1,500, and the mobility distribution (.DELTA.U) as measured by electrophoresis is represented by the following formula:.DELTA.U.times.10.sup.5 <(-3.0 logDS+3.20).times.10.sup.5 cm.sup.2 /sec.multidot.V.

Abstract: A process for producing sodium carboxymethylcellulose having an excellent dispersibility in water by heat-treating sodium carboxymethylcellulose to crosslink the same. The starting sodium carboxymethylcellulose has an equivalent ratio of the free carboxylic acid group to the sodium carboxylate of at least 0.01 to 100 and a viscosity of at least 100 cP (as a 1% aqueous solution).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a powdery calcium cellulose glycolate which comprises reacting cellulose glycolic acid in wet form with a calcium reagent, drying and pulverizing the resultant, wherein the calcium reagent is calcium hydroxide or a combination of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel water-soluble acid-type carboxymethyl cellulose characterized by:(a) having a total degree of substitution "x" by carboxymethyl group of 0.42 to 3.00 per anhydrous glucose unit, the degree of substitution "y" by acid-type carboxymethyl groups being to 100% of the total degree of substitution, provided that when "x" is less than 2.0, "y" shall be less than (1.25.times.-0.5), the remaining carboxymethyl group being of the alkali salt type,(b) having an average degree of polymerization of 50 to 1500, and(c) being soluble in water,which is useful as dispersant, carrier, coating agent and various other materials and also as an intermediate for carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives; and a process for preparing them.

Abstract: A continuous process for the granulation of alcohol- and water-moist carboxymethyl cellulose (CM) produced by standard methods, wherein the CMC still moist with adhering aqueous alcohol is continuously introduced into a stirring unit, of which the length-to-diameter ratio is greater than 1 and of which the radial stirring elements are mounted on a shaft extending longitudinally in the stirring unit, and is taken up by the stirring elements, which rotate at a peripheral speed of at least 2 m/sec, being percussively size-reduced, and at the same time is brought into contact with steam flowing in countercurrent, and after a residence time of at least 1 minute, is discharged from the stirring unit and dried in the usual way.

Abstract: A process for the production of carboxyalkyl celluloses having an average degree of substitution of at least 1.0. The process comprises up to 3 stages, but without any intermediate purification. The preferred suspension medium is isopropanol. In each stage of the process, the carboxyalkylating agent is used in quantities of less than 2.5 moles per mole of anhydroglucose unit and the alkylating agent in quantities of less than 5 moles per mole of anhydroglucose unit. The total water content of the system throughout the reaction as a whole must not exceed 450% by weight, based on the quantity by weight of cellulose used. Water contents of from 80 to 250% by weight are preferred.

Abstract: New esterified carboxymethyl celluloses in which DS by carboxymethyl group per anhydroglucose unit is 2.0 or more, the ester group is a hydrocarbon residue having 1-8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-octyl or benzyl group, DS by esterified carboxymethyl group per anhydroglucose unit is 1.50 or more and the remaining unsubstituted carboxymethyl groups are in the form of free acid and which are soluble in various polar or non-polar organic solvents and are useful as ingredients of paints of enteric coating materials.

Abstract: In modern processes for the preparation of cellulose ethers containing one or more types of substituents (such as MC, CMC, HEC, HPC, MHEC or EHEC), cellulose is reacted with etherifying agents in the presence of water, base and a mixture of preferably inert organic solvents (as a dispersing auxiliary). Dimethoxyethane (ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) and at least one organic solvent selected from the group including alkanols, alkane diols and alkoxy alkanols (for example, methanol and/or isopropanol) are employed in the mixture of organic solvents used for these syntheses, particularly in quantities of 1 to 30 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of cellulose.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of water-soluble cellulose ethers, comprising the steps of activating cellulose with ammonia, alkalizing the activated cellulose, and etherifying the alkali cellulose. In the process, the activated cellulose is alkalized in the presence of ammonia and, optionally, in the presence of an organic solvent, and the ammonia is removed from the alkali cellulose in the presence of the alkalizing agent and, optionally, the organic solvent. Etherification proceeds in a medium which contains at least portions of said organic solvent. The organic solvent comprises, in particular, an alkanol which has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For the etherification step, carboxymethylation or hydroxyethylation is preferred.

Abstract: In modern processes for preparing cellulose ethers containing one or more types of substituents, such as MC, CMC, HEC, HPC, MHEC or EHEC, cellulose is reacted with an etherifying agent in the presence of water, base and at least one inert organic solvent (as a dispersing auxiliary). Dimethoxyethane (ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) is employed as a new organic solvent for these syntheses, particularly in quantities of 1 to 30 parts by weight per part by weight of cellulose.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of an alkali salt of a carboxymethylcellulose ether by reacting a cellulosic material with an etherifying agent, in the presence of an alkali, in an aqueous organic solvent, wherein the improvement comprises adding the etherifying agent and only part of the entire amount of said alkali in the initial stage of the reaction, thereby initiating the etherification reaction in the presence of an excess amount of the etherifying agent such that the molar ratio of ##EQU1## is in the range of 0.10 to 0.99; and subsequently adding the remainder of said alkali in one or more portions in a second stage and carrying out the etherification reaction in such a manner that said molar ratio of alkali etherifying agent in the final stage becomes at least 1.00.

Abstract: The molecular weight of irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose can be stabilized by heat treatment of irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose at a temperature from about 50.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C., preferably from about 70.degree. C. to about 90.degree. C. Equal amounts of such stabilized carboxymethyl cellulose have essentially the same viscosity regardless of the time that has passed from irradiation until a solution is made.

Abstract: A water-soluble non-immunogenic carrier, namely carboxymethyl cellulose, is provided which, in attachment to allergens or other haptens, is capable of inducing an immunological tolerance in an individual of a mammalian species to the allergen or hapten. The allergen or hapten is attached to each of a plurality of the carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl cellulose. Tolerance has been induced in mice to three particular haptens, namely 2,4-dinitrophenyl, penicillin G and fluorescein in the specific embodiments of the present invention.

Abstract: Cellulose derivatives having a controlled molecular weight are prepared by adjusting oxygen concentration as measured by analyzing the quantity of oxygen in the head space of the reaction vessel to a level such that the cellulose derivative prepared therein has a desired solution viscosity. The cellulose derivative is then prepared in the reaction vessel without substantially increasing the quantity of oxygen in said reaction vessel.

Abstract: Carboxymethyl cellulose fibers are manufactured by reacting a starting cellulose with an alkaline solution containing an etherifying agent dissolved therein while the cellulose is filled in a reactor and the solution is circulating by a pump so as to come into continuous contact with the cellulose.

Abstract: A process for the purification and isolation of cellulose or starch ethers wherein directly after the etherification step the suspension agent and the extraction of the ether product with the purifying agent is carried out on the same continuously working filter.

Abstract: Cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose with intermolecular carbonate bridges.

Abstract: A process for preparing a form of carboxymethyl cellulose which exhibits superior rheological and fluid loss characteristics in aqueous calcium chloride solutions which comprises conducting causticization of high molecular weight cellulose in the absence of oxygen, at a temperature less than 350.degree. C., in an aqueous solution containing 86.9.+-.2% by weight isopropanol, at an isopropanol-water solution to cellulose weight ratio from 2 to 1 to 7.5 to 1, and in the presence of sufficient alkali metal hydroxide such that the alkali metal hydroxide to monochloroacetic acid molar ratio during the subsequent etherification of the alkali cellulose is greater than 2.00 to 1, wherein the monochloroacetic acid utilized contains less than about 2% by weight dichloroacetic acid.

Abstract: Anionic, water-soluble cellulose ethers which are treated with a mixture of glyoxal and a sodium borate, preferably borax, readily disperse in aqueous solutions without clumping or agglomerating. These treated compounds can be formed by contacting an organic slurry of an anionic, water-soluble cellulose ether with an aqueous solution of glyoxal and a sodium borate, recovering the product and then drying it.

Abstract: A process for purification and working-up of cellulose or starch ethers using a solid-jacket sieve centrifuge for removing the suspension agent extraction with purifying agent and isolation of the purified ether product.

Abstract: A solid methyl cellulose desiccant wherein from about 0.6 to 1.8, preferably 0.9 to 1.5 of the available hydroxyl groups of the anhydroglucose units of the cellulose entity have been replaced by methyl, or methyl and hydroxy alkyl or carboxy alkyl groups, if any, containing from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, e.g. hydroxy ethyl, hydroxy propyl, carboxyl methyl and the like. In the solid methyl cellulose desiccant, at least one of the substituting groups must be methyl, with the remainder of the substituting groups, if any, hydroxy alkyl or carboxy alkyl, or both; preferably carboxy methyl, if any. At least one-half of the substituting groups are methyl, and preferably at least two-thirds of the substituting groups are methyl; the balance of the substituting groups, if any, being hydroxy alkyl or carboxy alkyl groups.

Abstract: Polycarboxyalkyl-cellulose characterized by exceptionally high fluid absorbing and retaining capacities is obtained by oxidizing, under particular conditions, hydroinsoluble, cross-linked carboxyalkyl-cellulose having a substitution degree greater than 0.35.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for preparing cellulose derivatives by alkalizing cellulose to form alkali cellulose, alkylating the alkali cellulose to form alkylated alkali cellulose, and recovering the alkylated alkali cellulose. According to the process of the invention, finely-divided, preferably powdered, cellulose is reacted with an aqueous-alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution at a temperature of from about 20.degree. to 120.degree. C., to form alkali cellulose, oxygen is removed, and the water content is reduced to from about 2.5 to 6.0 moles per anhydroglucose unit, prior to alkylization.

Abstract: A contact lens solution is provided for wetting, soaking and lubricating of hard contact lenses, particularly those carrying an ionic charge. The solution contains an ionic polymer of cationic or anionic charge that interacts with an oppositely charged surface of a contact lens forming an interfacial polyelectrolyte complex. This polyelectrolyte complex provides increased, long lasting lens wettability leading to a cushioning and lubricating effect with the eyelid and the cornea.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing ethylcarboxymethylcellulose 0.4 to 1.2 in D.S. of carboxymethyl and 1.5 to 2.5 in D.S. of ethyoxyl. The compound of the present invention possesses good solubility in organic solvents and is useful as an enteric coating material.

Abstract: Solution qualities of carboxymethyl cellulose are improved by preparing the same with cellulose which has been alkalized in the presence of a borate ion-containing salt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chloral derivative having the general formula ##STR1## in which Y' is a polysaccharide consisting of a chain of anhydroglucose, modified anhydroglucose or uronic acid units as substituent group and in which R is selected from --H, --COCH.sub.2 OH, --[(CH.sub.2).sub.n 0].sub..chi. --H in which n is 2 to 5 and .chi. is 1 to 7; --CH.sub.2 OSO.sub.2 X' or --CH.sub.2 COOX' in which X' is NH.sub.4 or a single equivalent of a non-toxic metallic cation, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n H where n is 1 to 7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n (OH).sub..chi. Y where Y is --H or --CH.sub.3 n is 1 to 7, .chi. is 1 to 12 and the --OH groups are attached to any or all of the carbon atoms by substitution and wherein when Y.sup.1 is a chain of unmodified anhydroglucose units, these units have the following configurations:.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage and/or.beta.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process for preparing cellulose ether derivatives which in pertinent part accomplishes this by providing for the uniform distribution of caustic and etherifying reagents over the exposed area of fiberized, never-dried, non-purified natural polysaccharide materials by fluidizing said materials while simultaneously contacting the material with said reagents.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing swellable cross-linked carboxyalkylcelluloses by reacting cellulose, a carboxyalkylating etherifying agent, and a cross-linking agent in an aqueous alkaline medium, comprising effecting alkalizing, etherifying, and cross-linking simultaneously in one reaction step using fibers, textile sheet materials containing these fibers, or sheet materials of other kinds, having a base of cellulose hydrate or of natural cellulose, by contacting said fibers or sheet materials with an ample quantity of an aqueous alkaline reaction mixture, removing part of the reaction mixture from the fibers or sheet materials contacted therewith, so that at least the quantity required for reaction is still present, and treating the fibers or sheet materials containing the remainder of the aqueous alkaline reaction mixture with heat energy. The invention also relates to equipment for performing the process.

Abstract: A process for preparing a cellulose ether which comprises reacting celluloses untreated or treated with an aqueous solution of alkali hydroxide with an etherifying agent in the presence of an aqueous solution of alkali hydroxide, an organic solvent being substantially immiscible with water and capable of dissolving the etherifying agent and a quaternary salt having the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein M is nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently an organic group and X.sup.- is an anion. According to the process, the etherification is carried out uniformly to give a cellulose ether of a high quality in which the substituents are uniformly distributed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing swellable cross-linked carboxyalkylcelluloses in the form of fibers, by reacting cellulose, a carboxyalkylating etherifying agent, and a cross-linking agent in an aqueous alkaline medium, comprising effecting alkalizing, etherifying, and cross-linking simultaneously in one reaction step using fibers of cellulose hydrate or fiber-based textile sheet materials which contain these fibers, by contacting said fibers or textile sheet materials which contain these fibers with an ample quantity of an aqueous alkaline reaction mixture, removing part of the reaction mixture from the fibers or the textile sheet materials contacted therewith, so that at least the quantity required for reaction is still present, and treating the fibers or the textile sheet materials containing the remainder of the aqueous alkaline reaction mixture with heat energy.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a substantially water-insoluble, particulate sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, suitable for use as an absorbent in tampons and other catamenial devices or the like. The process involves heating solid, water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, having a degree of substitution of at least 0.4, with carbon dioxide gas to substantially insolubilize the carboxymethyl cellulose and convert it to a form suitable for absorbent applications.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of substantially water-insoluble, particulate sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, suitable for use as an absorbent in tampons and other catamenial devices, or the like. The process involves treating solid, water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of at least 0.4 with hydrogen chloride gas and heating the carboxymethyl cellulose, either after the hydrogen chloride treatment or concurrently therewith, to produce a cross-linked, insoluble, partially acid form carboxymethyl cellulose suitable for absorbent applications.

Abstract: This invention relates to a paper for serving cable cores for the purpose of providing a swellable layer, comprising a paper base having a layer thereon of cellulose ether granules or of starch phosphate granules or of a mixture of both kinds of granules. The invention also relates to a process for the production of the paper.

Abstract: In the process for the preparation of low-substituted cellulose ethers comprising the successive steps of etherification of alkali cellulose, neutralization of the crude cellulose ether, washing, drying and pulverization, the neutralization step is carried out in two stages, i.e., by first employing 5 to 80% of an acid stoichiometrically required and then adding an additional amount of the acid to complete neutralization. The cellulose ethers thus prepared can readily be pulverized into fine powder having a very good flowing property and yet an excellent binding force, and work as a suitable disintegrator in tablets.

Abstract: Porous cellulose beads are prepared by distributing droplets of a solvent mixture containing a cellulose derivative into a precipitating solution to form porous beads which are then washed and hydrolyzed to form porous cellulose beads. The porous cellulose beads, which may be cross-linked, if desired, by suitable treatment, are useful carriers to which enzymes can be immobilized. The beads may also be used for the separation of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids and the like, or to remove metal ions from dilute mining solutions.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in the process for the manufacture of water-adsorbing but at least partially water-insoluble cellulose ethers in which cellulose is alkalized in a liquid reaction medium and reacted with an etherification agent in a manner such that an at least preponderantly water-soluble cellulose ether would be obtained in the case of a mere etherification process and in which, prior to, simultaneously with, or after the etherification process, a reaction is effected with a crosslinking agent which is polyfunctional towards cellulose in an alkaline reaction medium,The improvement comprising employing bis(acrylamido)-acetic acid as the crosslinking agent.

Abstract: An alkali metal salt of carboxymethyl cellulose ether is prepared by dissolving an alkali in a water-containing organic solvent, adding starting cellulose to the solution, stirring the mixture to form a slurry of the alkali cellulose and then reacting it with an etherifying agent. Alternatively, it is prepared by reacting the starting cellulose in a water-containing solvent with sodium monochloroacetate as an etherifying agent, in the presence of an alkali.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a compressed catamenial tampon made up of a mass of absorbent fibers having intermixed therein a quantity of carboxymethylcellulose fibers containing free-acid carboxyl radicals and characterized by a high capacity for absorbing and retaining menstrual fluids. These carboxymethylcellulose fibers are modified by heat treatment to shorten the time it takes for such fibers to absorb a specified amount of fluid and thereby more effectively utilize their high capacity. The particular high capacity fibers are defined as carboxymethylcellulose fibers having a degree of substitution in the normally soluble range of about 0.4 to about 2.0 in which a part of the carboxyl groups are in free-acid form with the remainder in salt form.

Abstract: In the manufacture of cellulose glycolate, a reaction mixture comprising per 1 part by weight of cellulose 0.2 to 0.6 part by weight of sodium hydroxide, 0.5 to 1.75 parts by weight of sodium monochloroacetate, 7 to 22 parts by weight of isopropanol, and from 20% to 50% by weight, based on the weight of isopropanol, of water is subjected to shearing forces at a temperature less than 30.degree. C to effect intimate mixing and then reacted to cause etherification of the cellulose in a reaction area held at a temperature in the range of 60.degree. C to 90.degree. C and held constant within each section of the reaction area. The residence time of the mixture in the mixing zone is at most one-tenth of its residence time in the reaction area. The solid and liquid components of the reaction mixture after etherification are separated mechanically.