Abstract: The present invention is aimed to provide an industrially advantageous method for producing a furan compound, in which a furan compound can be efficiently obtained in a high selectivity from a furfural compound. The present invention is concerned with a method for producing a furan compound including feeding, as a raw material, a furfural composition containing a furfural compound into a reactor and subjecting to a decarbonylation reaction in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a furan compound as a product, wherein a furfural dimer concentration in the furfural composition is 1,000 ppm by weight or less, and a peroxide value in the furfural composition is 0.01 mEq/kg or more and 1.0 mEq/kg or less.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed to provide an industrially advantageous method for producing a furan compound, in which a furan compound can be efficiently obtained in a high selectivity from a furfural compound. The present invention is concerned with a method for producing a furan compound including feeding, as a raw material, a furfural composition containing a furfural compound into a reactor and subjecting to a decarbonylation reaction in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a furan compound as a product, wherein a furfural dimer concentration in the furfural composition is 1,000 ppm by weight or less, and a peroxide value in the furfural composition is 0.01 mEq/kg or more and 1.0 mEq/kg or less.

Abstract: Described is a method for producing furfural from one or more substances selected from the group consisting of xylose, oligosaccharides comprising xylose units and polysaccha-rides comprising xylose units.

Abstract: There is disclosed a surprising reaction of an alkane thiol with a catalyst and heat to become dehydrogenated and form a thiophene rather than an expected desulfurization reaction to form the corresponding alkane or alkene. Moreover, there are disclosed surprising results regarding the form of a catalyst to allow a reaction of an alkane thiol to form the dehydrogenated thiophene at lower temperatures and at higher conversion percentages to allow for more efficient recovery of thiophenes to allow for recycling and reuse of thiophenes to hydrogenate to form alkane thiols. Further still, there is disclosed a set of reaction conditions and catalyst presentation that allows for recovery of usable diatomic hydrogen gas from a dehydrogenation reaction of substituted or unsubstituted cyclic thioethers to substituted or unsubstituted thiophene.

Abstract: The ?,?-unsaturated ?-amino acids of general formula (I). Also, a versatile process for the stereospecific synthesis of said compounds of formula (I), involving a Wittig reaction. Further, intermediate products of general formulae (II) and (III), as shown below, which are involved in the synthesis of compounds (I). Compounds of general formula (I) may be useful as therapeutic substances, or as reagents or intermediates for fine chemistry.

Abstract: Provided herein is a gaseous isoprene composition comprising isoprene, carbon dioxide and water, wherein the isoprene is in an amount between about 0.1% and about 15% by volume; wherein the carbon dioxide is in an amount between about 0.04% and about 35% by volume; wherein the water is in an amount greater than about 70% of its saturation amount. Also provided herein is a liquid isoprene composition comprising isoprene in an amount of at least 65% by weight and carbon dioxide in an amount between about 0.01% and about 1% by weight.

Abstract: A process is provided for the synthesis of furan and related compounds by vapor phase decarbonylation of furfural and derivatives. The reaction rate, conversion, and selectivity are enhanced by adding water to the feed. The process can be run at lower temperatures than in similar processes run with essentially dry furan and related compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing palladium, molybdenum, tin, and tungsten. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.

Abstract: Processes are described for producing furfural from a mixture of pentoses and hexoses, by dehydrating and cyclizing pentoses to provide furfural using a water-soluble acid at elevated temperatures in the presence of a low-boiling, water-immiscible organic solvent, such as toluene, which is effective for extracting the furfural into an organic phase portion. In certain embodiments, a fermentation step occurs prior to the dehydration step to convert hexoses in the mixed pentoses and hexoses to ethanol while conserving pentoses therein for making furfural.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compounds of formula (I) and methods of inhibiting IKK? and the NF-?B signaling and mTOR pathways.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element including a luminescent compound represented by the following formula (in which R1 to R14 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a fluorine atom, a cyano group, an amino group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a thio group, or a silyl group, and 8 to 13 groups out of R1 to R14 each represent a hydrogen atom or a deuterium atom.) in a light emitting layer has high durability and excellent chromaticity.

Abstract: Provided herein are compounds of formula A-L-B, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof, wherein A is R1 and R2 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 1,2-phenylene ring optionally substituted with one or more R11; L is —C(R6)2—C(R6)2—; B is a heteroaromatic group defined herein; and -A1-A2- , A3, R11 and R6 are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of their synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of their use. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein are useful for the treatment, prevention, and/or management of various disorders, such as CNS disorders and metabolic disorders, including, but not limited to, e.g., neurological disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, obesity, and diabetes.

Abstract: The invention provides a catalyst system for catalytic fast pyrolysis comprising a cerium-incorporated HZSM-5 zeolite (Catalyst 1), and methods of making and using the same. The invention also provides a process for reducing coke formation during catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass using HZSM-5, wherein the process can include incorporating cerium into the HZSM-5 zeolite to produce Catalyst 1 prior to the catalytic fast pyrolysis.

Abstract: A variety of specific compounds within the scope of formula I which are useful as PI3K inhibitors and can be employed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and tumours, and pharmaceutical compositions and kits containing said specific compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of a pathology associated with hyperglycaemia, particularly diabetes, by administering quinoxalinone compounds of formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined in the claims. The compounds have activity as insulin secretion stimulators. The invention also relates to the preparation and use of these quinoxalinone compounds for modulating insulin secretion in insulin-1 cells by contacting the cells with the compounds.

Abstract: The invention provides a catalyst system for catalytic fast pyrolysis comprising a cerium-incorporated HZSM-5 zeolite (Catalyst 1), and methods of making and using the same. The invention also provides a process for reducing coke formation during catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass using HZSM-5, wherein the process can include incorporating cerium into the HZSM-5 zeolite to produce Catalyst 1 prior to the catalytic fast pyrolysis.

Abstract: The present invention provides, among other things, imidazo[1,2-?]pyrazine derivatives according for Formula (Ia) or Formula (Ib). The derivatives are useful in any method which other coelenterazines have been used. For example, the derivatives may be used in a bioluminogenic method to detect the presence of certain compounds or molecules.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pyridazinone derivatives of general formula I, wherein the groups A, G and R1 are as defined in the application, the tautomers thereof, stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof and the salts thereof, which have valuable pharmacological properties, and in particular bind to the GPR119 receptor and modulate its activity.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to inhibitors of tyrosinase, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such tyrosinase inhibitors, and methods of making and using the same. Specifically, included in the present invention are compositions of matter comprised of at least one 2,4-dihydroxybenzene analog, which inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and which inhibit the overproduction of melanin.

Abstract: The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing palladium, molybdenum, tin, and tungsten. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.

Abstract: A biobased plasticizer and a surface covering are disclosed. The biobased plasticizer includes an ester formed as a reaction product of a furan derivative selected from the group consisting of furoic acid, furfural and furfuryl alcohol reacted with a carboxylic acid or an alcohol, or includes an ester formed as a reaction product of a biobased aromatic compound and a biobased aliphatic compound. The surface covering is plasticized with a composition comprising an ester formed as a reaction product of a functionalized aromatic heterocyclic compound reacted with a carboxylic acid or an alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) its salts, isomers or prodrugs thereof useful in the treatment of viral infections, in particular respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. The present invention also relates to processes for preparing the compounds and intermediates used in their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for predicting the risk of developing acute kidney injury in a subject from which a biological sample is obtained comprising: detecting the presence of at least one genomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selected from the group of: ADD1 rs4961 Trp [allelic genotype GT or TT], ADD2 rs4984 [allelic genotype CT or TT], HS-D3B1 rs2236780 [allelic genotype GG], LSS rs914247 [allelic genotype AA], MDR1 rs1045642 [allelic genotype TC or CC], SLC8A1 rs1 1893826 [allelic genotype AA], TRPC6 rs7925662 [allelic genotype CC] from said biological sample, wherein the presence of said allelic genotype is predictive of the risk of developing acute kidney injury.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein A is hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-3alkoxy, C1-3alkoxy C1-4alkyl, C1-2fluoroalkyl, halogen, NR6R7, optionally substituted heteroaryl (Het), or optionally substituted phenyl, and R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in the description. The compounds or salts are thought to modulate P2X7 receptor function and to be capable of antagonizing the effects of ATP at the P2X7 receptor. The invention also provides the use of the compound or salt in the treatment or prophylaxis of, for example, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis or neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: 2-Phenylethylamino substituted carboxamide derivatives and their use as sodium and/or calcium channel modulators useful in preventing, alleviating and curing a wide range of pathologies are presented.

Abstract: A method for converting a carbohydrate to a furan in a polar aprotic solvent in the presence of a chloride, bromide, or iodide salt or a mixture thereof and optionally in the presence of an acid catalyst, a metal halide catalyst and/or an ionic liquid (up to 40 wt %). The method can be employed in particular to produce furfural or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for generating useful chemical intermediates from biomass using a novel pyrolysis reactor that utilizes the inherent thermal properties of carbon under compression as the biomass is subjected to sequential or concurrent temperature ramps. The ramps are sufficient to volatilize and selectively create different components, while the pressure application aids the selective decomposition of the biomass.

Abstract: A method for utilizing biomass components, namely cellulose, hemicellose, and lignin, and converting them to value-added biobased chemical products is described herein. The present method provides treatments to obtain a plurality of component streams from biomass for producing derivative products while minimizing waste products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to quinoxalinone derivatives of formula (I): wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined herein, as insulin secretion stimulators. Specific such quinoxaline compounds are also an aspect of the invention. The invention also relates to the preparation and use of these quinoxalinone derivatives for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diabetes and pathologies associated.

Abstract: A process is provided for the synthesis of furan and related compounds by vapor phase decarbonylation of furfural and derivatives, using a palladium/alumina catalyst that has been promoted with an alkali carbonate. Catalyst lifetime is improved. The catalyst can be regenerated in situ by feeding a mixture of air and steam, with a composition of between about 2% and about 40% air, to the catalyst bed at a temperature between about 300° C. and about 500° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutical acceptable salts, wherein R1a, R1b, X, and Y are defined in the description. The present invention relates also to compositions containing said compounds which are useful for inhibiting kinases such as Cdc7 and methods of treating diseases such as cancer.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for converting in a continuous process biomass to fuels and chemicals. The invention includes methods of converting the water insoluble components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to volatile C2+O1-2 oxygenates, such as alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof. In certain applications, the volatile C2+O1-2 oxygenates can be collected and used as a final chemical product, or used in downstream processes to produce liquid fuels, chemicals and other products.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to inhibitors of tyrosinase, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such tyrosinase inhibitors, and methods of making and using the same. Specifically, included in the present invention are compositions of matter comprised of at least one 2,4-dihydroxybenzene analog, which inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and which inhibit the overproduction of melanin.

Abstract: Provided herein are 1-aryl or 1-heteroaryl pyrido[b]indoles compounds with the structure These compounds comprise a ?-carboline ring structure substituted at C1 with an aryl or heteroaryl moiety and individually substituted at C3-C8 and N9 with a C1-C4 alkyl, a C1-C4 alkoxy, a C1-C4 alkoxyphenyl, or a hydrogen. Also provided are methods for inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells or for treating a cell proliferative disease by contacting the cancer cell or tumor comprising the same with the compounds provided herein or by administering the compounds to a subject with a cell proliferative disease.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes and compounds useful for producing modified aspartic acid derivatives, such as aspartic acid aldehyde moieties. Aspartic acid derivatives are useful for preparing caspase inhibitors and/or prodrugs thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined herein, which are useful for treating diseases which respond to CXCR2 receptor mediators. Pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds and processes for preparing the compounds are also described.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein, R1 is optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted pyridinyl, and R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9 are as defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using the compounds for treating diseases associated with P2X3 and/or a P2X2/3 receptor antagonists and methods of making the compounds.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a compound of formula (I) or a salt, suitably a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein the groups R1, R2, Ar?, A and Y are defined in the description, to compositions and use of the compounds in the treatment of inflammatory and allergic conditions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to heterocyclyl-substituted-tetrahydro-naphthalen-amine compounds of general formula (I) and compositions thereof, methods for their preparation, and the use of said compounds for the treatment or prophylaxis of various disorders of humans or animals.

Abstract: A process is provided for the synthesis of furan and related compounds by vapor-phase decarbonylation of furfural and derivatives, using a palladium/metal aluminate catalyst. The use of such catalysts, which are inherently less acidic than alumina, results in improved lifetime and high productivity. The compounds so produced can be used as starting materials for industrial chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, stabilizers, and polymers such as polyether ester elastomers and polyurethane elastomers.

Abstract: A process is provided for the synthesis of furan and related compounds by vapor-phase decarbonylation of furfural and derivatives, using a palladium/metal aluminate catalyst that has been promoted with an alkali carbonate, such as cesium carbonate. The use of such catalysts, which are inherently less acidic than alumina, results in improved lifetime and high productivity.

Abstract: A process is provided for the synthesis of furan and related compounds by liquid-phase decarbonylation of furfural and derivatives, using a palladium/metal aluminate catalyst. The compounds so produced can be used as starting materials for industrial chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, stabilizers, and polymers such as polyether ester elastomers and polyurethane elastomers.

Abstract: A method is disclosed including co-processing a biomass feedstock and a refinery feedstock in a refinery unit. The method can include producing a liquid product by catalytically cracking or hyrocracking or hydrotreating a biomass feedstock and a refinery feedstock in a refinery unit having a fluidized reactor. Catalytically cracking can include transferring hydrogen from the refinery feedstock to carbon and oxygen from the biomass feedstock. Hydrocracking or hydrotreating can include transferring hydrogen from a hydrogen source to carbon and oxygen from the biomass feedstock, and to carbon from the refinery feedstock.

Abstract: The compounds represented in general formula (1) or a salt thereof are useful for glucocorticoid receptor modulators. In the formula, R1 represents a lower alkyl group, a lower cycloalkyl group, an aryl group and the like; R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like; R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like; R4 and R5 represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like; R6 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like; R7 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkenyl group and the like; W represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, NR8 and the like; R8 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like; X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; Y represents a lower alkylene group and the like; Z represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, NR9, OCO or OSO2; R9 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group and the like respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of raising HDL cholesterol comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the formula wherein A, G, R1 to R8 and R17 are as defined in the description.

Abstract: Described are pyridopyrazinone derivatives of formula (I), wherein X, Y, Z, W, A and R1 are as defined in claim 1, as insulin secretion stimulators. Also described is the preparation and use of these pyridopyrazinone derivatives for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diabetes and pathologies associated.

Abstract: Novel fused pyrazine compounds are disclosed that have a formula represented by the following: with Z, R1, R2, R8 and R9 as defined in the written description. The compounds may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions, and may be used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of conditions in mammals including humans, including by way of non-limiting example, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and others.

Abstract: Novel fused pyrazine compounds are disclosed that have a formula represented by the following: The compounds may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions, and may be used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of conditions in mammals including humans, including by way of non-limiting example, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and others.

Abstract: 2-Phenylethylamino substituted carboxamide derivatives and their use as sodium and/or calcium channel modulators useful in preventing, alleviating and curing a wide range of pathologies are presented.

Abstract: Alcohols are catalytically oxidized to aldehydes, in particular to benzaldehyde and diformylfuran, which are useful as intermediates for a multiplicity of purposes. The invention also relates to the polymerization of the dialdehyde and to the decarbonylation of the dialdehyde to furan.