Abstract: Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, stroke (MELAS), or Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is an anti-leishmanial compound represented by formula (1):

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a method for improving blood glucose control or for preventing or treating a condition requiring increasing insulin sensitivity or reducing insulin resistance in a subject in need of such control which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more quinones of Formula I.

Abstract: Oregano extract can act as a stimulant, yet it does not interfere with sleep patterns or induce nervousness the way many stimulants such as caffeine can. It also has the benefits of promoting improved vigilance, improving attention and ability to focus on a task, and improving general alertness.

Abstract: This invention relates to a rich antioxidant nutraceuticals prepared from Nigella sativa seeds for the treatment and prevention of hypercholesterolemia. These nutraceuticals when taken enterally has shown successfully to have hypocholesterolmic, antiatherogenic and antioxidant activities using in vitro and in vivo study. The invention provides a clear explanation on the molecular mechanism by which nutraceuticals prepared from the Nigella sativa seeds exerted its hypocholesterolemic effect.

Abstract: Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, stroke (MELAS), or Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed.

Abstract: A NF-?B inhibitor represented by the following formula (I) is provided: ?

Abstract: A method is described for the simultaneous preparation of p-bromophenols and p-benzoquinones, intermediates useful in the preparation of hydroquinones and 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyls, respectively. Hydroquinones and 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyls are useful monomers for the preparation of a variety of polymers. The method also comprises reducing the p-benzoquinone to its corresponding hydroquinone in the presence of the p-bromophenol. Limiting the amount of HBr present in the reaction mixture was shown to control the amount of benzoquinone produced. The method also allows for the recycling of many of the reagents used, thereby reducing the cost of producing each monomer.

Abstract: There are disclosed amphoteric nano-sized metal oxide particles functionalized with silyl esters of a phosphonate and composites thereof with an acrylate-based monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Also disclosed are the method making such functionalized particular by reacting a metal oxide with a silyl ester of a phosphonate in the presence of a non-aqueous solvent and in an inert atmosphere and the method of making the composites wherein the functionalized particles are admixed with an acrylate-based matrix monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Further disclosed is the method of dental repair wherein the composites are applied to a tooth and photopolymerized.

Abstract: There are disclosed amphoteric nano-sized metal oxide particles functionalized with silyl esters of a phosphonate and composites thereof with an acrylate-based monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Also disclosed are the method making such functionalized particular by reacting a metal oxide with a silyl ester of a phosphonate in the presence of a non-aqueous solvent and in an inert atmosphere and the method of making the composites wherein the functionalized particles are admixed with an acrylate-based matrix monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Further disclosed is the method of dental repair wherein the composites are applied to a tooth and photopolymerized.

Abstract: A method is described for the simultaneous preparation of 4-bromophenols and p-benzoquinones, intermediates useful in the preparation of hydroquinones and 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyls respectively. Hydroquinones and 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyls are useful monomers for the preparation of a variety of polymers. In one example phenol is reacted with in the presence of HBr, a catalytic amount of cupric bromide and a stoichiometric excess of oxygen under relatively mild conditions to provide a mixture of the phenol, 4-bromophenol, and 1,4-benzoquinone. Phenol conversion was 54 percent and selectivities for bromophenol and benzoquinone were 23% and 37% respectively. Limiting the amount of HBr present in the reaction mixture was shown to control the amount of benzoquinone produced.

Abstract: A complex of a dye cation and an anionic TCNQ derivative of the formula (I): in which [Dye]+ is a dye cation, L1 is a linking group, R1 is a substituent group, p is an integer of 1-4, and r is an integer of 0-3 under the condition of 1<p+r<4, is favorably employable as a dye compound for preparing a recording layer of CD-R or DVD-R.

Abstract: A method of oxidizing trimethylphenol (TMP) to trimethylbenzoquinone (TMBQ) by various molecular sieves containing various transition metals. In this method, TMP, a molecular sieve containing a transition metal in its framework, an oxidant and a solvent are mixed together to form a reaction system. The reaction system reacting at a temperature of about room temperature to 150° C. to obtain TMBQ, and the concentration of TMP is about 5-60% wt.

Abstract: There are disclosed amphoteric nano-sized metal oxide particles functionalized with silyl esters of a phosphonate and composites thereof with an acrylate-based monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Also disclosed are the method making such functionalized particular by reacting a metal oxide with a silyl ester of a phosphonate in the presence of a non-aqueous solvent and in an inert atmosphere and the method of making the composites wherein the functionalized particles are admixed with an acrylate-based matrix monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Further disclosed is the method of dental repair wherein the composites are applied to a tooth and photopolymerized.

Abstract: A process for producing an alkyl-substituted hydroquinone, wherein said process comprises reacting a hydroquinone compound represented by the general formula (1) wherein R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R independently represent a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and n represents an integer of 0 to 2, with a monohydric or dihydric alcohol in the presence of a catalyst and under the condition in which said alcohol is in a supercritical state by substitution of at least one hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring in said hydroquinone compound.

Abstract: There are disclosed amphoteric nano-sized metal oxide particles functionalized with silyl esters of a phosphonate and composites thereof with an acrylate-based monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Also disclosed are the method making such functionalized particular by reacting a metal oxide with a silyl ester of a phosphonate in the presence of a non-aqueous solvent and in an inert atmosphere and the method of making the composites wherein the functionalized particles are admixed with an acrylate-based matrix monomer, including liquid crystal monomers photopolymerizable at ambient temperature. Further disclosed is the method of dental repair wherein the composites are applied to a tooth and photopolymerized.

Abstract: A process for producing 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone at a high conversion, a high selectivity and at a low cost by oxidizing m-cresol with oxygen at a low partial pressure in the presence of at least one copper (I) halide catalyst and a mixed solvent of ketone and acetonitrile. The 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone is useful as an intermediate compound to produce vitamin K.

Abstract: A neutral templating route to mesoporous molecular sieves based on H-bonding and self-assembly between neutral primary amine or diamine surfactants (S.degree.) and neutral inorganic precursors (I.degree.) has been used to prepare hexagonal and lamellar mesoporous silicas with site isolated transition metal centers. This templating approach allows for the preparation of hexagonal or hexagonal-like mesoporous oxidation catalysts with large framework wall thickness of at least about 17 .ANG., small elementary particle size (.ltoreq.400 .ANG.), and unique combinations of framework-confined mesopores and textural mesopores while at the same time providing for facile recovery of the neutral template by simple solvent extraction.These new mesoporous metallosilicate molecular sieves exhibit exceptional catalytic activity for peroxide hydroxylation of benzene and oxidation of substituted aromatics with kinetic diameters that are too large (larger than 6 .ANG.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of compounds of the formula IR.sup.1.sub.a Re.sub.b O.sub.c (I),where a is from 1 to 6, b is from 1 to 4 and c is from 1 to 14 and the sum of a, b and c is in accordance with the valence of from 5 to 7 of the rhenium, with the proviso that c is not greater than 3.multidot.b, and where R.sup.1 is identical or different and is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms or an arylalkyl radical having from 7 to 9 carbon atoms, with the radicals R.sup.1 being able, if desired, to be identically or differently substituted independently of one another and, in the case of .sigma.-bonded radicals, at least one hydrogen atom still being bonded to the carbon atom in the .alpha. position, as catalysts for the oxidation of electron-rich aromatic compounds and their derivatives and to a process for the oxidation of electron-rich aromatic compounds which comprises oxidizing electron-rich C.sub.6 -C.sub.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel benzoquinones which are useful as antihyperlipidemic agents. The present invention also provides a process for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions, and a method for treating birds and mammals in need thereof which comprises administering to said host an effective amount of a benzoquinone of the present invention.

Abstract: Quinone derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different, and independently are a hydrogen atom or a methyl or methoxy group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 combine with each other to represent --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R.sup.4 is an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group which may be substituted; R.sup.5 is a methyl or methoxy group, a hydroxymethyl group which may be substituted or a carboxyl group which may be esterified or amidated; Z is a group represented by --C.tbd.C--, --CH.dbd.CH--, ##STR2## n is an integer of 0 to 10; m is an integer of 0 to 3; k is an integer of 0 to 5, provided, however, that in the case of m being 2 or 3, Z and k can vary arbitrarily within the bracketed repeating units) are novel compounds, possess metabolism ameliorating action for polyunsaturate fatty acids, particularly production inhibitory activity of lipid peroxides (antioxidant activity), thromboxane A.sub.

Abstract: A compound having the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein A is --CH.sub.2 --, R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 or OCH.sub.3 ; R.sup.2 is hydroxy or carboxy, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid ester group; R.sup.3 is H or a lower alkyl; and n is 0 or an integer of 1 to 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: An optically active (S)- or (R)-pentane compound of the general formula (11): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.11, R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sub.14 represents a hydroxy, protected hydroxy or oxo group, if R.sub.14 is an oxo group, the ring denoting benzene in the above formula (11) is benzoquinone, R.sub.15 represents a hydrogen atom, hydroxy or acyloxy group, R.sub.16 represents a hydroxy or acyloxy group, and the chiral central carbon marked with a symbol * in said formula (11) alternatively has one of an R-configuration and an S-configuration, is disclosed. Further, intermediate products of the compound of the formula (11) are also disclosed. Still further, a process for manufacturing the above compounds is disclosed. The compound of the formula (11) is easily synthesized from an easily available optically active starting material.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of tetracyano-1,4-hydroquinone and its conversion to tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinone via a disilver salt are disclosed.

Abstract: Quinone derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different, and independently are a hydrogen atom or a methyl or methoxy group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 combine with each other to represent --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R.sup.4 is an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group which may be substituted; R.sup.5 is a methyl or methoxy group, a hydroxymethyl group which may be substituted or a carboxyl group which may be esterified or amidated; Z is a group represented by --C.dbd.C--, --CH.dbd.CH--, ##STR2## n is an integer of 0 to 10; m is an integer of 0 to 3; k is an integer of 0 to 5, provided, however, that in the case of m being 2 or 3, Z and k can vary arbitrarily within the bracketed repeating units) are novel compounds, possess metabolism ameliorating action for polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly production inhibitory activity of lipid peroxides (antioxidant activity), thromboxane A.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for removing chlorine-containing impurities from quinone compounds such as p-bezonquinone. The process involves extracting a quinone compound containing 1000 ppm or more chlorine with heptane, cyclohexane or a mixture thereof and separating the quinone compound from the extraction mixture. The process provides a means for obtaining quinone compounds containing 50 ppm or less chlorine.

Abstract: Phenols are oxidated to quinones with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of bromine, iodine, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of quinhydrones by the catalytic oxidation of aromatic diols with a peroxide in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a cerium carboxylate and a cupric carboxylate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of quinones by the catalytic oxidation of aromatic diols with a peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of ceric trihydroxyhydroperoxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the catalytic oxidation of hydroxy containing aromatic compounds to form the respective quinone compounds comprising contacting a hydroxy containing aromatic compound of the formula: ##STR1## with a molecular oxygen containing gas in the presence of: (a) a catalytic amount of a cobalt (II) compound,(b) a primary aliphatic amine having the nitrogen atom attached to a tertiary carbon, and(c) an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and benzyl alcohol,wherein X is of the formula ##STR2## wherein R is individually selected from the group of radicals consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl having from about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy having from about 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a phenyl and an aralkyl having 7 to 12 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of quinones by the catalytic oxidation of aromatic diols with a peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of certain cerium carboxylate salts.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of quinones by the catalytic oxidation of aromatic diols with a peroxide in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a cerium carboxylate and a cupric carboxylate.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of tetracyano-1,4-hydroquinone and its conversion to tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinone via a disilver salt are disclosed.

Abstract: 2,3,5-Trimethyl-p-benzoquinone is prepared by oxidation of trimethylphenol with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst containing a copper(II) halide in a two-phase reaction medium consisting of water and an aliphatic alcohol at elevated temperatures by a process in which the reaction is carried out in a mixture of water and a saturated aliphatic alcohol of 12 to 18 carbon atoms, having a flashpoint greater than 120.degree. C., such as 1-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol or 1-octadecanol, in particular 1-dodecanol, and at from 60.degree. to 100.degree. C.Particularly good yields of TMQ are obtained if the reaction is carried out in the presence of a copper(II) halide, such as CuCl.sub.2 or CuBr.sub.2, and of an alkaline earth metal halide, in particular CaCl.sub.2 or MgCl.sub.2, or of an alkali metal halide, in particular LiCl or NaCl, as the catalyst system.

Abstract: A novel benzoquinone derivative of the general formula: ##STR1## [wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and each is methyl or methoxy; n is an integer of 0 to 21; m is 0 or 1, Z is a group of the formula: ##STR2## (wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and each is hydrogen or an alkyl group which may optionally be substituted or, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together with the adjacent nitrogen atom form a morpholino group), a group of the formula: --COR.sub.5 (wherein R.sub.5 is an .alpha.-amino acid residue or a substituted or unsubstituted glucosamine residue), a group of the formula: ##STR3## (wherein R.sub.6 is a divalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms), a group of the formula: ##STR4## (wherein R.sub.6 has the same meaning as defined above) or a group of the formula: ##STR5## (wherein l is an integer of 1 to 4 and R.sub.

Abstract: An asymmetric synthesis for Vitamin E in an optically active pure form for 4-(2,5-diloweralkanoyloxy)-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl-butan-2-one and intermediates therein.

Abstract: The life of a salcomine catalyst used in the oxidation of phenols to quinones (e.g., of o-phenylphenol to phenyl-p-benzoquinone) is increased by the presence of a water- or acid-removing substance, e.g., a non-acid-forming chemical water scavenger, a molecular sieve, a weak inorganic base, or a sterically hindered organic base, in the reaction medium. Suitable water- or acid-removing substances include carbodiimides, e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; a Type 3A or 4A molecular sieve; finely divided metal oxides or metal carbonates, e.g., barium carbonate; and 2,6-lutidine. These substances chemically transform by-product carboxylic acids, and/or prevent the formation of such acids, whereby the life of the salcomine catalyst is prolonged.

Abstract: An asymmetric synthesis for Vitamin E in an optically active pure form for 4-(2,5-diloweralkanoyloxy)-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl-butan-2-one and intermediates therein.