Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) are suitable for use as herbicides: wherein R is methyl, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl or cyclopropyl, R1 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, C3-C7cycloalkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6haloalkoxy, vinyl, propenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, halogen, or optionally substituted phenyl, R2 is methyl, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl or methoxy, R3 and R4 are hydrogen or together form a double bond, A is C3-C7cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted once or twice by C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylcarbonyloxy, C2-C6alkenyl, ?O or ?N—R10, or A is cyclohexyl substituted once, at the 4-position, by one (C3-C6cycloalkyl)methoxy, C3-C6cycloalkyloxy, C2-C5alkenyl-CH2-oxy, or benzyloxy substituent, or A is decahydro-1-naphthyl or decahydro-2-naphthyl, or A is optionally substituted phenyl, and G is hydrogen or an agriculturally acceptable metal, sulfonium, ammonium or a latentiating group.

Abstract: Chelating monomers and fluoride-releasing compositions are disclosed that may be incorporated into dental composite restorative materials, dental bonding agents or other dental materials, to produce materials with high fluoride release rates, and high fluoride recharge capability. Such dental restorative materials may help reduce the level of dental caries in patients, particularly the level of caries occurring on the margins of the restorative materials.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (R)-2-(3-diisopropylamino-1-phenylpropyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-phenol isobutyrate (Fesoterodine) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having low content in impurities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetes and obesity comprising a sesquiterpene derivative as an active ingredient. The sesquiterpene derivatives of the present invention leads to decrease in body fat weight, visceral fat weight and total cholesterol levels, triglyceride of plasma and liver tissue, blood glucose and blood insulin levels in a fast state, finally exhibiting efficacies on prevention or treatment of hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetes and obesity.

Abstract: Methods to convert biobased oils, oil derivatives, and modified oils to highly functionalized esters, ester polyols, amides, and amide polyols. The products can be used to make polyurethane and polyester films and foams.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a mixture of esters according to the general formula (I), R1—C(=0)-0-R2, wherein R1 is an alkyl moiety with 5 to 11 carbon atoms and wherein R2 is a an alkyl moiety with 8 to 18 carbon atoms and wherein the mixture comprises 10 or less than 10 weight-% of ester of the general formula (I), wherein R1 is an alkyl moiety with 9 or more carbon atoms, based on the total amount of esters according to formula (I). The invention is further directed to cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical compositions comprising such esters as well as to processes for the production of such esters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a sulfonium compound represented by the formula (I): wherein Q1 and Q2 each independently represent a fluorine atom or a C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl group, R1 represents a C5-C42 organic group having a ?-ketoester structure and A+ represents an organic counter ion, and a chemically amplified photoresist composition comprising the above-mentioned sulfonium compound and a resin comprising a structural unit having an acid-labile group and being insoluble or poorly soluble in an aqueous alkali solution but becoming soluble in an aqueous alkali solution by the action of an acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to esters of general formula (I) R1—C(?O)—O—R2, wherein (1) R1 represents a linear alkyl radical having 7 to 9 carbon atoms and R2 represents a linear alkyl radical having 9 to 10 carbon atoms or (2) R1 is a linear alkyl radical having 8 to 9 carbon atoms and R2 is a linear alkyl radical having 8 carbon atoms, or (3) R1 is a linear alkyl radical having 7 to 9 carbon atoms and R2 is a linear alkyl radical having 7 carbon atoms, or (4) R1 is an alkyl radical having 7 or 8 carbon atoms and R2 is an alkyl radical having 9 carbon atoms where, if R1 is a linear alkyl radical, R2 is a branched alkyl radical, or, if R1 is a branched alkyl radical, R2 is a linear alkyl radical or (5) R1 represents an alkyl radical having 8 carbon atoms and R2 is an alkyl radical having 8 carbon atoms, where, if R1 is a linear alkyl radical, R2 is a branched alkyl radical, or, if R1 is a branched alkyl radical, R2 is a linear alkyl radical, or n-octyl isooctanoate, n-dec I isooctanoate, n-decyl isononanoate, isono

Abstract: Prodrugs of levodopa, methods of making prodrugs of levodopa, methods of using prodrugs of levodopa, and compositions of prodrugs of levodopa are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide manufacturing intermediates which can be led to useful ?-ketoamide compounds having protease-inhibiting activity extremely economically and stereoselectively, and to provide epoxycarboxamide compounds, azide compounds and amino alcohol compounds represented by the following formulae: wherein R1 and R2 each represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group; R3 represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group, R6—O— or R7—N(R8)—; where R6 represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group; R7 and R8 each represents hydrogen atom, alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group, and, R4 and R5 represent the same groups as R7 and R8, respectively, and R4 and R5 optionally form a ring together; and X represents —O— or —N(R9)—, where R9 represents hydrogen atom or alkyl group, and X optionally forms a ring together with R4 or R5, and

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus for manufacturing at least two esters. The method includes steps of: (a) reacting an acid and an alcohol mixture in a reactive distillation (RD) column to generate an alcohol-ester-water azeotrope, wherein the alcohol mixture includes at least two alcohols; (b) separating the alcohol-ester-water azeotrope as the organic mixture and water in a decanter; (c) purifying the organic mixture to generate the ester mixture in a stripper; and (d) performing the ester-ester separation on the ester mixture to generate at least two esters in a distillation column, wherein the number of at least two esters is the same with that of at least two alcohols. The unpurified ester mixture carrying heat can be refluxed into stripper for saving energy and enhancing the efficiency of purification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for processing biomass to selectively yield a variety of hydrocarbon molecules and hydrogen as products, wherein some or all of these products can be further utilized for other biomass processing sub-processes, particularly wherein they lead to the generation of biofuels and/or other high-value products.

Abstract: The present invention includes a process to dry a feed steam containing alcohol and a small quantity of water. The process includes the step of using pressure swing adsorption to produce a first alcohol stream of substantially dehydrated alcohol and a second mixed stream of water and alcohol. The second mixed stream is distilled in a distillation column to produce a relatively purified water stream and a wet alcohol stream. The wet alcohol stream is added to the feed stream. Optionally the present invention is used to recover excess methanol from a biodiesel reactor that uses one or both of the transesterification reaction and the esterification reaction. The biodiesel reactor produces a product stream comprising fatty acid esters, water and alcohol. Water and alcohol is separated from the product stream. The alcohol is dried as noted above. Dried alcohol is recycled to one or both of the transesterification reaction and the esterification reaction.

Abstract: An oligonucleotide which comprises at least one internucleotide linkage comprising a P—S—R bond and at least two nucleosides, wherein R corresponds to the formula (I) wherein A is a geminally substituted alkylene group, preferably CH2, X and Y are independently selected from S and O, and R0 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted carbon bonded organic residue, such as in particular optionally substituted alkyl or aryl, SRx, ORx and NRxRy wherein Rx and/or Ry are selected from H and organic residues and at least Rx is a substituent other than H. Another object of the invention is a sulfurizing agent useful for oligonucleotide manufacture and the manufacture thereof.

Abstract: The application discloses a Titanium oxide composition and the application thereof. The mentioned Titanium oxide composition comprises Titanium co-precipitate(s), organic acid, diol, and water. According to this application, a catalyzed poly-esterification with said Titanium oxide composition is also disclosed. The mentioned polyesterification comprises a step of adding said Titanium oxide composition into at least one stage selected from slurry stage, esterification stage, and polycondensation stage.

Abstract: A process for producing a compound which is (3R)-hydroxybutyl(3R)-hydroxybutyrate of formula (I) which process comprises submitting, to enantioselective reduction, a compound of the following formula (II), (III) or (IV).

Abstract: The invention concerns a pharmaceutical preparation which improves penetration of active substances through the tissue membrane or barrier of the target organ.

Abstract: A composition of macrocyclic oligomer with at least one (meth)acrylate polymerizable group. A method includes preparing an activated precursor of an oligomer at pseudo high-dilution conditions. A method also includes preparing an activated precursor of an oligomer by reacting the precursor with an activated coupling agent, wherein the precursor is condensable and polymerizable.

Abstract: A phosphonic acid diester derivative represented by the following general formula (1): wherein at least one of R1 and R2 denotes a leaving group.

Abstract: As means for producing a biodiesel oil from a feed oil containing a free fatty acid at high efficiency, the following processes (1) to (3) are provided: (1) a process for producing a higher fatty acid ester, comprising reacting a lower alcohol with a higher fatty acid in the presence of an amorphous carbon having a sulfonate group introduced therein, thereby producing the higher fatty acid ester; (2) a process for producing a higher fatty acid ester, comprising reacting a lower alcohol with a higher fatty acid and a higher fatty acid triglyceride in the presence of an amorphous carbon having a sulfonate group introduced therein, thereby producing the higher fatty acid ester by both of the reaction between the lower alcohol and the higher fatty acid and the reaction between the lower alcohol and the higher fatty acid triglyceride; and (3) a process for producing a higher fatty acid ester, comprising: reacting a lower alcohol with a higher fatty acid and a higher fatty acid triglyceride in the presence of an am

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of the general formula (I) where: X?S, SO or SO2; and one of the radicals R1 and R2 is a hydrogen atom and the other is a radical: a C1 to C18 linear or branched alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more halogen atom(s); a C2 to C18 linear or branched alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more halogen atom(s); an aralkyl, optionally substituted by one or more C1 to C6alkoxy group(s); or a COR3 or CONHR3, but not simultaneously, where R3 is a radical: a C1 to C18 linear or branched alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more halogen atom(s); a C2 to C18 linear or branched alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more halogen atom(s); an aralkyl, optionally substituted by one or more C1 to C6alkoxy group(s); an aralkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more C1 to C6 alkoxy groups and/or one or more OH group(s); or an aryl radical, optionally substituted by one or more C1 to C6 alkoxy group(s).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process of reducing the ash content of a biomass feedstock or a biomass fraction. Embodiments include a process of reducing the ash content of a biomass feedstock or of a biomass fraction comprising: providing a biomass or biomass fraction; adding alcohol and acid to the biomass to yield a reaction mixture; separating the reaction mixture into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction by centrifugation; and distillating the liquid and collecting the solid to recover reaction reagents. The biomass can comprise aquatic species such as lemna.

Abstract: Mixed butene streams containing butene-1 and isobutylene and optionally butene-2 are hydroformylated under conditions that hydroformylates all the monomers to yield a mixture of valeraldehydes

Abstract: [Problem] There are provided a method for production of a fatty acid alkyl ester and a system therefor, in which a high yield of the fatty acid alkyl ester is achieved even without using any special equipment and separation of a fatty acid alkyl ester phase from a glycerin phase can be carried out within an extremely short period of time. [Means to solve] The method for producing a fatty acid alkyl ester of the present invention comprises subjecting a starting oil to an ester exchange reaction with a lower alkyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to generate the fatty acid alkyl ester, wherein the ester exchange reaction step is carried out in a homogeneous phase system by adding an organic solvent selected from acetone, isopropanol and a mixture thereof to a reaction system.

Abstract: Glyceryl ether compounds prepared by the reaction of glycerol and olefin epoxides are disclosed. The compounds are renewable biomass-based surfactants useful as detergents and emulsifiers in formulations for cleaning, laundry, personal care, cosmetics, and industrial uses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production and the use of 1:1 adducts having a low monomer content from hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylates and diisocyanates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating insoluble components from sylvinite, wherein the sylvinite is suspended in a saturated salt brine, a coagulating agent is added to the suspension, and a foaming agent is then added to the composition thus obtained, said foaming agent comprising and ether and/or ester, wherein a) the ethers of formula 1 correspond to R—O—R? (1), where R is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups having 2 to 30 carbon atoms and R? is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms; b) the esters are derived from monovalent or multivalent alcohols having 1 to 30 carbon atoms (alcohol radicals); or c) the ethers and/or esters are cyclic, wherein the ring size is 6 to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process to convert a hydroxyl group (bold in R3C—OH) in a tigliane-type compound to a hydrogen (bold in R3C—H) to obtain deoxytigliane-type compounds or structural or functional analogs thereof. The process has wide application particularly to produce specific biologically active compounds in quantity for use as pharmaceuticals. In particular the process can be used to convert phorbol to a 12-deoxytigliane (prostrating which is a therapeutic lead for the treatment of AIDS. New compositions of matter are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided are an additive to an electrode for a fuel cell that is a proton conductive compound having at least one phosphate group, an electrode for a fuel cell including the same, a method of manufacturing the electrode for a fuel cell, and a fuel cell using the electrode. The additive to an electrode for a fuel cell improves the durability of a fuel cell and reduces the amount of phosphoric acid discharged during operation of the fuel cell by fixing the phosphoric acid. Accordingly, a fuel cell having improved efficiency may be prepared using the additive because of improved proton conductivity and durability.

Abstract: A catalyst and a process for preparing carboxylic acid esters from an aldehyde and an alcohol in the presence of molecular oxygen are disclosed. The catalyst comprises metals supported on a silica-containing support, wherein the metals consist essentially of palladium, lead, an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and at least one of niobium and zirconium. The process for preparing a carboxylic acid ester comprises reacting an aldehyde with an alcohol in the presence of molecular oxygen and the aforementioned catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of formula I or intermediates thereof and one more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles or diluents. The invention further provides methods of preparation and methods of use of prodrugs including NO-releasing prodrugs, double prodrugs and mutual prodrugs comprising the compounds of formula I.

Abstract: Alkenes, unsaturated saturated carboxylic acids, saturated carboxylic acids and their higher analogues are prepared cumulatively from corresponding alkanes utilizing using a multi-staged catalyst system and a multi-stage process which comprises steam cracking of alkanes to corresponding alkenes at flame temperatures and at short contact times in combination with one or more oxidation catalysts for catalytically converting the corresponding alkenes to further corresponding oxygenated products using short contact time reactor conditions.

Abstract: New solid forms of fesoterodine fumarate are described. In particular, amorphous fesoterodine fumarate, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum as shown in FIG. 1 and by an IR spectrum as shown in FIG. 2 is described. Also fesoterodine fumarate in crystalline form I, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum as shown in FIG. 3, by a DSC profile as shown in FIG. 4, by an IR spectrum as shown in FIG. 5, by a solid state 13C-NMR spectrum as shown in FIG. 6 and by a Raman spectrum as shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 is described.

Abstract: A photosensitive compound whose size is smaller than conventional polymer for photoresist, and which has well-defined (uniform) structure, and a photoresist composition including the same are disclosed. The photosensitive compound represented by the following formula. Also, the present invention provides a photoresist composition comprising 1 to 85 wt % (weight %) of the photosensitive compound; 0.05 to 15 weight parts of a photo-acid generator with respect to 100 weight parts of the photosensitive compound; and 10 to 5000 weight parts of an organic solvent. In the formula, n is 0 or 1, x is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, y is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, z is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R, R? and R? are independently hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and R?? is a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An external preparation for the skin containing isononyl 2-ethylhexanoate and/or 2-ethylhexyl 2-ethylhexanoate (i.e., component (a)); an oil-in-water emulsion type skin cosmetic composition containing the ingredient (a), (b) one or more ingredients selected from higher fatty acids and higher alcohols which are solid to semi-solid at an ordinary temperature (25° C.), (c) a homopolymer, copolymer, cross polymer, or mixture containing one or more ingredients selected from 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and acrylic acid and its derivatives as constituent units and (d) one or more ingredients selected from nonionic surfactants having an HLB value of 9 or more; and an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion type sunscreen cosmetic composition containing (a) 2-ethylhexyl 2-ethylhexanoate and/or isononyl 2-ethylhexanoate, (b) an ultraviolet absorber, (c) an ultraviolet scatterer and (d) a silicone oil.

Abstract: The use of lipopeptides as inducers of NF-?B for the protection of mammals from the effects of apoptosis is described.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for oxidizing an alcohol in an amide solvent using a mixed reagent containing hydrogen peroxide and a tungsten catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides an isolated photosynthetic microorganism with an altered lipid profile compared to its wild type or naturally occurring counterpart. The bacterium has been genetically modified such that the lipids produced are amenable to producing biodiesel fuel. Accordingly, such an isolated cyanobacterium contains a fatty acid, the length of which is less than C 16.

Abstract: A method for preparing fatty acid alkyl ester for bio-diesel fuel is disclosed, wherein fatty acid, specifically fatty acid distillate reacts with alcohol. The method does not require the glycerin purification process, and has the superior conversion ratio of fatty acid. The method for preparing fatty acid alkyl ester for bio-diesel fuel comprises the step of carrying out a counter current type esterification reaction of fatty acid and alcohol in each tray of a counter current column reactor at a temperature of 200 to 350 and a pressure of 1 to 35 bar. Here the raw material of the fatty acid is fed to an upper part of the counter current column reactor and the alcohol is fed to a lower part of the counter current column reactor. The counter current column reactor has a number of trays which are installed horizontally to have a number of vertical compartments. Each of the number of trays has an opening part at one end thereof to communicate one compartment with an adjoining compartment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing mono-carboxyfunctionalized dialkylphosphinic acids and esters and salts thereof, characterized in that a) a phosphinic acid source (I) is reacted with olefins (IV) to yield an alkylphosphonic acid, salt or ester (H) thereof in the presence of a catalyst A, b) the thus obtained alkylphosphonic acid, salt or ester (II) thereof is reacted with compounds of formula (V) to yield mono-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivatives (VI) in the presence of a catalyst B, and c) the thus obtained mono-functionalized dialkylphosphinic acid derivatives (VI) are reacted to yield a mono-carboxyfunctionalized diakylphosphinic acid derivative (III) in the presence of a catalyst C, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 are the same or different and stand independently of each other, among other things, for H, C1-C18 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C6-C18 aralkyl, C6-C18 alkylaryl and X and Y are the same or different and stand independently of each for H, C1-C18 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C6-C18 a

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing alkyl (meth)acrylates, comprising the steps of transesterifying an alkyl ?-hydroxycarboxylate with (meth)acrylic acid to obtain alkyl (meth)acrylates and ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid, and dehydrating the ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid to obtain (meth)acrylic acid.

Abstract: Acrylamido derivatives useful as therapeutic agents, particularly for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases and conditions associated with the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), such as the diseases characterized by ischemia/reperfusion, oxidative or degenerative tissue damage, are herein described. These compounds belong to the structural formula (I) wherein R, R?, R?, W and a are as defined in the specification. The invention also relates to the preparation of these compounds, as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: Methods to convert biobased oils, oil derivatives, and modified oils to highly functionalized esters, ester polyols, amides, and amide polyols. The products can be used to make polyurethane and polyester films and foams.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of sustained delivery of a tertiary amine-containing parent drug comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a prodrug compound of the invention wherein upon administration to the patient, release of the parent drug from the prodrug is sustained release. Prodrug compounds suitable for use in the methods of the invention are labile quaternary ammonium salts of tertiary amine-containing parent drugs (or tertiary imine-containing parent drugs) that are derivatized through aldehyde-linked prodrug moieties that reduce the solubility of the prodrug compound at a reference pH as compared to the parent drug. The physical, chemical and solubility properties of these derivatives can be further modulated by the choice of counterion X?. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a prodrug compound of Formula I: where R1-R5 are defined in the written description of the invention.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing biodiesel fuel, i.e., alkyl ester, from vegetable and/or animal oil. A transesterification catalyst is prepared in a base catalyst tank by spraying alkyl alcohol under pressure through jets at metal hydroxide pellets until the pellets have fully reacted with the alcohol. The oil is heated and transesterified in the presence of alkyl alcohol and the transesterification catalyst in a closed, recirculating transesterification flow system under slight cavitation to yield product alkyl ester and product glycerol. Cavitation is achieved by permitting air to enter the transesterification flow system through an adjustable air inlet valve. When permitted to stand, product alkyl ester forms an upper layer that is decanted and subjected to purification steps, to remove particulates and alkyl alcohol from the product alkyl ester, and a lower layer of product glycerol is drained away.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel preparation for use in diesel engines consisting of plant oil mono-alcohol esters and up to 20 weight percent linear and branched paraffins and olefins of chain length C5-C11 and alcohols of chain length C2-C8, whereby the paraffins, olefins and alcohols are obtained by means of gasification of biomass and subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis not involving any processing of the Fischer-Tropsch fraction by means of hydrogenating procedures and the preparation has a flash point >55° C. and a density >820 kg/m3.

Abstract: Disclosed are a composition for inhibiting a proliferation of sulphate reducing bacteria comprising at least one of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, irgasan, benzyl-2-bromoacetate, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol as effective ingredients; a method for inhibiting the proliferation of sulphate reducing bacteria comprising the step of including a sufficient amount for inhibiting the proliferation of sulphate reducing bacteria of at least one of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, irgasan, benzyl-2-bromoacetate, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol in a corrosion sensitive material or degradation sensitive material; a sheet comprising the composition; and a steel plate to which the composition is applied.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing a mixture of biofuels comprising fatty acid esters and at least one mixture of glycerol ethers from fatty substances that may contain free fatty acids and ethanol comprising: a) a step of transesterification of a vegetable or animal oil by ethanol in the presence of a catalyst based on at least one alkali metal salt or ammonium heteropolyacid salt characterized by differential heat of absorption of ammonia which is greater than or equal to 150 kJ/mol, stable at T>150° C., in order to obtain fatty acid esters and glycerol, and, b) a step of etherification of the glycerol formed during step a) by the alcohol used in step a) in the presence of the catalyst from step a) in order to obtain at least one ether of the glycerol, said steps a) and b) taking place simultaneously, in one and the same reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing alkyl esters is disclosed. The process includes reacting a feedstock that includes one or more fatty acid glycerol esters or one or more fatty acids or mixture thereof with a C1 to C4 alcohol in the presence of fly ash as a catalyst. A catalyst for the production of alkyl esters is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for processing biomass to selectively yield a variety of hydrocarbon molecules and hydrogen as products, wherein some or all of these products can be further utilized for other biomass processing sub-processes, particularly wherein they lead to the generation of biofuels and/or other high-value products.