Abstract: A process for producing difluoromethane is disclosed which includes the step of contacting a gaseous mixture containing CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 and hydrogen fluoride with a catalyst containing a catalytically effective amount of trivalent chromium supported on a carbon having an ash content of less than 0.5 percent by weight, at a temperature of from about 180.degree. C. to about 375.degree. C. The catalyst and temperature conditions of this process allow the concurrent reaction CCl.sub.3 CF.sub.3 with HF to form CCl.sub.2 FCF.sub.3. CH.sub.2 ClF and unreacted CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, each of which may be recovered as an azeotrope with HF, may be recycled.

Abstract: A halogenated compound (I) containing one or more >C.dbd.O, olefinic and/or aromatic >C.dbd.C< groups is hydrogenated for producing a halogenated compound (II) having no or a decreased level of >C.dbd.O, olefinic and/or aromatic >C.dbd.C< groups. In the hydrogenation process a liquid feed stream comprising one or more of these compounds (I) is contacted with a hydrogen-rich gaseous stream and a liquid recycle stream comprising one or more of these compounds (II) in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: Enzymatically cleavable chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane compounds capable of producing light energy when decomposed, substantially stable at room temperature before a bond by which an enzymatically cleavable labile substituent thereof is intentionally cleaved, are disclosed. These compounds can be represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein: X and X.sup.1 each represent, individually, hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a halo substituent, an unsubstituted lower alkyl group, a hydroxy (lower) alkyl group, a halo (lower) alkyl group, a phenyl group, a halophenyl group, an alkoxyphenyl group, a hydroxyalkoxy group, a cyano group or an amide group, with at least one of X and X.sup.1 being other than hydrogen; andR.sub.1 and R.sub.2, individually or together, represent an organic substituent that does not interfere with the production of light when the dioxetane compound is enzymatically cleaved and that satisfies the valence of the dioxetane compound's 4-carbon atom, with the provisos that if R.sup.1 and R.sub.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions of hydrofluoric acid with at least one of 1,1-dichloroethane, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane and 1,1-difluoroethane. The invention also relates to manufacturing processes for separating hydrofluoric acid from a mixture comprising hydrofluoric acid and one or more of the 1,1-dihaloethane.

Abstract: A method for producing biosorbents for adsorption of PCB's in which at least one proteinaceous material is contacted with a molar excess of at least one PCB congener mixture, forming a protein/PCB congener mixture. The protein/PCB congener mixture is dried after which the PCB congeners are extracted from the dried protein/PCB congener mixture forming a biosorbent in the form of an imprinted protein.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an improved process for the preparation of spirocyclic lactams which utilizes diiodides in the spiro alkylation of lactams N-substituted with a tertiary amine group. The resultant spirocyclic lactams are useful in the production of various substituted azaspiranes which are useful as immunomodulatory agents.

Abstract: The present invention provides an efficient process for the production of ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride, in which some 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) may also be produced, by reacting chlorine with ethane. The process is characterized by a conversion of ethane per pass through the reactor of at least about 50%, and a combined molar yield of ethylene and vinyl chloride of at least about 80% based on the ethane consumed. In accordance with this invention, there is provided a process for preparing ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride by the reaction of ethane and chlorine which comprises:(a) providing a stream of ethane feed gas and a stream of chlorine feed gas;(b) preheating either said ethane stream only or both said ethane and chlorine streams;(c) thoroughly mixing said ethane and chlorine feed gases within about one second and at a molar ratio of ethane to chlorine of at least about 0.9:1.

Abstract: A process for reacting ethane with chlorine to produce a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride is disclosed. The process involves the intimate mixing of ethane and chlorine in an ethane to chlorine ratio of at least about 0.9:1 at a temperature such that ethane and chlorine do not react during mixing, and heating the mixture to a temperature above about 215.degree. C. to commence the reaction, allowing the reaction to proceed for a period of less than about 1 minute, and providing sufficient heat to the reacting mixture so that the reacted mixture will have a temperature between about 400.degree. C. and about 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A process comprising preparing an aromatic carboxylic ester and an alkyl iodide by carboxylating an aromatic iodide in the presence of an alkylating agent and a catalytic amount of a transition metal under aromatic carboxylic ester and alkyl iodide forming conditions of temperature, pressure and ultrasound.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing saturated halohydrocarbons containing fluorine which comprises the step of reacting certain saturated or olefinic compounds at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of at least one material selected from the group consisting of iodine and hydrogen iodide, or with hydrogen iodide. Also disclosed s a process for producing certain chloromethanes which comprises the step of reacting CCl.sub.4 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide; and a process for producing CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CHCF.sub.3 which comprises the step of reacting CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CClCF.sub.3 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide.

Abstract: Branched-chain diols and a method of forming them by reacting 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane and perfluoropropylene to obtain branched-chain diiodide adducts thereof, reacting the diiodide adducts with ethylene to obtain I--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --R--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --I, wherein R is a branched-chain perfluoroalkyl radical, and hydrolysing the iodo groups to alcohols to obtain HO--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --R--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --OH. These diols can be reacted with branched-chain diisocyanates to form polyurethanes of better processability and lower glass transition temperatures than polyurethanes prepared from linear fluorinated monomers.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing saturated halohydrocarbons containing fluorine which comprises the step of reacting certain saturated or olefinic compounds at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of at least one material selected from the group consisting of iodine and hydrogen iodide, or with hydrogen iodide. Also disclosed is a process for producing certain chloromethanes which comprises the step of reacting CCl.sub.4 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide; and a process for producing CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CHCF.sub.3 which comprises the step of reacting CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CClCF.sub.3 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide.

Abstract: A method of preparing an aryl alkene compound comprising reacting an iodoaromatic compound an alkene and an alkanol in the presence of a palladium catalyst and the absence of a Bronsted base.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of an aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodide by the carbonylation of an aromatic iodide in the absence of a Bronsted base and in the presence of an ether and a nickel catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for the manufacture of aromatic carboxylic acid esters by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides wherein the amount of the corresponding unesterified carboxylic acid in the product obtained from the process is minimized. The process comprises carbonylating an aromatic iodide in the presence of carbon monoxide, a Group VIII metal catalyst, an inorganic adsorbent and an alkanol to co-produce an aromatic carboxylic acid ester and an alkyl iodide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an alkanol and a palladium catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylates and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an alkanol and a rhodium catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylates and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an alkanol and a ruthenium catalyst.

Abstract: Methods and kits for incorporating a radioactive astatine isotope (particularly .sup.211 At) into an organic compound by electrophilic astatodestannylation of organostannanes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylates and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an alkanol and a nickel catalyst.

Abstract: A process for preparing an aromatic carboxylic ester and an alkyl iodide by carbonylating an aromatic iodide in the presence of an ether, a catalytic amount of a transition metal and a strong acid promoter.

Abstract: The reactions of chlorination of the pyridine compounds are conducted by means of molecular chlorine, with the use, as free-radical forming initiator, of a decachlorobutane or an octachlorobutene such as octachlorobutene-1 or a crude mixture of these chlorine-containing products obtained by additive chlorination of hexachlorobutadiene-1,3.Good rates of conversion are obtained, and good yields at moderate temperatures.The method is applied, for example, to the chlorination of pyridine and beta-picoline.

Abstract: A process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an ether and an iridium catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an ether and a palladium catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an ether and a ruthunium catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the co-production of aromatic carboxylic esters and alkyl iodides by the carbonylation of aromatic iodides in the presence of an ether and a rhodium catalyst.

Abstract: Organic haloformate, e.g., chloroformate, compounds are converted to their corresponding halides, e.g., chlorides, by heating the haloformate, e.g., between 90.degree. C. and 150.degree. C., in the presence of a catalytic amount of a carbon catalyst for a time sufficient to convert the haloformate to the corresponding halide.

Abstract: The substitution chlorination reactions of organic compounds are carried out by means of molecular chlorine, using, as a radical initiator, decachlorobutane or an octachlorobutane such as octachlorobut-1-ene or a mixture containing these two products.Good degrees of conversion and good yields are obtained at moderate temperatures.The process is, for example, applicable to the substitution chlorination of benzene and of chloroform.

Abstract: The self condensation of monovinyl aromatic compounds to acyclic dimers, the cross-reaction of monovinyl aromatic compounds with olefins in the presence of acid catalysts to produce cyclialkylated aromatic compounds, and the production of cyclialkylated aromatic compounds by reaction of olefins with acyclic dimers of monovinyl aromatic compounds in the presence of acid catalysts is improved by employing a tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide solvent.

Abstract: Dielectric, cooling or arc-extinguishing fluids comprise a mixture of tetrachlorodifluoroethane and perchloroethylene, optionally with incorporation of a third component which is preferably trichlorotrifluoroethane. Transformer and circuit-interrupter apparatus containing such dielectric fluids are also described.

Abstract: (2R,6R)-1-Chloro-2,6,10-trimethyl-undecane I, (R)-(+)-.beta.-chloro-isobutyric acid II, (S)-(+)-1-bromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane IV and (2R)-(+)-1-chloro-2,6-dimethyl-heptane V are novel optically active units for the synthesis of the side chain of (R,R,R)-.alpha.-tocopherol. In the process according to the invention, the optically active C.sub.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride polymers are prepared by polymerizing a monomer component that comprises vinyl chloride in an aqueous medium in the presence of a free radical-generating polymerization initiator and 0.01% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the monomer component, of a chain-transfer agent that is a mercapto organic compound having at least one beta-ether linkage. The process can be used to produce low molecular weight vinyl chloride polymers.

Abstract: A liquid halogenated hydrogenated hydrocarbon composition suitable for use as a dielectric and/or arc-extinguishing fluid in electrical apparatus, which comprises(a) a major proportion by weight of one or more halogenated paraffinic hydrocarbons having at least 8 carbon atoms and containing from 40% to 70% by weight of halogn based on the halogenated paraffinic hydrocarbon, and(b) a minor proportion by weight of at least one non-flammable viscosity-reducing additive for the halogenated paraffinic hydrocarbon (a) which contains at least 50% by weight of halogen based on the additive and is a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.Suitable electrical apparatus may comprise a circuit interruption device such as a switchgear.

Abstract: The compounds are 4-phenyl-4-lower alkyl-substituted-3-buten-2-ones, and -2-halo-1,3-butadienes, e.g., 2-(p-biphenylyl)-2-penten-4-one, and are useful as pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A method for preparing cyclotetrasiloxane, aliphatic chlorides and/or acyl chlorides from a chlorosilane and an acyloxy compound is disclosed. The chlorosilane and the acyloxy compound may be present as substantially equimolar amounts of separate compounds or they may be present in the same molecule in equimolar amounts. The reactants are merely heated sufficiently, with or without a soluble halide salt catalyst, to form the products. Advantageously this method can provide cyclotetrasiloxanes having water-sensitive radicals such as silicon-bonded chlorine atoms and/or silicon-bonded acyl chloride radicals.

Abstract: A method for preparing cyclotetrasiloxane, aliphatic chlorides and/or acyl chlorides from a cyclotrisiloxane, a chlorosilane and an acyloxy compound is disclosed. The chlorosilane and the acyloxy compound may be present as substantially equimolar amounts of separate compounds or they may be present in the same molecule in equimolar amounts. The reactants are merely heated sufficiently, with or without a soluble halide salt catalyst, to form the products. Advantageously this method can provide cyclotetrasiloxanes having water-sensitive radicals such as silicon-bonded chlorine atoms and/or silicon-bonded acyl chloride radicals. This method also provides a method for preparing cyclotetrasiloxanes having either one type of siloxane unit (non-mixed cyclotetrasiloxanes) or more than one type of siloxane unit (mixed cyclotetrasiloxanes).