Abstract: A process is described for reducing the oxygen content of a high-oxygen feedstock. The process is particularly suitable for biomass-based feedstocks. The process comprises contacting the feedstock with carbon monoxide and/or coke in the presence of a catalyst. Conveniently, the coke may be present in the form of a deposit on the catalyst. Carbon monoxide may be generated in a regeneration step of the catalyst. The process may be carried out in conventional refinery equipment.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of ethylene and/or propylene comprising reacting an oxygenate feed and an olefinic co-feed in a reactor in the presence of a zeolite catalyst to prepare an olefinic reaction mixture; wherein the olefinic co-feed is partially obtained from an olefinic refinery stream and partially obtained from a olefinic recycle stream.

Abstract: A process to prepare propylene showing desirably increased selectivity comprises contacting, at an elevated temperature, ethanol and a rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, under conditions suitable to form propylene. The rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst may be prepared by impregnating, in an aqueous or organic medium, a ZSM-5 zeolite with a rhenium source, under conditions suitable to form a catalyst precursor, and calcining the catalyst precursor under conditions suitable to form a rhenium oxide-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.

Abstract: A mixture can include 0.01 to 30 weight % of a medium or large pore crystalline silicoaluminate, silicoaluminophosphate materials, or silicoaluminate mesoporous molecular sieves (A), and 99.99 to 70 weight % of a MeAPO molecular sieve. The mixture can be included in a catalyst. An XTO process can include contacting an oxygen-containing, halogenide-containing, or sulphur-containing organic feedstock with the catalyst under conditions effective to convert the organic feedstock to olefin products. A combined XTO and OCP process can include contacting the organic feedstock with the catalyst at conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the organic feedstock to form an XTO reactor effluent including light olefins and a heavy hydrocarbon fraction, separating the light olefins from the heavy hydrocarbon fraction, and contacting the heavy hydrocarbon fraction in an OCP reactor at conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the heavy hydrocarbon fraction to light olefins.

Abstract: There is provided a composition comprising (a) one or more cyclopropene complex, and (b) 0-10% water by weight based on the weight of said composition, wherein the mole ratio of cyclopropene in said composition to molecular encapsulating agent in said composition is 0.92:1 or higher, or wherein the composition is in the form of a powder and, in a two-dimensional image of a representative sample of said powder, 20% or more of the area of the images of the particles of said cyclopropene complex, based on the area of all the images of all the particles of said cyclopropene complex in said image of said sample, is in the form of particles of said cyclopropene complex that have width dimension of 10 micrometers or larger. Also provided is a process for making a composition comprising cyclopropene complex.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for producing an olefin through decarbonylation of a carboxylic acid having a ?-hydrogen atom or a derivative thereof in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal element selected from Groups 9, 10, and 11 metals under conditions with a concentration of carbon monoxide of not less than 41 mmol/L.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrocarbon from biomass. A feed stream containing biomass having fatty acids, mono-, di-, and/or triglycerides, and a phosphorus content of between about 1 wppm and about 1,000 wppm is provided. A heated hydrocarbon solvent and a hydrogen-rich gas are provided. The feed stream, the heated hydrocarbon solvent, and the hydrogen-rich gas are combined in the presence of a low activity hydrogenation catalyst. A spent low activity hydrogenation catalyst is recovered at the end of a run wherein the spent low activity hydrogenation catalyst contains at least 3% by weight phosphorus.

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas wherein the synthesis gas is fed to a reactor in which a catalyst acts on the feed at a temperature of between 160° C. and 400° C. and a pressure of between 1 bar and 5 bar. The feed includes a compound containing one or both nitrogen and phosphorus added to the reactor with the synthesis gas. The compound containing nitrogen typically constitutes at least 1 vol % and preferably of the order of 4 to 20 vol % or more of the feed. The carbonaceous gas may be carbon monoxide with a ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas of from 0.5:1 to 5:1. The catalyst is preferably a supported cobalt catalyst and may be modified with a promoter. The process produces an enhanced proportion of olefins, in the hydrocarbons produced.

Abstract: A novel olefin production process is provided which can be established as an industrial and practical process capable of producing olefins by directly reacting a ketone and hydrogen in a single reaction step. In particular, a novel olefin production process is provided in which propylene is obtained with high selectivity by directly reacting acetone and hydrogen. The olefin production process according to the present invention includes reacting a ketone and hydrogen in the presence of at least one dehydration catalyst and a silver-containing catalyst, and the at least one dehydration catalyst is selected from metal oxide catalysts containing a Group 6 element, zeolites, aluminas and heteropoly acid salts in which part or all the protons in heteropoly acids are exchanged with metal cations.

Abstract: Process for producing hydrocarbons from a carboxylic acid by feeding hydrogen and a reaction composition containing a carboxylic acid to a reactor, maintaining reaction conditions such that the hydrogen reacts with the carboxylic acid to produce a C1 compound including CO, CO2 and CH4, and one or more product hydrocarbons derived from the carboxylic acid. The reaction between hydrogen and the carboxylic acid is catalysed. A product stream is removed from the reactor including unreacted hydrogen, at least one C1 compound, and at least one product hydrocarbon. One or more parameters of the reaction are controlled such that the molar ratio of C1 compounds produced by the reaction to the carboxylate groups present in the carboxylic acid in the reaction composition is maintained above a value of 0.37:1, and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to the sum of carbon monoxide and methane is maintained above a value of 0.58:1.

Abstract: A method of converting ethanol to a diesel fuel base stock comprises: a reaction stage (a) of contacting the ethanol with an acid catalyst, amorphous or structured, predominantly mesoporous, for example at a temperature of 300° C. to 500° C., at a pressure of 2 to 10 MPa and at a WHSV of 0.2 to 4 h?1, producing a gas phase, an organic liquid phase and an aqueous liquid phase, and a stage (b) of separating said gas phase, said organic liquid phase and said aqueous liquid phase at a pressure close to the reaction pressure. The method can involve recycling at least part of the gas phase separated in stage (b) to stage (a), and hydrogenating at least part of the organic liquid phase separated in stage (b).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of pyrolysis oil and also to a process for upgrading of pyrolysis oil implementing said HDO process, and also to processing of the aqueous phase resulting from the HDO by steam pre-reforming and then steam reforming.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the catalytic hydrotreatment of a load based on a diesel fuel oil and a biological load based on plant oils and/or animal fats in a hydrotreatment unit. The invention is characterized in that the hydrotreatment unit comprises at least one hydrotreatment reactor operating on a countercurrent. The invention also relates to a hydrotreatment unit for implementing said method, and a corresponding hydrorefining unit.

Abstract: A process for converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to provide an effluent containing light olefins, the process comprising passing a hydrocarbon feedstock, the feedstock containing at least one C1 to C6 aliphatic hetero compound selected from alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds and mixtures thereof and steam in an amount whereby the feedstock contains up to 80 weight % steam, through a reactor containing a crystalline silicate catalyst to produce an effluent including propylene, the crystalline silicate having been subjected to de-alumination by a steaming step and being selected from at least one of an MFI-type crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio of from 250 to 500 and an MEL-type crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio or from 150 to 800.

Abstract: The present invention is directed generally to a method of production of value-added, biobased chemicals from lignin sources, including waste lignin. A method of using a depolymerization of lignin to create a tiered production of biobased aromatic chemicals and biofuels is also described herein. The method described herein may also allow for the selective production of the biobased aromatic chemicals and biofuels. Additionally, a reduction of waste products may also be provided from the present method.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for production of lower olefins from a raw material containing dimethyl ether (DME), which can produce lower olefins (e.g. propylene) with good yield and in an economically advantageous manner by prolonging the time until the reversible deactivation of a zeolite catalyst and preventing the irreversible deactivation of the catalyst, can reduce the amount of water to be recycled to increase the thermal efficiency of the process, and can simplify the facilities and operations. Also disclosed is a method for improving the yield of propylene with good efficiency under practical operating conditions. A feed gas which comprises a DME-containing feedstock gas and an additive gas and further contains steam at a specific proportion is introduced into an olefin synthesis reactor to contact the feed gas with a zeolite catalyst, thereby producing a hydrocarbon product containing C2-C5 olefins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to production of fuels or fuel blendstocks from renewable sources. Various embodiments provide a method of producing a hydrocarbon product by hydrotreating a feedstock including at least one of a renewable triacylglyceride (TAG), renewable free fatty acid (FFA), and renewable fatty acid C1-C5 alkyl ester (C1-C5 FAE) in the presence of a nonsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product including hydrocarbons. In some examples, the first product can be subjected to further chemical transformations such as aromatization, cracking, or isomerization to produce a second product including hydrocarbons. In various embodiments, the first or second hydrocarbon product with minimal or substantially no further processing can be suitable as a liquid transportation fuel or fuel blendstock, including fuels such as gasoline, naptha, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuels.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for fluid catalytic cracking of oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds such as glycerol and bio-oil. In the process the oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds are contacted with a fluid cracking catalyst material for a period of less than 3 seconds. In a preferred process a crude-oil derived material, such as VGO, is also contacted with the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst composition useful in a process for producing lower olefins from a oxygenate feedstream, a process for producing said catalyst composition and a process for producing lower olefins comprising contacting a oxygenate feedstream with the catalyst composition M1-M2-P/ZSM-5 with an oxygenate-comprising feedstream, wherein M1 is one or more basic species, M2 is one or more redox elements selected from Groups 6-8 of the Periodic Table of Elements and Sn and P is phosphorus, wherein said basic species is a molecular entity forming a weak Lewis base and/or a weak Bronsted base in the catalyst composition. In addition thereto, the present invention relates to an integrated process for producing lower olefins from a feedstream comprising hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing olefins from a feed comprising at least methane, ethane and carbon dioxide. The feed is separated into at least a methane-comprising feed, an ethane-comprising feed and a carbon dioxide-comprising feed. At least part of the methane-comprising feed is converted to a synthesis gas. The ethane-comprising feed is cracked to obtain at least olefins and hydrogen. At least part of the carbon dioxide-comprising feed and at least part of the synthesis gas are used to synthesis oxygenates. At least part of the oxygenates are converted in an oxygenate-to-olefin (OTO) zone to obtain at least olefins and hydrogen. At least part of the cracking effluent and at least part of the OTO zone effluent are combined to obtain a combined effluent from which hydrogen is separated. At least part of the hydrogen is supplied to the oxygenate synthesis zone.

Abstract: A lignocellulosic biomass material is converted into precursors for liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels by contacting the biomass material with water and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature, typically from 280 to 350° C., an elevated pressure, typically a total system pressure of 12 to 30 MPa and a CO partial pressure from 5 to 10 MPa and a weight ratio of water:biomass material from 0.5:1 to 5.0:1, to dissolve the biomass material into the reaction mixture and depolymerize, deoxygenate and hydrogenate the lignocellulose biomass material, so converting the biomass material into liquid transportation fuel precursors.

Abstract: A pyrolysis oil derived from a lignocellulosic biomass material is converted into precursors for liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels by contacting the oil with water and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature, typically from 280 to 350° C., an elevated pressure, typically a total system pressure of 12 to 30 MPa and a CO partial pressure from 5 to 10 MPa and a weight ratio of water:biomass oil from 0.5:1 to 5.0:1, to dissolve the oil into the reaction mixture and depolymerize, deoxygenate and hydrogenate the oil, so converting it into liquid transportation fuel precursors.

Abstract: Biomass based feeds are processed under hydrothermal treatment conditions, e.g., to produce a hydrocarbon liquid product and a solids portion. The hydrothermal treatment can be performed in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst particles that can optionally include a catalyst metal or metal salt. The presence of the heterogeneous catalyst can modify the nature of the hydrocarbon products produced from the hydrothermal treatment.

Abstract: Biomass pyrolysis oil is converted into precursors for hydrocarbon transportation fuels by contacting the oil with liquid superheated water or supercritical water to depolymerize and deoxygenate the components of the oil and form the transportation fuel precursors. Temperatures above 200° C. and preferably above 300° C. are preferred with supercritical water at temperatures above 374° C. and pressures above 22 MPA providing the capability for fast conversion rates.

Abstract: In processing of biomass by catalytic cracking in a fluidized catalytic cracker having a reaction zone, a separation zone, a stripping zone, and a regeneration zone, the feedstock oil containing the biomass is processed in the reaction zone using a catalyst containing 10 to 50 mass % of ultrastable Y-type zeolite under the conditions: outlet temperature of the reaction zone 580 to 680° C., catalyst/oil ratio 10 to 40 wt/wt, reaction pressure 1 to 3 kg/cm2 G, and contact time of the feedstock oil with the catalyst in the reaction zone 0.1 to 1.0 sec, and the catalyst is then treated in the regeneration zone under the conditions: regeneration zone temperature 640 to 720° C., regeneration zone pressure 1 to 3 kg/cm2 G, and exhaust gas oxygen concentration at the regeneration zone outlet 0 to 3 mol %.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the rejuvenation of a spent molecular sieve, comprising at least the steps of: (a) treating the spent molecular sieve catalyst with an aqueous solution comprising at least one acid to provide a rejuvenated molecular sieve catalyst and a spent aqueous solution; (b) removing spent aqueous solution from the rejuvenated molecular sieve catalyst to provide the rejuvenated molecular sieve catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing propylene, which including feeding at least one of dimethyl ether and methanol to a reactor to be reacted in the presence of a catalyst; supplying an obtained reaction product to a separator by which low-boiling compounds having a boiling point of ?50° C. or lower at atmospheric pressure among the reaction product are separated; and recycling a proportion of at least 70% of a total amount of the separated low-boiling compounds to said reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides in a method for producing propylene from a hydrocarbon raw material containing ethylene in an amount exceeding 50% by mass under the co-existence of water, a method for producing propylene stably over a long term from ethylene in a high yield and with the reaction/regeneration repeated. A method for producing propylene includes a step for catalytically converting a hydrocarbon raw material containing ethylene in an amount exceeding 50% by mass with a zeolite-containing catalyst while supplying water, wherein a zeolite contained in the zeolite-containing catalyst satisfies (1) to (3) shown below; (1) the zeolite is an MFI zeolite, (2) a zeolite crystallization index obtained from an X-ray diffraction spectrum is 3.3 or more, and (3) a molar ratio of silica/alumina (SiO2/Al2O3) is 20 to 300.

Abstract: Process for the production of a hydrocarbon by reacting, in a reactor, a reactant selected from methanol, dimethyl ether, methyl acetate and mixtures thereof, with an olefin. The process is performed in the presence of methyl halide and/or hydrogen halide and at least one compound selected from ruthenium carbonyl halides, osmium carbonyl halides and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process for recovering ethylene is disclosed, the process including: recovering a ethylene-containing stream comprising methane, ethylene, and nitrogen oxides from at least one of an ethylene production process and an ethylene recovery process; separating the ethylene-containing stream via extractive distillation using at least one C2+ hydrocarbon absorbent to produce an overheads fraction comprising methane and nitrogen oxides and a bottoms fraction comprising the at least one C2+ hydrocarbon absorbent and ethylene; wherein the separating comprises operating the extractive distillation at temperatures and pressures sufficient to prevent any substantial conversion of nitrogen oxides to N2O3.

Abstract: Process for producing mono-olefins(s) from a feedstock A containing ethanol and propanol, wherein ethanol and propanol are dehydrated into the corresponding same carbon number olefins. The process is performed by 1. reacting feedstock A in a vapor phase dehydration reactor wherein the ethanol and propanol alcohols are converted into a product stream B comprising ethylene, propylene, ethers, water and unconverted alcohols, 2. cooling the product stream B, 3. disengaging the cooled product stream B in a separation unit to give a first stream C containing ethylene, propylene and ethers, and a second product stream D containing water, ethers and unconverted alcohols, 4. feeding the product stream D to a dewatering column wherein the water stream F is separated from the ethers and unconverted alcohols stream E, 5. recycling the stream E into the dehydration reactor of step 1, and 6. cooling the product stream C.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to methods, systems, and compositions for preparing a solid biomass for fast pyrolysis. The method includes contacting the solid biomass with an inorganic material present in an effective amount for increasing fast pyrolysis yield of an organic liquid product (e.g., bio-oil). In various embodiments, the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Process for producing ethylene from an ethanol feedstock A by (1) reacting the ethanol feedstock A in a vapor phase reactor wherein the ethanol is converted at a temperature between 160 and 270° C. and at a pressure of above 0.1 MPa but less than 4.5 MPa, into a product stream B containing ethylene, diethyl ethers, water and unconverted ethanol, (2) cooling the product stream B, (3) disengaging the cooled product stream B in a separation unit to give a first stream C containing ethylene and diethyl ethers, and a second product stream D containing water, diethyl ethers and unconverted ethanol, (4) feeding the product stream D to a dewatering unit wherein the water stream F is separated from the diethyl ethers and unconverted ethanol stream E, (5) recycling the stream E into the dehydration reactor of step 1, (6) cooling the product stream C, and (7) feeding the cooled product stream C to a purification unit wherein the diethyl ethers stream G is separated from the ethylene stream H.

Abstract: The invention involves a process for converting an oxygenate-containing feed into an olefin-containing product comprising: (a) providing a co-catalyst oxide of a metal from Groups 2-4 of the Periodic Table of Elements, Lanthanides, Actinides, and combinations thereof, (b) contacting the metal oxide with nitromethane under conditions sufficient for the nitromethane to adsorb onto the metal oxide; (c) analyzing the nitromethane-adsorbed metal oxide using NMR to determine a basic site density of the metal oxide; (d) providing a catalyst system comprising a primary catalyst comprising aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates, silicoaluminophosphates, and metal-containing derivatives and combinations thereof, and the co-catalyst metal oxide whose basic site density is ?0.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for producing olefin product from an oxygenate feed that includes dimethyl ether (DME). The process uses an olefin forming catalyst that contains a porous crystalline material, preferably a porous crystalline aluminosilicate molecular sieve material. The process produces high quantities of light olefin (i.e., ethylene, propylene, and mixtures thereof).

Abstract: Convert a methylamine (e.g. monomethylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine) to a mixture of olefins (e.g. ethylene, propylene and butylene) by placing the methylamine, optionally in a mixture with at least one of ammonia and an inert diluent, in contact with a microporous acidic silicoaluminophosphate catalyst or a microporous aluminosilicate catalyst.

Abstract: A ternary V—Ti—P mixed oxide is shown to catalytically dehydrate 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran in high conversion to give piperylene, in good yield. Volatile products collected from this reaction contain piperylene in concentrations as high as 80 percent by weight. Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein in high conversion and moderate selectivity is also demonstrated. The catalyst is also shown to dehydrate other alcohols and ether substrates. The catalyst is resistant to deactivation and maintains activity between runs.

Abstract: A process for isolating at least one target compound, such as manool, geranyl linalool, ethyl guaiacol, eugenol, veratraldehyde, squalene, terpin, cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, stigmastenol and dehydroabietic acid, from biomass, the process including steps of: obtaining a condensate from a recovery evaporator, a reverse osmosis retentate of a condensate of a pulp and paper mill, or both, the condensate, retentate or both being substantially free of higher molecular weight (approximately >1000 Da) cellulose and/or lignin and/or lignin-derived material; optionally pH adjusting and filtering the condensate to collect insoluble material; extracting the condensate, the collected insoluble material, or both, with solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction or solid-liquid extraction to produce an extract containing the at least one target compound; and optionally purifying the extract containing the at least one target compound by thermal fractionation, chromatographic separ

Abstract: A process for conversion of methanol to olefins (MTO), including: contacting methanol and air in a methanol-to-olefins reactor; recovering an effluent from the methanol-to-olefins reactor comprising methanol, ethylene, and nitrogen oxides; separating the effluent via one or more reactive distillation and/or distillation stages using a hydrocarbon absorbent to recover a first fraction comprising ethylene and a second fraction comprising methane; wherein the separating comprises operating the one or more extractive distillation and/or distillation stages at temperatures and pressures sufficient to prevent any substantial conversion of nitrogen oxides to N2O3.

Abstract: A process for the production of olefins from at least one of an alcohol and ether, the process including: contacting at least one alcohol or ether with a hydrofluoric acid-treated amorphous synthetic alumina-silica catalyst under decomposition conditions to produce an olefin.

Abstract: The catalyst comprises at least a metal component and at least a non-metallic conducting component as supplement component. The metal component generally contains one or more metals of the groups VIb, VIIb or VIIIb of the periodic table. The supplement component is e.g. a conducting carbon material like graphite, a conducting polymer or a conducting metal oxide. Preferably it is hydrophobic or made hydrophobic. The catalyst is used for hydroprocessing of bio-feedstock like vegetable oils to produce fuels, which are aliphatic hydrocarbons comparable to conventional fuel from mineral oil.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon fuel from a hydrocarbon-containing gas is disclosed and described. A hydrocarbon-containing gas is produced (10) containing from about 25% to about 50% carbon dioxide and can be reformed (12) with a steam gas to form a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reforming can be a composite dry-wet reforming or a tri-reforming step. The mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be at least partially converted (14) to a methanol product. The methanol product can be converted to the hydrocarbon fuel (18), optionally via DME synthesis (16). The method allows for effective fuel production with low catalyst fouling rates and for operation in an unmanned, self-contained unit at the source of the hydrocarbon-producing gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and units for mitigation of carbon oxides during hydrotreating hydrocarbons including mineral oil based streams and biological oil based streams. A hydrotreating unit includes a first hydrotreating reactor for receiving a mineral oil based hydrocarbon stream and forming a first hydrotreated product stream, and a second hydrotreating reactor for receiving a biological oil based hydrocarbon stream and forming a second hydrotreated product stream.

Abstract: A process for combining the catalytic conversion of organic oxygenates and the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons: an organic oxygenate feedstock is contacted with a Y-zeolite containing catalyst to produce a reaction stream, and a coked catalyst and a product stream are obtained after separating the reaction stream; a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a Y-zeolite containing catalyst to produce a reaction stream, a spent catalyst and a reaction oil vapor are obtained after separating the reaction stream, and the reaction oil vapor is further separated to give the products such as gas, gasoline and the like; a part or all of the coked catalyst and a part or all of the spent catalyst enter the regenerator for the coke-burning regeneration, and the regenerated catalyst is divided into two portions, wherein one portion returns to be contacted with the hydrocarbon feedstock, and the other portion, after cooling, returns to be contacted with the organic oxygenate feedstock.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method to synthesize hydrocarbons directly from water and atmospheric air in the presence of small amount of hydrocarbons. A module apparatus for gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons production and a technological process of hydrocarbons synthesis is provided. The peculiarity of the developed technological process is that atmospheric air and water are consumed in the process of synthesis, while a hydrocarbon matrix is maintained unconsumed. The apparatus consists of a hydrocarbon synthesis chamber, a sump tank to collect hydro carbonic condensation derived in the process of synthesis, and a bubbling chamber. All of the chambers as well as sump tank are interconnected by means of pipes. The synthesis chamber is equipped with devices to supply water. Furthermore, the bumbling chamber is equipped with device to supply atmospheric air inside the chamber.

Abstract: A process to make light olefins from an oxygen-containing, halogenide-containing or sulphur-containing organic feedstock is disclosed. The process includes contacting the feedstock in a primary reactor with a catalyst that includes a metalloaluminophosphate (MeAPO) molecular sieve to form a first reactor effluent that includes a light olefins and a heavy hydrocarbon fraction. The process further includes separating the light olefins from the heavy hydrocarbon fraction and contacting the heavy hydrocarbon fraction in a second reactor to convert the heavy hydrocarbon fraction to light olefins. The MeAPO molecular sieve is expressed by the formula HxMeyAlzPkO2 where y+z+k=1, x is less than or equal to y, y is from 0.0008 to 0.4, z is from 0.25 to 0.67, and k is from 0.2 to 0.67. The MeAPO molecular sieve has a predominantly plate crystal morphology where the width divided by the thickness is greater than or equal to 10.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to paraffins useful as liquid fuels. The process involves the conversion of water soluble oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenates, such as alcohols, furans, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, followed by the subsequent conversion of the oxygenates to paraffins by dehydration and alkylation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: A method of refining a natural oil includes: (a) providing a feedstock that includes a natural oil; (b) reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a metathesized product that includes olefins and esters; (c) passivating residual metathesis catalyst with an agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a salt and/or an ester of a phosphorous oxo acid, (ii) a derivative of the phosphorous oxo acid in which at least one P—H bond has been replaced by a P—C bond, (iii) a salt and/or an ester of the derivative, and (iv) combinations thereof; (d) separating the olefins in the metathesized product from the esters in the metathesized product; and (e) transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product and/or hydrogenating the olefins to form a fully or partially saturated hydrogenated product.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for producing fuels and solvents from fatty acid re-extraction sources. In general, the pyrolysis products of fatty acids are extracted in order to remove residual fatty acids and produce very pure hydrocarbon compositions composed of alkanes and alkenes. The fatty acids removed from the extraction step can be further pyrolyzed to produce additional hydrocarbons or, in the alternative, the fatty acids can be isolated and used in other applications. Also disclosed herein are fuels and solvents produced by the methods described herein.

Abstract: The patent application relates to a method of producing a monomer component from a genetically modified polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biomass, wherein the biomass is heated in the presence of a catalyst to release a monomer component from the PHA.