Abstract: A hydrogen fluoride vapor phase corrosion method comprises: introducing a prescribed vaporized organic liquid into a reaction chamber after a vapor phase hydrogen fluoride containing water reacts, in the reaction chamber, with a wafer; the prescribed vaporized organic liquid, and the water remaining on a surface of the wafer form an azeotropic mixture; and evaporating or volatilizing the azeotropic mixture from the surface of the wafer to carry it out.

Abstract: An alkylation process and apparatus are described. The alkylation process includes pre-mixing a paraffin stream with an ionic liquid catalyst stream from a settler. The premixed paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst stream is mixed in a low-efficiency pump to form a paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst mixture. An olefin feed stream is introduced into a riser reactor. The paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst mixture is introduced into the riser reactor to form a reaction mixture comprising alkylate and the ionic liquid catalyst. The reaction mixture is separated in a settler into an ionic liquid catalyst stream and a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A reactor for the autorefrigerant alkylation process has a reactor vessel with a lower end inlet for the refrigerant reactant and the sulfuric acid and a series of inlets for the olefin reactant at vertically spaced intervals. A flow path for the reactants is provided by co-acting baffles which define sequential reaction zones. The baffles interact with a rotary mixer with multiple impellers to provide agitation. Outlets for the vaporized refrigerant and the reaction effluent are provided at the upper end of the vessel. In the alkylation process, the liquid isoparaffin hydrocarbon reactant/refrigerant with a sulfuric acid alkylation catalyst is introduced into the lower end and passed along the extended reactant flow path with the olefin reactant introduced at intervals along the path. The reaction mixture flows in the sequence of serial reaction zones within the reactor to promote mixing of the isoparaffin reactant with the acid catalyst.

Abstract: A process has been developed for producing fuel from renewable feedstocks such as plant and animal oils and greases. The process involves treating a first portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a first reaction zone and a second portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a second reaction zone and treating the effluents in a finishing reaction zone to provide a diesel boiling point range fuel hydrocarbon product. If desired, the hydrocarbon product can be isomerized to improve cold flow properties. A portion of the hydrocarbon product is recycled to the first reaction zone to increase the hydrogen solubility of the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A reactor for the autorefrigerant alkylation process has a reactor vessel with a lower end inlet for the refrigerant reactant and the sulfuric acid and a series of inlets for the olefin reactant at vertically spaced intervals. A flow path for the reactants is provided by co-acting baffles which define sequential reaction zones. The baffles interact with a rotary mixer with multiple impellers to provide agitation. Outlets for the vaporized refrigerant and the reaction effluent are provided at the upper end of the vessel. In the alkylation process, the liquid isoparaffin hydrocarbon reactant/refrigerant with a sulfuric acid alkylation catalyst is introduced into the lower end and passed along the extended reactant flow path with the olefin reactant introduced at intervals along the path. The reaction mixture flows in the sequence of serial reaction zones within the reactor to promote mixing of the isoparaffin reactant with the acid catalyst.

Abstract: Provided is a process for producing low volatility, high quality gasoline blending components from a number of isoparaffin feed streams, olefin feed streams, and ionic liquid catalyst streams. The process entails providing an isoparaffin feed stream comprising isoparaffins, an olefin feed stream comprising olefins, and a catalyst stream comprising ionic liquid catalyst, and subsequently splitting at least the reactive olefin feed stream for feeding into the reaction zone at different locations.

Abstract: An improved reactor for the autorefrigerant alkylation process has a generally cylindrical upright reactor vessel with the inlet for the refrigerant reactant and the sulfuric acid at its lower end and a series of inlets for the olefin reactant at vertically spaced intervals up the length of the reactor. An extended, sinuous flow path for the reactants is provided by means co-acting baffles which define sequential reaction zones in which alkylation takes place. The baffles interact with a rotary mixer with multiple impellers located on the reactor axis which provides agitation to the mixture ascending the reactor additional to that created by the ebullition of the refrigerant. Outlets for the vaporized refrigerant and the reaction effluent are provided at the upper end of the vessel.

Abstract: A method for isobutane alkylation is provided using a fixed-bed catalytic alkylation reactor comprises at least one catalytic flow channel. A feed stream comprising a compound to be alkylated is passed into a flow channel having an alkylation catalyst positioned on at least a portion of the flow channel inner surface in the flow channel downstream region. Olefin is injected into the feed stream at a point beyond a flow channel entrance region whereby the olefin contacts the alkylation catalyst by diffusion to the flow channel inner surface thereby reacting the compound with the olefin and produces an alkylate product.

Abstract: A system and/or process for increasing the isobutane to olefin ratio in an alkylation process/system is disclosed. The system and/or process includes provisions for charging a portion of the settler effluent as a feed to at least one reaction zone downflow from the first reaction zone of a multi-zone alkylation reactor along with a portion of the olefin feed to the multi-zone alkylation reactor.

Abstract: In the presence of a catalyst, at least one isoparaffin having 4 to 6 C atoms per molecule is reacted with at least one olefin having 2 to 6 C atoms per molecule in a liquid phase to obtain a product containing alkylate, a suspension containing isoparaffin and a granular zeolite catalyst being supplied to the upper region of a reaction column. Below the point where the catalyst-containing suspension is supplied, an isoparaffin-olefin mixture is introduced into the reaction column, the temperatures in the reaction column being maintained in the range from 50 to 120° C. From the bottom region of the reaction column a product mixture containing alkylate is withdrawn, and in a separation by distillation alkylate product is recovered therefrom. Preferably, isoparaffin and catalyst are recovered from the separation by distillation and at least partly recirculated to the upper region of the reaction column.

Abstract: A continuous alkylation process performed in an apparatus comprising a series of at least two zone A reactors and a series of at least two zone B reactors, in which the zone A reactors and the zone B reactors cycle between alkylation mode and mild regeneration mode, and wherein the alkylation mode comprises introducing an alkylation agent into a first reactor of the zone through which the alkylatable compound passes, reacting a portion of the alkylatable compound with a portion of the alkylation agent to produce a product stream, and performing this operation at least once more in a downstream reactor in the same zone employing, instead of alkylatable compound, a stream comprising the product stream.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for alkylating an alkylation substrate with an alkylating agent in the presence of solid catalyst particles in a transport reactor is disclosed. Solid catalyst particles in the transport reactor effluent recirculate to the inlet of the transport reactor through one or more conduits. The rate through each conduit is regulated by fluid-controlled valves that use the alkylation substrate as the regulating fluid. This method and apparatus help ensure uniform or symmetric flow of catalyst from the effluent of the transport reactor to the bottom of the transport reactor. This method and apparatus also help ensure uniform or symmetric flow of alkylation substrate to the bottom of the transport reactor with minimal bypassing by the alkylating agent around of the transport reactor. This invention finds use in the production of motor fuels by the alkylation of liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of solid catalyst particles.

Abstract: In a multistage process, a relatively unreactive paraffinic substrate is alkylated in a primary stage while a more reactive aromatic substrate is alkylated in a secondary stage wherein at least a portion of the effluent from the primary stage is used as a diluent in the secondary stage. The alkylation reaction in each stage is catalyzed by an acid catalyst which is adsorbed on a particulate solid support.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the alkylation of an olefin with an isoparaffin using sulphuric acid as a catalyst. In this process, a finely-dispersed emulsion of isoparaffin and sulphuric acid is prepared first, in a separate emulsion preparation zone. This preparation is carried out by injecting the isoparaffin into the acid through a set of nozzles, thereby allowing the isoparaffin to "scavenge" at high speed through the acid and thus to form an extremely homogeneous emulsion. This makes it possible to achieve proper mixing without need of impellers or other similar mixing devices that usually call for substantial maintenance and operating costs. Then, the emulsion that was so prepared and which forms an already "finished" phase per se, is fed into a reaction zone which is separate from the emulsion preparation zone and in which the olefin is injected preferably at a plurality of points and in directions perpendicular to the emulsion flow.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of at least one isoparaffin by at least one olefin in the presence of at least one solid acidic catalyst, characterized in that the major portion of the olefin is initially brought into contact with the catalyst in a complexing zone to form an olefin-catalyst complex in the presence of the isoparaffin, and in that the suspension of the complex in the isoparaffin is then sent to at least one alkylation reaction zone.

Abstract: An etherification process combines an alkylation zone with a skeletal olefin isomerization zone in an arrangement that rejects isoalkanes and normal alkanes with only minor loss of valuable olefin isomers. The invention also provides a balanced feed to an alkylation zone for the production of high octane gasoline components. This invention can be used to provide ethers and gasoline boiling range alkylates from either C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 feedstocks. The invention fully utilizes all olefin isomers improve octane and vapor pressure charactristics of the gasoline components.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising the steps of:(a) reacting an isoparaffin having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms with an olefin having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in a first alkylation reaction stage at temperature from about -40.degree. C. to about 500.degree. C. and overall isoparaffin:olefin feed weight ratio of from about 1:1 to about 250:1 with a solid alkylation catalyst comprising a synthetic porous crystalline material characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including values substantially as set forth in Table I of the specification and having a composition comprising the molar relationshipX.sub.2 O.sub.3 :(n)YO.sub.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons such as isobutane and benzenes are alkylated using a solid catalyst in a process which simulates the cocurrent movement of the catalyst bed versus the reactants. This has been found to greatly reduce the rate of catalyst deactivation compared to simulated countercurrent flow. The process may be performed using five or more beds of catalyst, with two undergoing regeneration at any one time. One bed is subjected to a short term liquid-phase regeneration while the other is subjected to long term vapor-phase regeneration. The catalyst preferably contains a metal hydrogenation function effective to selectively hydrogenate C.sub.6 -plus materials trapped on the used catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to an alkylation process, in which a charge incorporating at least one isoparaffin and at least one olefin containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule, is treated in the presence of a solid alkylation catalyst. In the process, catalyst present in a reaction R is contacted with the charge, recycled liquid effluent discharged from reaction zone R and liquid effluent discharged from an isobutane/n-butane/alkylate separation zone S. The process uses a specific catalyst, e.g., sulfuric acid impregnated on a porous support.

Abstract: An isoparaffin-olefin alkylation process is disclosed which improves alkylate quality by segregating the olefin feed into intermediate feedstreams which are enriched in propene, 1-butene, and/or 2-butenes with respect to the olefin feed, and alkylating these intermediate feedstreams in separate reaction zones at reaction temperatures specific to the olefin feed to increase the ratio of trimethylpentanes to dimethylhexanes in the resulting alkylate product.

Abstract: A process for isoparaffin-olefin alkylation is provided that permits the use of solid acid catalysts which require frequent regeneration and high isoparaffin/olefin ratios. The process comprises circulating in a reactor a slurry comprising solid acid zeolite catalyst particles (20-2000 microns) and feed of liquid reactants comprising isoparaffins and olefins in an isoparaffin to olefin molar ratio of less than 100, recycling a first portion of said slurry to provide an isoparaffin to olefin molar ratio in the reactor of at least 500, passing a second portion of the slurry to a separating means to separate alkylate product from said solid catalyst particles, and regenerating the catalyst particles.

Abstract: A apparatus for the catalytic alkylation of an isoparaffin with one or more olefins. Reactant hydrocarbons are passed in contact with a liquid catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid in a reaction zone. The hydrocarbon phase is allowed to separate from the catalyst phase in a settling zone, and a portion of the hydrocarbon phase is cooled and reintroduced to the reaction zone in a separate stream from that of the feed hydrocarbons. The alkylation apparatus by which the process is carried out includes a vertical reaction vessel, which in a preferred embodiment is 2 to 6 feet in height, a settling vessel, means for fluid flow from the reaction vessel to the settling vessel, a conduit for fluid flow between the upper part of the settling vessel and the reaction zone, and means for cooling fluid in this conduit.

Abstract: In a conventional reactor into which at one end portion there are fed olefin, isoparaffin and HF acid, or other catalysts, and from which an alkylate containing product is passed to a phase separator or settling zone, there is added to the reactor to a downstream portion therein, beyond the original point of entry of the first olefin feed a second portion of olefin feed together with hydrocarbon phase recycled from the phase separator or settling zone.

Abstract: An improved HF alkylation process comprising, in series, HF and isoparaffin flow and parallel injection of at least two different olefins into a vertically extended reaction zone coupled with recycle of some of the alkylation hydrocarbon effluent to each point of olefin introduction into the alkylation zone. The improved alkylation system allows minimum sized fractionation and extremely high isoparaffin/olefin ratios with temperature control of the reaction at each olefin injection.