Abstract: An apparatus for attaching a biosignal measurement sensor to a subject including a housing having an open space at one side, an installation portion installed in the open space, on which the biosignal measurement sensor is installed, a plurality of detection electrodes installed at an open side of the housing to contact the subject, and arranged along a circumferential edge of the installation portion to form pairs of detection electrodes facing each other with respect to a center of arrangement, an actuator installed in the housing to rotate and linearly move the installation portion, and a circuit portion searching for the detection electrodes that provide optimal detection data based on a difference in signals between the pairs of detection electrodes, and driving the actuator to allow a pair of sensor electrodes provided at the biosignal measurement sensor to be arranged in the same direction as the searched detection electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode for acquiring physiological signals of a recipient. Furthermore the present invention relates to a textile fabric for use in a garment to be worn by a recipient, and to a monitoring system for monitoring of physiological parameters of a recipient. In order to provide an electrode for acquiring physiological signals of a recipient, which on the one hand provides a soft, and comfortable skin contact, whilst on the other hand assures a high signal quality, an electrode (1) for acquiring physiological signals of a recipient is suggested, which comprises at least two conductive textile layers (2, 3) positioned on top of each other, wherein the first layer (2) is made of a woven material, and the second layer (3) having a working surface (4) to be brought into contact with the recipient's skin is made of a knitted material.

Abstract: A flexible dry electrode and the manufacturing method thereof are provided. The electrode has an electroplated uneven surface and at least one hole and is made of porous material.

Abstract: A bioelectrode comprising: a skin-side, electrically conducting adhesive layer and a flexible electrical connecting cable which in an electrically insulating cable sheath includes at least one electrical conductor, wherein fitted at the electrode-side end of the connecting cable is a preassembled electrical conducting element electrically connected to the electrical conductor of the connecting cable, wherein the preassembled electrical conducting element is electrically connected in the installed condition to the skin-side, electrically conducting adhesive layer.

Abstract: A chronic subdermal silver-silver/chloride (Ag—Ag/Cl) electrode for the recording of biopotentials is disclosed. The electrode is comprised of an Ag—Ag/Cl distal end that is placed subdermally by various methods. The recording electrode is made of solid, multi-stranded or a ball of pure silver and the whole length of the electrode is insulated except for the distal end which is used for voltage recordation. The electrode can be placed subdermally by an introducer apparatus such as hypodermic or sewing needle, a split-cannula, a staple, or a suture. Once placed, the introducer apparatus can be removed leaving the recording wire/element in place. The recording electrode can be placed at any location on the body to record the local biopotential (EEG, EOG, EMG, EKG, etc). It can be left in place for hours, days, or weeks, as it will record without any further adjustment.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides electrodes that possess components capable of indicating to an end-user when the electrode is in need of replacement.

Abstract: An active dry sensor module for measurement of bioelectricity is disclosed. The active dry sensor module of the present invention excludes the use of a conductive gel, thereby not supplying unpleasantness and discomfort to a reagent and preventing the interference of the signal due to a noise component. Further, the active dry sensor module of the present invention amplifies the biomedical signal to a desired level, thereby precisely and easily measuring the biomedical signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode structure (10) for attachment to a more extensive measuring structure (11), in order to measure electrical responses from the human body. The electrode structure (10) includes a conductive electrode (1). According to the invention, the electrode (1) is shaped to be thin in the thickness direction of the electrode structure (10), and the electrode structure (10) is equipped with a hole (6) and the electrode (1) is located at the edge of the hole (6), in such a way that its longitudinal axis is essentially parallel to the plane of the measurement subject.

Abstract: Provided are a wearable physiological signal detection module and a measurement apparatus having the same. A physiological signal detection module including a measuring electrode implemented by a dry electrode having good conductivity to detect various physiological signals is detachably disposed inside the clothing closely adhered to user's skin. The measuring electrode can be in stable contact with the user's skin as well as the detection module can be conveniently worn for a long time. The various physiological signals detected by the measuring electrodes are wirelessly transmitted to an external device, thereby conveniently monitoring the physiological signal of the user in real time.

Abstract: A chadd disposed on a patient's skin generates heat at a substantially constant temperature for an extended period of time (e.g., hours and days) when exposed to air. The chadd becomes porous when heated and produces a porosity in the patient's skin as a result of the heat generation to pass ions through the pores in patient's skin to a layer disposed on the chadd. The layer (e.g., silver or silver chloride) has properties of converting the ions to electrons. The electrons pass to an electrical lead disposed on the layer. The electrical lead passes an electrical signal (produced from the electrons) to a terminal. An amplifier connected to the terminal amplifies the signal without changing the characteristics of the signal and without producing noise.

Abstract: A process for making a garment that can include an absorbent assembly is disclosed. The process includes transporting a garment shell web in a machine direction. Portions of the web may be removed to provide an opening, and an absorbent assembly may be disposed on the garment shell web proximate the opening while the garment shell web is in an open configuration. A portion of the garment shell web may be directed in the cross machine direction to define a folded portion, and a portion of the absorbent assembly may be attached to the folded portion.

Abstract: System and apparatus for measuring pressure including a microelectronic device, an interface member attached to the microelectronic device, a pressure sensor having a diaphragm responsive to external pressure exerted upon the diaphragm, wherein the interface member is positioned between the microelectronic device and the pressure sensor and is attached to the pressure sensor providing a first cavity between the pressure sensor diaphragm and the interface member and wherein the pressure in the first cavity is set at an initial predetermined pressure.

Abstract: A medical sensor electrode includes an electrically conductive adhesive for establishing electrical contact with a mammalian body to enable the electrode to monitor physiological electrode potentials from the body. A first sensor element includes a flexible electrically conductive plate disposed on the conductive adhesive with the plate having substantial smaller dimension that the dimension of the conductive adhesive. A second sensor element includes an electrical conductive member disposed over the first sensor element and adhesive. The conductive member includes a non-conductive sheet coated with multiple layers of a metal and metal halide. A non-conductive backing is disposed over the second sensor element and conductive adhesive with the backing and the second sensor element having apertures for providing access to the first sensor element.

Abstract: Alloys for medical, surgical and microsurgical instruments are proposed which comprise 0.01% to 20% by weight of germanium, from 0-25% of shallow hydrogenic and/or non-hydrogenic acceptor dopants in terms of weight ratio in relation to germanium, from 0% up to 20% by weight of one or more of the following compounds such as platinum, gold, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminium, silicon, hafnium, yttrium, lanthanum, zirconium with the remainder, up to 100% by weight, constituted by silver and inevitable impurities, wherein instruments from these alloys possess properties such as no capacitive impedance in relation to the electrode-tissue interface; a Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) emitting capacity when energized by any form of energy; sulfurization, corrosion and oxidation resistant and have suitable hardness for their intended use; emit anions and may possess fractal surfaces.

Abstract: A multicontact electrode array suitable for implantation in living tissue includes a distal end having multiple spaced-apart ring contacts or a pattern of spaced-apart electrode contacts carried on a flexible carrier. Each electrode contact is resistance welded to a respective wire that is wound helically inside a silicon tube. The center of the helix defines a lumen wherein a positioning stylet, or other suitable positioning tool, may be removably inserted when the electrode array is implanted. The electrode array is made using a method that includes, as an initial step, winding lead wires around a suitable mandrel forming a helix configuration. Next, a non-conductive silicone tube jacket is placed around the wound wires, exposing the distal lead ends of the wires at a distal end of the tube. A welding process is then used to bond each wire tip to a corresponding metal electrode contact which has been preassembled by resistance welding to a metal foil structural carrier.

Abstract: A non-polarizable, silver/silver chloride biomedical electrode that is protected against corrosion during its shelf life by an organic corrosion retarding agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of mercaptans and azoles.

Abstract: The electrode comprises a) a layer (5) which conducts electricity for the supply or the collection of an electrical current traversing the electrode, and b) a consumable electrochemical interface layer (7). According to the invention, it comprises, in addition, an intermediate layer (6) made of a chemically inert and electrically resistant material. This layer can consist of a dispersion of fine particles of carbon in a polymer binder. Application in the preparation of electrodes with increased electrochemical capacity, for an ionophoresis device for the transdermal administration of drugs or a device for the electrocicatrization of wounds.

Abstract: A biomedical electrode is provided wherein the electrode comprises a conductor in contact with a conductive medium, the conductor comprises an electrically conductive surface comprising an active source of silver and the conductive medium comprises a peroxide scavenger. The biomedical electrode typically will include a non-conductive backing having a first side comprising a first major surface and a second side comprising a second major surface, the electrically conductive surface being associated with the second major surface of the non-conductive backing, and the conductive medium comprises an electrically conductive adhesive associated with the conductive substrate, the electrically conductive adhesive being a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising the at least one peroxide scavenger. A method for the manufacture of the foregoing electrodes is also provided.

Abstract: A method for sampling of a substance from a subject is provided, which comprises placing one or more sampling chambers on a collection site on a tissue surface on the subject; conducting electric current through the tissue to extract a substance from the subject in a first direction in one or more sampling chambers that functions alternatively as both an anode and cathode during the course of the method; reversing the polarity to cause direct current to flow in second direction opposite the first direction; and analyzing the sampling chamber or chambers for the concentration of a substance or a substance metabolite. There is also provided a device for sampling of a substance from an organism on continuously or intermittently using alternating polarity method based on the application of low intensity electric fields of alternating polarity across the skin (iontophoresis) to enhance the transport of a substance (such as glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the like) from body tissues to a sampling chamber.

Abstract: A medical sensor electrode includes an electrically conductive adhesive for establishing electrical contact with a mammalian body to enable the electrode to monitor physiological electrode potentials from the body. A first sensor element includes a flexible electrically conductive plate disposed on the conductive adhesive with the plate having substantial smaller dimension that the dimension of the conductive adhesive. A second sensor element includes an electrical conductive member disposed over the first sensor element and adhesive. The conductive member includes a non-conductive sheet coated with multiple layers of a metal and metal halide. A non-conductive backing is disposed over the second sensor element and conductive adhesive with the backing and the second sensor element having apertures for providing access to the first sensor element.

Abstract: An array of electrodes is constructed to allow the user to easily adjust to the correct size of the patient's head. The array is self-adhesive, pre-gelled and disposable. The array fits easily over the temple and forehead areas where EEG signals can be acquired by specially designed monitors for purposes of monitoring a number of bodily phenomena, including but not limited to, depth of anesthesia, and/or ischemia, and burst suppression. The array is connected to the monitor via a tab connector that is integral to the disposable device. The tab connector is insertible into a reusable connector that is part of a monitoring system.

Abstract: A biological electrode includes an electrode element having electroconductivity with respect to a living body, the biological electrode used by disposing said electrode element at a predetermined position, and the electrode element being made of biodegradable material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dry physiological recording electrode that can be used without skin preparation or the use of electrolytic gels. The dry physiological recording electrode comprising a substrate having an upper and a lower surface, and at least one penetrator(s) protruding from the upper surface of the substrate. The penetrator(s) is capable of piercing through the stratum corneum or outer layer of the skin, and transmitting an electric potential from the lower layers of the epidermis through the penetrator(s) which can be measured, or detecting agents from the lower layers of the epidmermis primarily the stratum germinativum layer. At least one epidermis stop may be provided resulting in the formation of detritus troughs interposed between adjacent penetrator(s) and epidermis stops. The present invention also includes a method of sensing biopotentials in the skin.

Abstract: A non-polarizable, silver/silver chloride biomedical electrode that is protected against corrosion during its shelf life by an organic corrosion retarding agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of mercaptans and azoles.

Abstract: A sensor for biopotential measurements is designed to detect low voltage electrical signals on a subject's skin surface. A plurality of soft elastomeric bristles are arranged about the surface of the skin. Various bristles contain a wick, made of polyolefin, polyester or nylon, extending along its center axis with one end protruding from the bristle and another end in contact with a fluid reservoir. The wick is saturated with an electrically conductive liquid, such as a salt solution. The solution may contain a surfactant. The rheological properties of the electrically conductive liquid are optimized for predictable flow through the wick onto the skin surface. An electrode is positioned in the vicinity of the wick and the reservoir. Alternatively, a sensor comprises a plurality of hollow, soft elastomeric bristles filled with a hydrogel. An electrically conductive cap provides the electrical contact between the hydrogel and the electrical circuit.

Abstract: A medical electrode assembly includes a conductive electrode, an electrically insulative backing layer on one side of the electrode, an electrically conductive coupling agent in contact with another side of the electrode, an attachment mechanism rigidly connected to a center portion of the electrode, and an electrical conductor connected to the attachment mechanism. The combination of the electrode with the attachment mechanism is constructed with substantial circumferential uniformity such that electrical current provided to the center portion of the electrode through the low-profile attachment mechanism is distributed radially through the electrode in a substantially circumferentially uniform distribution. The electrode is constructed to perform defibrillation or cardioversion. The attachment mechanism is substantially flat and has a low profile. The electrical conductor has a substantially flat, strap-like configuration.

Abstract: An electrophysiological electrode includes multiple layers of materials to isolate liquid electrolytic gels from the conductive inks on the flexible circuit of the electrode substrate. Such an electrode has a much longer shelf life under normal storage conditions than other electrodes of such construction with high salt content liquid electrolytic gel, and is able to maintain acceptable impedance upon its eventual use.

Abstract: A method for sampling of a substance from a subject is provided, which comprises placing one or more sampling chambers on a collection site on a tissue surface on the subject; conducting electric current through the tissue to extract a substance from the subject in a first direction in one or more sampling chambers that functions alternatively as both an anode and cathode during the course of the method; reversing the polarity to cause direct current to flow in second direction opposite the first direction; and analyzing the sampling chamber or chambers for the concentration of a substance or a substance metabolite. There is also provided a device for sampling of a substance from an organism on continuously or intermittently using alternating polarity method based on the application of low intensity electric fields of alternating polarity across the skin (iontophoresis) to enhance the transport of a substance (such as glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the like) from body tissues to a sampling chamber.

Abstract: A method for sampling of a substance from a subject is provided, which comprises placing one or more sampling chambers on a collection site on a tissue surface on the subject; conducting electric current through the tissue to extract a substance from the subject in a first direction in one or more sampling chambers that functions alternatively as both an anode and cathode during the course of the method; reversing the polarity to cause direct current to flow in second direction opposite the first direction; and analyzing the sampling chamber or chambers for the concentration of a substance or a substance metabolite. There is also provided a device for sampling of a substance from an organism on continuously or intermittently using alternating polarity method based on the application of low intensity electric fields of alternating polarity across the skin (iontophoresis) to enhance the transport of a substance (such as glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the like) from body tissues to a sampling chamber.

Abstract: A method for sampling of a substance from a subject is provided, which comprises placing one or more sampling chambers on a collection site on a tissue surface on the subject; conducting electric current through the tissue to extract a substance from the subject in a first direction in one or more sampling chambers that functions alternatively as both an anode and cathode during the course of the method; reversing the polarity to cause direct current to flow in second direction opposite the first direction; and analyzing the sampling chamber or chambers for the concentration of a substance or a substance metabolite. There is also provided a device for sampling of a substance from an organism on continuously or intermittently using alternating polarity method based on the application of low intensity electric fields of alternating polarity across the skin (iontophoresis) to enhance the transport of a substance (such as glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the like) from body tissues to a sampling chamber.

Abstract: A method and device are provided for measuring the concentration of target chemical analytes present in a biological system, and then predicting a future or past concentration of an analyte using a series of such measurements. One important application of the invention involves predicting future or past blood glucose concentrations using a series of measured blood glucose values.

Abstract: There is provided a current detecting sensor including (a) an insulating substrate, (b) a first electrode formed on the insulating substrate, the first electrode comprising an electrically conductive electrode and a metal layer formed on the electrically conductive electrode, the metal layer having a smaller area than a area of the electrically conductive electrode, (c) a second electrode formed on the insulating substrate, (d) a third electrode formed on the insulating substrate, (e) an insulating protective film covering the insulating substrate therewith and further covering at least edges of the first, second and third electrodes therewith, the insulating protective film being formed with first, second and third openings at upper surfaces of the first, second and third electrodes, respectively, and (f) an organic film covering the first to third electrodes and the insulating protective film therewith.

Abstract: A multi-functional, differing electrochemical potential biomedical electrode is disclosed. Several embodiments are described based on the difference in composition of multiple conductors, the difference in composition of fields of ionically conductive media, or both on a single insulative backing of a tab/pad style electrode. A galvanic circuit can be created from electrodes of the present invention, permitting self-restoration of defibrillation recovery of monitoring electrodes and the powering of iontophoretic delivery of pharmaceuticals, among other uses.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode array (i.e., "sensor") and a method for separating near and far-field signals. In one embodiment a horizontal array is used, and in an alternate embodiment a vertical array is used. The electrode array consists of two well-separated pairs of closely spaced electrodes (and a separate ground element). In a typical application of collecting a channel of EEG, "sensing" electrodes are placed in standard locations (e.g., R and Ctr) with a ground electrode placed elsewhere on the head. The voltage measured between the well-separated sensing electrodes is the far-field dominant (i.e., EEG-dominant) channel. Additional electrodes are placed near each of the two sensing electrodes. (The additional electrodes are immediately lateral to the existing electrodes in the horizontal array, and are immediately above the existing electrodes in the vertical array.) The voltages measured between the pairs of closely spaced electrodes are near-field dominant (i.e., EMG/EOG-dominant) channels.

Abstract: An array of electrodes is constructed to allow the user to easily adjust to the correct size of the patient's head. The array is self-adhesive, pre-gelled and disposable. The array fits easily over the temple and forehead areas where EEG signals can be acquired by specially designed monitors for purposes of monitoring a number of bodily phenomena, including but not limited to, depth of anesthesia, and/or ischemia, and burst suppression. The array is connected to the monitor via a tab connector that is integral to the disposable device. The tab connector is insertible into a reusable connector that is part of a monitoring system.

Abstract: A method for sampling of a substance from a subject is provided, which comprises placing one or more sampling chambers on a collection site on a tissue surface on the subject; conducting electric current through the tissue to extract a substance from the subject in a first direction in one or more sampling chambers that functions alternatively as both an anode and cathode during the course of the method; reversing the polarity to cause direct current to flow in second direction opposite the first direction; and analyzing the sampling chamber or chambers for the concentration of a substance or a substance metabolite. There is also provided a device for sampling of a substance from an organism on continuously or intermittently using alternating polarity method based on the application of low intensity electric fields of alternating polarity across the skin (iontophoresis) to enhance the transport of a substance (such as glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the like) from body tissues to a sampling chamber.

Abstract: A medical electrode assembly includes an electrically conductive electrode, an electrically conductive sacrificial element, and a layer of electrically conductive gel. The electrode has an electrical terminal to connect with external electrical circuitry. The sacrificial element is electrically connected with the electrode through an impedance element or a power supply. The layer of electrically conductive gel contacts both the electrode and the sacrificial element so as to form an anode-cathode cell in which the sacrificial element functions as a sacrificial anode that corrodes and the electrode functions as a cathode that is protected from corrosion.

Abstract: A medical extravasation device has an electrode patch that can attach to the skin for sensing electrical information. Tissue impedance is calculated from the electrode patch signals. The patch has elongate pick-up electrodes inboard of elongate energizing electrodes. The measuring zone determined by the elongate space between the pick-up electrodes enhances sensitivity and specificity. The presence of an extravasation is determined by interpreting the tissue impedance measurement. The method for determining the extravasation includes a first step of determining a pre-injection baseline measurement of the tissue impedance. Then, the tissue impedance is monitored during the procedure itself. A predetermined amount of change in tissue impedance is determined to indicate an extravasation.

Abstract: An electrode for detecting an electric biological signal, in particular an electrocardiographic signal, and presenting a metal conducting disk and a rigid net of constant thickness and superimposed on the metal disk. A small amount of conducting fluid is poured on to and spreads throughout the net to form a layer of conducting fluid superimposed on the metal disk and presenting a constant thickness.

Abstract: An electrical conductor and a biomedical electrode using the electrical conductor are disclosed. The electrical conductor has a flexible, non-conductive film and two different carbon-containing coatings on a major surface of the film. The electrical conductor coatings are a low porous carbon-containing coating and a high porous carbon-containing coating. The low porous carbon-containing coating contacts the film and the high porous carbon-containing coating contacts the low porous carbon-containing coating. A tab/pad style of biomedical electrode using the electrical conductor has a field of ionically conductive media containing electrolyte contacting the high porous carbon-containing coating. The electrolyte diffuses into the high porous carbon-containing coating for electrochemical advantages.

Abstract: A biomedical electrode for an electrocardiograph or similar device is provided. The biomedical electrode includes a disposable electrode having an electrically conductive gel layer and a reusable leadwire adapter having the relatively expensive metallic conductive material. The disposable electrode interfaces with the reusable leadwire adapter through the adhesive characteristics of the gel layer. The reusable leadwire includes a stud member which snaps into a standard leadwire connector.

Abstract: A DC biopotential sensing electrode assembly is provided for an apparatus for sensing DC biopotentials present at the skin of a subject. An electroconductive medium for transmitting ions from the skin which has a chloride ion content within a range of from 6-15 grams per hundred grams of such medium is formulated for use with the electrode. To reduce the corrosive effect of this electroconductive medium, each electrode includes only one metallic component, and to provide an electrode with a low AC impedance, this metal is uniformly coated upon nonmetallic sensor and terminal bodies with a coating thickness within a range of from 0.5 to 1.5 mil. To insure a complete electrical path through both the sensor and the terminal bodies, the nonmetallic portions are formed of conductive plastic.

Abstract: A medical extravasation device has an electrode patch that can attach to the skin for sensing electrical information. Tissue impedance is calculated from the electrode patch signals. The patch has elongate pick-up electrodes inboard of elongate energizing electrodes. The measuring zone determined by the elongate space between the pick-up electrodes enhances sensitivity and specificity. The presence of an extravasation is determined by interpreting the tissue impedance measurement. The method for determining the extravasation includes a first step of determining a pre-injection baseline measurement of the tissue impedance. Then, the tissue impedance is monitored during the procedure itself. A predetermined amount of change in tissue impedance is determined to indicate an extravasation.

Abstract: The technique for detecting extravasation during the injection of fluid into a patient involves the establishment of a baseline representing impedance at the zone of the injection prior to the injection starting. Extravasation is signaled when at least two characteristics appear. First is that the impedance varies from the baseline more than a predetermined amount in more than a predetermined number of discreet time slots called epochs herein. Second is that, the rate of change of the impedance, which is called the slope herein, is consistently greater than a predetermined amount.