Abstract: To make a lamp of quartz or hard glass which has a bulb (10, 22) which does ot have an exhaust tip, for example a metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp or a halogen incandescent lamp, the glass bulb is formed by blow-molding the bulb to the desired shape, then retaining an electrode system having electrodes (14, 14a) to be placed in the bulb, current supply leads (12, 24) extending externally of the bulb, and sealing foils (13, 23) connecting the current supply leads to the electrodes in a holder die (11, 25), introducing the electrodes by moving the holder die towards the bulb, flushing the bulb by introducing and selectively removing flushing gas through an open end of the tube, introducing a measured quantity of a fill substance, such as mercury, an iodide or the like, into the bulb through the open end thereof, and then heating the bulb in the region of the position of the sealing foils and pinch-sealing the bulb. Excess glass is then cut off and the bulb can be supplied with a base.

Abstract: The method for decorative processing is performed with repetitively pulsed cross discharge at atmospheric pressure by CO.sub.2 -laser with pulse energy 1 to 5J, power density at operation from 1.10.sup.6 W/cm.sup.2 to 6.10.sup.7 W/cm.sup.2, pulse duration from 50 to 100 ns and average power 1 to 1000W whereby the mated area with one shot is from 0.5 to 2 cm.sup.2.The device for laser engraving comprises a base with mounted console, on which are fastened parallel elements and a screw that is seated in its upper end in a thrust and in its lower end it is linked by a hinge to an electric motor. There is a fork which is seated in parallel elements whereby to this fork by means of handle and fixator is fastened a slide with longitudinal channels and a plate for axial inclination per 15.degree.. To this slide is fastened a second electric motor, and on its axis is mounted a bearer on which is fastened a mask in which is fixed the item to be decorated.

Abstract: A hollow glass lamp base is molded with a sidewall having a tapered, truncated dimple in it. The inner end of the dimple is knocked out, after the base has been annealed, to provide an opening so that the electric cord can extend out through the sidewall of the glass base. The need for an attached metal base and a connecting center tube is obviated.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing a planar glass substrate coated with a dielectric layer system in which the individual layers are formed by a chemical vapor deposition coating process. After the layers have been applied, the glass substrate is either drawn, compressed, or its surface enlarged until the coating layers are reduced in thickness. A planar glass substrate having a multiplicity of extremely thin dielectric layers can be fabricated according to this process.

Abstract: Decorative processing is performed with repetitively pulsed discharge at atmospheric pressure of a (RP TEA) by CO.sub.2 laser with pulse energy 1 to 5J, power density at operation from 1.times.10.sup.6 W/cm.sup.2 to 6.times.10.sup.7 W/cm.sup.2, pulse duration from 50 to 100 ns and average power 1 to 1000W whereby the mated area with one shot is from 0.5 to 2 cm.sup.2. The apparatus has a base with an upright on which are fastened parallel elements and a screw that is seated in its upper end in a thrust element and at its lower end is linked by an articulation to an electric motor. The screw drives a fork guided on the parallel elements. A slide is fastened to the fork and has longitudinal channels and a plate for inclination at increments of 15.degree.. To this slide is fastened a second electric motor and on its axis is mounted a carrier on which is fastened a mask in which is fixed the article to be decorated.

Abstract: The micropipette puller of this invention includes a pair of gripping jaws that pull a length of glass tubing in opposite directions. The source of heat is a laser device and a laser beam is directed against the glass tubing between the gripping jaws and beyond the tubing into a concave mirror, which reflects that portion of the beam that bypassed the tubing, back against the back side of the tubing for uniform heating around the circumference of the tubing.

Abstract: A micropipette puller of this invention includes a pair of gripping jaws that pull a length of glass tubing in opposite directions. The source of heat is a laser and a beam is directed into a zoom lens, or a selected one of a series of lenses, so that a beam of selected length and configuration is refracted against the glass tubing between the gripping jaws.

Abstract: A glass vessel, in particular an ampoule, having a prestress produced at a predetermined spot of the vessel which permits an automatic opening of the vessel at the predetermined spot following scratching by means of a suitable tool. The prestress, which is produced exclusively by means of an earlier thermal treatment without the application of a tool exhibits a stress profile in which an initially produced annular tensile stress ring, is overlapped at a predetermined spot by a point-shaped compressive stress zone that is produced subsequently.

Abstract: A glass sheet is cut while at a temperature at about its annealing point temperature by scoring the glass sheet along a line of cut and imparting a bending moment to the glass along the scored line to open the glass. The glass sheet remains at its elevated temperature throughout the cutting operation to reduce or eliminate additional heating required for subsequent processing.

Abstract: Method of manufacturing an electric lamp having a glass tubular part (101) with a longitudinal axis, which part is sealed by a sealing member in which firstly a constriction with a collar (105) is formed by means of heating at one end of the tubular part whereafter the sealing member is secured in a gas-tight manner. The constriction in the tubular part is provided at some distance from the end whereafter in the same fixture the tubular part is divided by means of fusing at the area of the constriction and the two wall portions located on either side of the constriction are moved apart in the axial direction.

Abstract: A sectional curved article e.g. an automotive window is made by cutting a piece of glass, shaping the piece of glass, cutting the shaped piece to provide inner and outer segments. The edges of the segments are seamed, and the segments chemically tempered to provide a sectional curved automotive window having an opening in the outer segment to receive the inner segment.

Abstract: Complex small objects such as ophthalmic lenses are quickly and accurately fabricated from plastic or glass blanks of ablatable material such as plastic or glass by cutting, shaping, and radiusing the blank entirely by laser light, using appropriate masks and focusing optics.

Abstract: Glass shapes and sheets are cut directly from a heated glass ribbon while maintaining the optical quality of the cut glass. A float glass ribbon is removed from a glass forming chamber and prior to annealing, a line of cut is heated to its softening temperature. A blade arrangement thereafter penetrates the glass along the heated line of cut to sever the glass. The cut glass edge is shaped after cutting while the edge is still at the softening temperature. Duuring the line heating and cutting operation, the overall glass temperature is maintained above the strain point of the glass.

Abstract: An optical fiber splice and the method of forming it are described wherein a hollow cylindrical glass member is provided, the member having a bore along the longitudinal axis thereof. Fluid at a pressure in excess of ambient pressure is provided to the bore while the member is subjected to localized heating of the member to the softening point of the glass. In this manner, a bubble is formed within the member bore under the influence of said heating and pressure. For more uniform blubbles, the member may be rotated about its longitudinal axis while it is subjected to said fluid pressure and heating. The splice member is subsquently formed by severing the cylindrical member at the location of the bubbles. Optical fibers may be inserted into the ends of the splicing member and cemented in place.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing taxidermic glass eyes and the like utilizes flat sheets of glass. This glass is printed with the markings and coloring for the eye image. The printing is accomplished by silk screening or other production methods. The eye is then shaped by heating the glass to a plastic state while being positioned over an opening. The heated glass slumps to form the eye shape. Excess material is trimmed away once the glass has cooled. A double wall, parabolic curve taxidermic eye is thereby provided.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for fabricating an expanded beam cylindrical terminated optical fiber taper from a reduced diameter preform rod. The present invention comprises uniformly heating the circumference of a predetermined portion at an intermediate point of the preform rod to a predetermined temperature and then uniformly pulling the preform rod while continuing to heat additional material of the preform rod to produce a pair of expanded beam cylindrically terminated optical fiber tapers connected by a predetermined length cylindrical central section of standard optical fiber having a uniform diameter less than that of the original preform rod.

Abstract: A bevelled glass assembly and method of making is disclosed. A sheet of annealed glass has at least one groove ground on one surface. At least one other groove intersects the first groove. Both grooves define an array of parallel striations. The sheet of glass is then tempered. The sheet of glass is normally surrounded by a frame.

Abstract: A method for heat sealing an electron gun mount, having a glass stem, into a neck of a cathode-ray tube includes a mount socket for supporting the mount within the neck and a plurality of burners for applying heat to the outside of the neck proximate the stem. The neck softens, thins and then seals to the stem, causing excess neck material that is lower than the stem, known as cullet, to be cut off. Prior to applying heat, a sleeve is disposed around the mount socket within the neck adjacent to the cullet, with a clearance between the sleeve and both the socket and the neck. A vibrating coil is attached to the sleeve for vibrating the sleeve while applying heat to the outside of the neck.

Abstract: Glass shapes and sheets are cut directly from a heated glass ribbon while maintaining the optical quality of the cut glass. A float glass ribbon is removed from a glass forming chamber and prior to annealing, a line of cut is heated to its softening temperature. A blade arrangement thereafter penetrates the glass along the heated line of cut to sever the glass. During the line heating and cutting operation, the overall glass temperature is maintained above the strain point of the glass.

Abstract: A sliding support table to support a continuously advancing glass ribbon during severing. The ribbon is supported by and moves over the sliding support table which moves along the direction of the glass ribbon travel between stationary upstream and downstream supports. Top and bottom line heaters supported on the table direct flames towards the major surfaces of the glass ribbon along a line cut. A blade and anvil arrangement supported on the table, sever the glass along the heated line of cut when the line of cut is positioned therebetween. The table advances along with the glass ribbon to support the ribbon during the heating and severing operation. The line heaters and blade and anvil arrangement may provide both a linear or nonlinear line of cut.

Abstract: In a process for preparing glass flowers having petals, the steps of preparing petals which comprise providing a blown elongated enlarged hollow bulb on a hollow glass tube, heating and manipulating the bulb so as to separate it into two vertical dish-like pre-petal members, removing the pre-petal members from the tube, elongating the ends of the pre-petal members so as to form solid tips, attaching the members to a glass flower stem at the tips and heating and manipulating the members so as to refine the shape of the petals.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of forming cutting blades from solid vitreous material by first placing a mass of molten material into a mold having at least one indentation to cause a ridge to form adjacent to a first surface in the material, cooling the molten material at a rate to preclude internal stresses or other inhomogeneity in the solid material, forming a second substantially flat surface intersecting the ridge area and finally directing fracturing pressure in a controlled direction of force into the material at the second surface in the vicinity of the said ridge in a direction substantially parallel to the first surface whereby a cutting implement is sheared off of the said material.

Abstract: A glass wafer having high aspect ratio holes passing therethrough is provided with metal conductors in the holes as feedthroughs. First, the wafer is processed to line the holes with a thin electron-conducting layer of metal. Next, a layer of the same or different metal is applied over the first metal layer providing the requisite feedthrough electrical conductivity for each hole. Preferably, the glass contains lead oxide, the first metal layer is lead and the next layer is copper.

Abstract: In the fabrication of an interconnection package for a plurality of semiconductors or integrated circuit chips wherein a multi-layered glass or glass-ceramic superstructure with a multi-layered distribution of planar conductors is formed by a process forming vertical conductive interconnection or studs between planar conductor layers, by pre-forming a via configuration in each glass or glass-ceramic layer at the interconnection points followed by depositing the conductive studs therein. The via configuration is formed by defining a desired pattern of vias, and ablating the vias through the top of and through the glass or glass-ceramic layer, using an ultraviolet laser. The vias may be stepped-shoulder or counter-bored by using a two mask operation.

Abstract: Described is a process for the contact-less removal of material from the surface of an article of brittle material, in particular glass, by means of a laser beam. So that material can be removed, with sharp edges, without splintering, and also in order to permit non-sharp surfaces, the invention provides that the laser beam (1) is passed through at least one at least partially absorbent matrix (7) and split into a plurality of individual beams (1'). By that means, the energy available in the laser beam is split up, in the beam cross-section, and the individual beams can be adapted to a desired removal effect. The apparatus for carrying out the process is characterized in that the matrix (7) has straight and/or curved fields (8, 9) with preferably a high absorption capability in respect of laser beams.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for trimming a newly formed article from sheet glass while it is still in a semi-molten condition, by maintaining a peripheral portion of the sheet glass about the newly formed article out of contact with the mold so as to maintain its temperature, and then reducing the thickness of such peripheral portion without severing the same, and then cooling the thinned section to thermally crack-off and separate the newly formed article from the sheet glass.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a fiber taper with a refractive lens, said method comprising the steps of placing a fiber in an axial tension of a given amount; locally heating a portion of the fiber under tension to cause softening and the formation of a constriction in the fiber in the area of heating; removing the tension and continuing the heating to raise the temperature to a point at which the viscosity of the heated material is such that the surface tension causes a further constriction and a transverse separation of the fiber at the constriction; continuing the heating to form the desired curvature of the lens on the separated ends; and then after the desired curvature is formed, stopping the heating to enable the ends to cool and solidify.

Abstract: A method of making level vials includes the steps of heating a hollow glass tube and inserting the heated glass tube to a mold having a plurality of successively arranged mold cavities, each configured to the shape of one level vial having an enlarged, bulbous-shaped central portion and two circular cross-sectional end portions. Next, one end of the glass tube is removably sealed and a pressurized fluid, such as air, is injected into the opposite end of the glass tube, causing the heated glass tube to expand into contact with the walls of the mold cavities to form a plurality of connected vial sections. Apertures are formed, such as by drilling, in each vial section for subsequent filling of each vial with a liquid and a gaseous level indicating bubble. Each vial section is separated by a cutter and the ends of each vial section are sealed by heat from a heat source.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for tubulating a glass barrel including a glass lathe with the tubing in one chuck and a barrel holding device in the other chuck having a pair of spring members to engage the openings of the barrel and hermetically seal the barrel with an air pressure source to induce pressure to the inside of the barrel with the method including heating the end of the tubing and the point on the barrel for attachment, blowing a hole out through the point and welding the tube over the hole while the parts are spinning on the lathe.

Abstract: A method of cutting glass with a laser. The glass is superposed a suitable support and a laser beam is directed onto the glass. The laser beam is focused to a point disposed at or about the surface of the glass. The focused laser beam vaporizes a first thickness of glass, less than the entire thickness, and simultaneously heats the remaining thickness above the annealing temperature of the glass. A jet of gas incident upon the laser focal point removes the heated and vaporized glass proximate the focal point to create a hole through the glass. By effecting movement between the glass and the laser and gas jet at a predetermined rate, the glass is cut. Also disclosed is an article including a unitary first sheet of glass having at least one complimental opening of predetermined configuration that does not extend to the edge of the glass and is cut by a laser. One or more complimentary glass inserts coplanar with the first glass are disposed within the opening of the first glass, defining a groove therebetween.

Abstract: According to the method of aseptic and antiparticulate opening of a sealed glass ampul, one end of the ampul is submitted to a powerful thermal flux produced by flame tongue generating sources on a very localized zone for a time period sufficient to obtain melting of the glass while maintaining the adjacent portion thereof at lower temperature for preserving its rigidity, such time period being the shorter the smaller that volume of gas contained in the ampul which is quickly brought to an increased temperature and pressure to cause the ampul to be opened up in the considered molten zone.

Abstract: A lens is formed of a section of glass clad glass rod ground and polished to a spherical shape of radius of curvature equal to that desired of a face of the lens. Remaining leachable cladding glass is removed leaving the lens with finished spherically curved opposite ends and an adaptability to modification by transaxial cutting and flat face finishing for plano-convex applications.

Abstract: A simple, reliable, and inexpensive method for cleaving small diameter optical fibers comprises the steps of heating the fiber at a point along its length by contacting the fiber with an electrically heated wire and contacting the fiber, including the heated portion, with a volatile liquid whereby the fiber is cooled. The fiber may be cooled by spraying it with a liquid fluorocarbon.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to the production of photochromic glasses having compositions consisting essentially, as analyzed in weight percent on the oxide basis, ofSiO.sub.2 --55-60Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 --9-10B.sub.2 O.sub.3 --19-20.5Li.sub.2 O--2-2.5Na.sub.2 O--2-3K.sub.2 O--6-7PbO--0.1-0.25Ag--0.1-0.15Cl--0.3-0.5Br--0.05-0.15CuO--0.0065-0.01The glasses are capable of being drawn into sheet and articles cut from the sheet simultaneously shaped and photochromic properties developed therein. The glasses display a clear luminous transmittance in excess of 90% when free from tint, a darkened luminous transmittance at 20.degree. C. below 25% when free from tint, and a fading rate at 20.degree. C. such that the glass demonstrates a faded luminous transmittance at least twice that of the darkened transmittance after a five-minute fading interval.

Abstract: Polarized ophthalmic glass lenses are made from conventional ophthalmic glass. This is accomplished by heating a sheet of ophthalmic glass, which includes a reducible metal oxide as part of its composition, to its softening point in a reducing atmosphere for a time interval sufficient to reduce the metal oxide to metal to a predetermined depth on at least one surface of the sheet. Following this reduction of the metal oxide, the sheet is held at an elevated temperature to permit the reduced oxides to nucleate. Then, the sheet is stretched in one direction to elongate the nucleated metal particles in parallel lines. The glass then is shaped, cut into lenses, permitted to cool, and the outer surface of the lens blanks are ground and polished in a conventional manner, leaving the stretched elongated metal particles on the inner surface thereof to create polarized ophthalmic lenses.

Abstract: Method and machine for making vials from glass tubing, wherein at least one glass tube (22) with closed bottom is loaded on a rotatable plate (11), having a series of holes circumferentially passing therethrough, and is then grasped by upper pliers (23'), provided on a plane not coincident with the rotatable plate (11), and then grasped by lower pliers (23) also provided on a horizontal plane not coincident with a lower rotatable plate (10), the tube (22) being continuously rotated on its axis by rotating elements of the pliers (23, 23'), and rotated throughout the circumference of the machine by rotation of the suitably controlled rotatable plates (10, 11). In this rotation the tube, as drawn or pulled at suitable intervals by the pliers, is caused to pass in front of a series of burners (17) arranged in suitable number on the entire periphery of the machine, such burners being provided with parabolic arc flames.

Abstract: A method for making perforations or forming depressions in a glass work piece is described. Pursuant to the method, a two piece housing for the work piece is provided. The housing when assembled has a cavity conforming in size and shape to the work piece. The lower housing piece has a continuous upper surface and the upper housing piece has a smooth lower surface and openings in the housing piece conforming in size and position to the perforations or depressions desired to be made in the work piece. The work piece is enclosed in the housing and then plugs are inserted in the openings in the upper housing piece. The plugs snugly fit the openings and extend above the upper surface of the upper housing piece. A weight is then disposed on the upper surface of the plugs. The weight may be a flat metal sheet and is of sufficient weight to cause the plugs to exert a pressure of at least about one half pound per square inch on the work piece.

Abstract: In a mold for shaping an apertured glass sheet comprising a shaping plate having a heat capacity more than that of the glass sheet per unit area and a shaping surface complementary to that desired for the glass sheet, areas having less heat capacity per unit area than that of the shaping plate are preferably obtained by cutting apertures in the shaping plate. These apertures or low heat capacity areas are located in the shaping plate in position to face corresponding apertures of the glass sheet to be shaped. When the shaping is performed by press bending the sheet between a pair of molds, preferably both press bending molds of press bending apparatus are apertured. The apertures or areas of low heat capacity in the molds are preferably slightly larger than the apertures in the glass sheet undergoing shaping to improve the stress pattern around the peripheral portion of the glass sheet apertures.

Abstract: Shaping sheets of heat-softenable material while suspended from cable means.

Abstract: A method and device are provided for machining transparent glass and vitreous material by means of a single point cutting tool. A portion of the workpiece to be worked is heated integrally and uniformly by a first heat supply, which is spread along the workpiece, to the softening temperature, and simultaneously the surface to be worked is locally heated in the region of the cutting area at the moment of material removal to a depth equal to the cutting depth by a second concentrated heat supply which is superimposed on the first heat supply. All this is provided in such a manner that a turning operation, as well as simultaneously therewith and immediately thereafter a relaxed flow of the work surface, takes place. By means of the method according to the invention, it is possible to turn workpieces of glass and vitreous materials so that the work surface has a high dimensional accuracy, as well as an optical surface quality in particular, such as a smooth and transparent surface.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of containers from glass tubes, particularly ampules, in which container blanks coming from a production machine are delivered intermittently and successively to processing stations arranged along a conveying route and reshaped and processed therein in successive operations. Each container blank is individually grasped immediately after its delivery from the production machine and is held rotatably about its lengthwise axis during processing in the processing stations. The container blanks may be transferred after being grasped to a position pointing their open ends downward, possibly in a vertical direction. The arrangement may provide for the stepwise conveyance of the container blanks, through clamping devices for holding a container blank on one end, with the blanks moving along the processing stations. These clamping units may be chucks with one or more leaf springs.

Abstract: A method of breaking optical fibers, a fiber being scored over the entire circumference in a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis. By subsequently applying a predetermined axial tensile force to the fiber, fracture is initiated over the entire circumference of the fiber. As a result of this, fibers with a comparatively large diameter can be broken in such a way that a mirror zone is obtained across the entire fracture area. Circumferential scoring also ensures the required accuracy in respect of the perpendicular orientation of the fracture plane relative to the fiber axis.

Abstract: A process with minor variations for producing a configuration of glass and/or any similar material such as plastic or epoxy is disclosed. The configuration is basically a honeycomb of pipes of transparent material attached to a transparent plate, such as window glass. The pipes are closed at one end by the plate. The pipes prevent convection movement of a fluid parallel to the plate near its surface, except for very short distances. The unique inventive feature of the process lies in the fact that the honeycomb of pipes are produced simultaneously by a drawing process, during which either a part of a plate, which part is in the form of a grid, is softened, or a grid of new soft material is added to a plate, and the pipes are always attached to the plate both during formation and upon completion of formation.Also disclosed is a special configuration to render the pipes resistant to breakage under thermal stress.

Abstract: A method of treating a silicon single crystal ingot which comprises the steps of purposely producing lattice strains in a silicon single crystal ingot, annealing the ingot at high temperature, and etching off the surface of the annealed ingot, thereby suppressing the occurrence of lattice defects.

Abstract: A method of breaking glass fibers in which the fiber is locally heated by means of a heating wire and kinked through a predetermined angle. As a result, an impression of the heating wire is formed on the fiber. The fiber is subsequently cooled so as to retain the kinked condition. A slight tensile stress is applied so as to obtain a stress distribution which decreases across the fiber cross-section, and the fiber is broken at the location of the kink.

Abstract: A focused laser beam is directed at the wide side surface of a long, sealed, gas-filled, glass tube having a longitudinal axis and an elongated cross section. Repeated relative back and forth movement is introduced between the laser beam and the wide surface of the tube transverse to its longitudinal axis to heat and soften the tube along a cut line until the tube divides to form ends and collapses to seal the divided ends. Preferably, the tube is held in fixed position, while the laser beam is scanned across both of its wide side surfaces. The intensity and/or the velocity of the laser beam are modulated. After the tube divides along the cut line, the divided ends are annealed while still in the tube holder by defocusing the laser beam. In one embodiment, plural simultaneous cuts are made by directing a plurality of focused laser beams onto the tube at spaced intervals along its longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A method of fabricating bent laminated safety glass windshields having at least one hole through the entire thickness thereof adjacent to but spaced entirely from the marginal edge thereof is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making laminated windshields is disclosed. Brackets of glass of oblong shape are cut from a continuous glass ribbon manufactured by a "Float" process in such a manner that the brackets have drawlines associated therewith running across the shorter dimension of the bracket. The brackets are cut, formed into pairs, bent as pairs, and laminated as pairs to produce completed windshields which have the drawlines of the glass aligned vertically, i.e., in the direction from the top to the bottom of the finished windshield. This orientation of the glass reduces the drawline distortion observable when the windshield is in place in the vehicle.

Abstract: A preformed sheet of glass is formed by sagging such a sheet with a plurality of linked indentations comprising multiple curved interdependent impressions from which a plurality of sagged pieces are cut to produce lenses in final form.

Abstract: An envelope for an oscilloscope tube is formed by simultaneously rotating and heating a glass tube and upsetting the heated tube, to form a cylindrical section having uniform thickness and varying diameter. The thus formed envelope portion is then pressed into a shape having a rectangular cross-section, without changing the circumference, in order to maintain the thickness of the envelope.