Abstract: A press formed product is disclosed. A method for manufacturing the press formed product is a method for manufacturing the press formed product including applying press processing including stretch flange forming to a single metal sheet of one sheet material after performing shearing processing of the metal sheet to manufacture the press formed product. When a region where a stretch flange crack is estimated to be likely to occur when the single metal sheet is press formed by the press processing is set as a stretch flange crack region, the press processing is applied after heating and cooling the end surface of the metal sheet positioned in the stretch flange crack region and at least the end surface in the end surface and the vicinity thereof in the single metal sheet after the shearing processing.

Abstract: A method of quenching a press hardenable steel (PHS) is provided. The method includes preparing a die having a material with a thermal conductivity of at least 40W/(m·K) and placing a blank within the die and simultaneously hot stamping and quenching the blank at a heat transfer coefficient of at least 2,950W/(m2·K). In one form, the step of hot stamping the blank is carried out with greater than 20 MPa of contact pressure between the die and the blank. In another form, the step of hot stamping the blank is carried out with 31 MPa of contact pressure between the die and the blank.

Abstract: A controller alters a cycle time of a die arrangement, configured to hot stamp metal into components and having an active cooling system, based on an amount of heat transferred from the components to the active cooling system such that a grain structure of the components transitions from an austenitic state to a martensitic state.

Abstract: A low pressure system for cooling a ram bushing is provided. The low pressure system includes at least one check valve disposed on a T-coupling downstream of the low pressure pump. The check valve allows for the pressure to be maintained in the cooling system, but also allows pressure to be relieved in the event of an over pressure condition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a metal vessel by way of stamping of vertical halves from a metal sheet, and in particular to a method comprising: stamping at least a first vessel half and a second vessel half from a metal sheet; adhering at least the first vessel half with the second vessel half forming a vessel, the vessel being a single piece article having an opening on one end for ingress and egress of a liquid or a gas and having a seam along two of the vessel vertical walls and along the bottom of the vessel where the first vessel half and the second vessel half make contact; and applying a top finish at the opening of the vessel allowing for a closure to be used to seal and selectively reseal the vessel.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of press-formed article according to the present invention includes a step of placing a flat plate member between a first die and a second die, and a step of causing a first press portion and a second press portion approach each other, thereby pressing the flat plate member. In the step of placing, the flat plate member is placed so that a first main surface and a second main surface align with a vertical direction. In the step of pressing, the flat plate member is vertically pressed by causing the first press portion and the second press portion to approach each other in the vertical direction, and a thick portion is formed on the flat plate member by causing a part of a material of the flat plate member in the vertical direction to flow into a thickened portion-forming section formed on a first opposing surface.

Abstract: A toolpack for a can bodymaker with a vertically oriented, reciprocating, elongated ram assembly is provided. The toolpack includes a tool pack housing assembly, a number of die spacers, a number of dies, and a compression device. The tool pack housing assembly defines a passage and includes an inner surface, an upper sidewall, a lower sidewall, a first lateral sidewall, a second lateral sidewall, a rear sidewall, and a door. The tool pack housing assembly passage extends generally vertically. Each die spacer structured to support a die and defining a central passage. Each die including a body defining a central passage. The die spacers and dies are disposed in said tool pack housing assembly. The compression device is disposed at said tool pack housing assembly lower sidewall and is structured to axially bias said number of die spacers.

Abstract: This invention is an apparatus for cooling a metal object that has been heated above the curing point, such that as the metal object cools, it retains its original shape.

Abstract: A method for treating a metal element for an automobile includes hardening the metal element so as to obtain a press hardened metal element. Scale from the press hardened metal element are removed by placing the press hardened metal element in an ultrasonic liquid and preforming an ultrasonic process thereon so as to obtain a de-scaled press hardened metal element. The ultrasonic liquid is an aqueous solution comprising an organic carboxylic acid in a concentration of from 0.1 to 10 vol.-%. The de-scaled press hardened metal element is coated in a coating process with an anti-corrosion coating.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a hot stamping device for forming, cooling and trimming a material heated to a set temperature including a lower stanchion having a lower mold steel formed to a shape corresponding to a bottom surface of the material and a blank holder vertically movable on an exterior of the lower mold steel; a lower trimming steel mounted on the blank holder, configured to support the edges of the material; an upper stanchion having an upper mold steel formed to a shape corresponding to an upper surface of the material, and configured to move the upper mold steel up and down; an upper trimming steel disposed on an exterior of the upper mold steel move downwardly with the lower trimming steel to trim the edges of the material; and a cooling unit disposed on to the lower and the upper mold steels and the lower and the upper trimming steels, and configured to circulate coolant.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a drawn panel and a die set. The method includes clamping a blank between a binder and a die that defines a cavity. A first draw punch contacts the blank in advance of a second punch that subsequently engages the blank. A central area of the blank is drawn by the first draw punch that clamps a central area of the blank against a lower die. Side areas of the blank are drawn into the cavity by the side punches while the central punch clamps the blank again the lower die.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tool for hot-tanning and/or press hardening of a sheet metal material, this tool having a plurality of cooling devices through which a coolant can flow, in order thus to be able to actively cool at least regions of the effective tool surfaces which come into contact with the sheet metal material. According to the invention, at least one cooling device comprises a shell element having an effective tool surface, wherein this shell element has, on its rear side facing away from the effective tool surface, a plurality of separate cooling chambers, through which a coolant can flow, and arranged in each of these cooling chambers is at least one flow guiding element for the coolant. The invention also relates to a method for producing such a cooling device for this tool.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a shaped sheet-metal part from a panel or a semifinished part made of a material consisting of steel with at least 60 wt. % Fe and a residual austenite content of at least 5%, in which the panel or the semifinished part is at least partially cooled to a temperature below ?20° C. before the shaping and is shaped at a temperature below ?20° C. in a forming tool. The object of providing a method for producing load-compliantly configured components, which on the one hand permits industrial-scale use of low-temperature forming and is configured particularly simply, is achieved by reducing the material temperature of the panel or semifinished part to below ?20° C. is carried out in a thermally regulated cooling apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a die apparatus which cools metals after hot pressing. More specifically, the present invention relates to an immersion cooling type die apparatus, in which dies are immersed in a coolant to enhance a cooling rate of the dies while guaranteeing uniform quality. The die apparatus includes an upper die having a pressing surface formed on a lower surface thereof, a lower die having a pressing surface formed on an upper surface thereof, a coolant bath storing a predetermined level of coolant, and a pressing unit driven to lower and compress the upper die onto the lower die, to lower both the upper and lower dies in a compressed state, and to lift the upper and lower dies in a reverse sequence.

Abstract: A method and forming tool for hot forming and press hardening plate-shaped or preformed workpieces of sheet steel, wherein the workpiece is heated to a temperature above the austenitisation temperature and is then formed and quenched in a cooled forming tool having a punch and a female mold, wherein the female mold is coated in its drawing edge region with material in a material-uniting manner and/or is provided there with at least one insert part having a thermal conductivity at least 10 W/(m*K) lower than the thermal conductivity of the portion of the female mold adjacent to the drawing edge region and comes into contact with the workpiece when said workpiece is being hot formed and press hardened, the surface of the material having a transverse dimension within the range of 1.6 times to 10 times the positive radius of the female mold.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a structure for reducing thermal displacement of a machine tool structure, and more particularly, to a structure for reducing thermal displacement of a machine tool structure capable of reducing thermal displacement of a structure in order to prevent processing precision from deteriorating due to deformation of a fixed structure by heat generated at a part where the fixed structure and a movable structure perform frictional motion together with each other. Accordingly, in order to resolve a technical problem, an object of the present invention is to provide a structure for reducing thermal displacement of a machine tool structure capable of preventing a structure from being deformed and distorted by reducing a temperature deviation over the entire structure by rapidly transferring heat to other parts when a temperature of a specific part of the structure is raised.

Abstract: An apparatus for the connection of articles via at least one connection element plasticizable by heat includes a heatable cap, which is movable toward and away from the connection element and which has a shaft, for the forming of a rivet head at the connection element and having means for the direct heating of the cap. In this respect, the means for the direct heating of the cap include at least one ceramic heating element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an upsetting press (1, 1?) for upsetting an end (2) of a metallic material pipe (3), e.g. for petroleum applications. The press (1, 1?) comprises a supporting structure (10) which defines a working space and first locking means (15) for locking the pipe (3) to be upset. The press further comprises first upsetting means comprising at least one first upsetting die formed by a first pair of half dies (21, 22) which can be separated and closed about the end (2) of the pipe (3) to be upset and at least one axially movable cylindrical punch (30). The press (1, 1?) further comprises die holding means which support the half dies (21, 22) moving them between a closing position and an opening position.

Abstract: A hot forming die that includes a first die and a second die. The first die has a first die structure that is formed of a tool steel. The first die structure has a first die surface and a plurality of first cooling apertures. The first die surface has a complex shape. The first cooling apertures are spaced apart from the die surface by a first predetermined distance. The second die has a second die surface. The first and second die surfaces cooperate to form a die cavity. Related methods for forming a hot forming die and for hot forming a workpiece are also provided.

Abstract: A method for hot-forming and hardening a sheet-metal component with flanges in a cooled forming tool and an apparatus for carrying out the method are disclosed. A heated sheet-metal blank is inserted in a forming tool having a hollow form, with the sheet-metal blank projecting over the hollow form in marginal regions. The sheet-metal component formed from the sheet-metal blank is hardening of in the hollow form. A first flange having an X-bending axis is formed in a first marginal region with an auxiliary tool, and a second flange having a Y-bending axis is formed in a second marginal region with the auxiliary tool. The auxiliary tool has a plurality of dies, and the X- and Y-bending axes are not collinear and may be orthogonal to each other. Bending axes with a substantially perpendicular mutual orientation can be produced simultaneously in a single forming step.

Abstract: A metal plate material hot molding apparatus is provided for press molding a heated metal plate material. The apparatus may include supply piping for a cooling medium in a mold, and ejection holes penetrating from a molding surface of the mold to the supply piping. The exemplary apparatus may also include discharge piping for the cooling medium situated in the mold, and discharge holes penetrating from the molding surface of the mold to the discharge piping, and cooling piping. Molding procedure can be performed while the cooling medium is ejected from the ejection holes to a gap between the metal plate material and the mold.

Abstract: A die for press working includes a punch part and a die part. The outer peripheral surface and tip surface of the punch part and the inner peripheral surface of the die part are coated with carbon films having a surface roughness Ra of 0.05 ?m or lower. An intra-punch refrigerant flow channel in the punch part allows a cooling medium to flow. An intra-die refrigerant flow channel in the die part allows the cooling medium to flow. The intra-punch refrigerant flow channel has a central flow channel portion where a tip on the central axis of the punch part is disposed at a tip of the punch part. Radial flow channel portions have base ends connected to the tip of the central flow channel portion, extending radially at mutually equiangular intervals. Outer peripheral flow channel portions have base ends connected to the tips of the radial flow channel portions.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a stamping die of a joining backplane and a processing method of a joining backplane. The processing method of the joining backplane, comprising: plates of the heatsink plate and the supporting plate are put into the same die for processing; then, the heatsink plate and the supporting plate, which are processed, are joined and fixed. In the present invention, because the heatsink plate and the supporting plate are processed simultaneously on one set of dies, the original processing courses of two plates are merged for reducing half of the processing steps. In addition, because the heatsink plate and the supporting plate are simultaneously processed in the same die, the two plates have good consistency and better planeness in joining.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for sectionally controlling a cooling efficiency of a mold. The method comprises steps of: (a) configuring at least a cooling passage including a first section having a first heat-dissipating inner surface area and a second section having a second heat-dissipating inner surface area in the mold; and (b) adjusting the first and the second heat-dissipating inner surface areas unequally by using a heat-dissipating element.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for forging a hollow body (1), comprising forging tools (2) which are arranged in a centrically symmetrical way about a forging axis, and a forging mandrel (3). In order to provide advantageous constructional conditions for the production of different hollow bodies (1) it is proposed that the forging mandrel (3) comprises a mandrel core (7) and mandrel segments (8) which are distributed over the circumference of the mandrel core (7), are exchangeably held on the mandrel core (7), and form forming surfaces (9) for the hollow space of the hollow body (1).

Abstract: A metal plate material hot molding apparatus is provided for press molding a heated metal plate material. The apparatus may include supply piping for a cooling medium in a mold, and ejection holes penetrating from a molding surface of the mold to the supply piping. The exemplary apparatus may also include discharge piping for the cooling medium situated in the mold, and discharge holes penetrating from the molding surface of the mold to the discharge piping, and cooling piping. Molding procedure can be performed while the cooling medium is ejected from the ejection holes to a gap between the metal plate material and the mold.

Abstract: A metal plate material hot molding apparatus is provided for press molding a heated metal plate material. The apparatus may include supply piping for a cooling medium in a mold, and ejection holes penetrating from a molding surface of the mold to the supply piping. The exemplary apparatus may also include discharge piping for the cooling medium situated in the mold, and discharge holes penetrating from the molding surface of the mold to the discharge piping, and cooling piping. Molding procedure can be performed while the cooling medium is ejected from the ejection holes to a gap between the metal plate material and the mold.

Abstract: A hot forming die that includes a first die and a second die. The first die has a first die structure that is formed of a tool steel. The first die structure has a first die surface and a plurality of first cooling apertures. The first die surface has a complex shape. The first cooling apertures are spaced apart from the die surface by a first predetermined distance. The second die has a second die surface. The first and second die surfaces cooperate to form a die cavity. Related methods for forming a hot forming die and for hot forming a workpiece are also provided.

Abstract: A semifinished hardenable-steel workpiece is introduced into a gap between a punch tool and a complementary die tool while the workpiece is heated above the AC3 point. Then one of the tools is vertically shifted toward the other tool so as to deform the workpiece to a predetermined shape. Subsequently the workpiece is gripped between the punch and the die tools while cooling at least one of the tools to press-quench the workpiece. Finally, but before the press-quenching is completed, an edge is cut off the still hot workpiece by relatively shifting an upper die and a lower die vertically past each other.

Abstract: A hot forming die that includes a first die and a second die. The first die has a first die structure that is formed of a tool steel. The first die structure has a first die surface and a plurality of first cooling apertures. The first die surface has a complex shape. The first cooling apertures are spaced apart from the die surface by a first predetermined distance. The second die has a second die surface. The first and second die surfaces cooperate to form a die cavity. Related methods for forming a hot forming die and for hot forming a workpiece are also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a rolling mill apparatus and a method of shape control of a rolled strip which enables satisfactory shape control even in extremely thin rolling. A rolling mill apparatus of this invention has a rolling mill, which rolls a rolled strip P between upper and lower work rolls; a shape detecting portion, which detects the degree of flatness of the rolled strip in the width direction of rolled strip which has been rolled by the rolling mill; a spray portion, having a plurality of spray nozzles arranged along the length direction of the upper and lower work rolls, which sprays the upper and lower work rolls with coolant C; and, a shape control portion, which adjusts the spray amount and/or temperature of the coolant C sprayed from the spray portion based on detected information from the shape detecting portion, to control the shape of the rolled strip P.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a die apparatus which cools metals after hot pressing. More specifically, the present invention relates to an immersion cooling type die apparatus, in which dies are immersed in a coolant to enhance a cooling rate of the dies while guaranteeing uniform quality. The die apparatus includes an upper die having a pressing surface formed on a lower surface thereof, a lower die having a pressing surface formed on an upper surface thereof, a coolant bath storing a predetermined level of coolant, and a pressing unit driven to lower and compress the upper die onto the lower die, to lower both the upper and lower dies in a compressed state, and to lift the upper and lower dies in a reverse sequence.

Abstract: A method for producing a metallic component (B) allows adjoining zones (Z1, Z2, Z3) having differing material properties to be produced in a manner which is simple in terms of production. This is achieved in that a sheet metal element (E) heated to a forming temperature is shaped in a forming tool (1) into an end-shaped component (B), wherein the forming tool (1) has a temperature adjustment means for adjusting the temperature of at least one of the portions (5, 7, 16) thereof that comes into contact with the sheet metal element (E) during the forming process, and in that the forming speed is controlled in consideration of the time for which the portion (5, 7, 16) of the forming tool (1) that is regulated with regard to the temperature thereof is in contact with the respective region (E1, E2, E3) of the sheet metal element (E) that rests against said portion.

Abstract: A method for hot-forming and hardening a sheet-metal component with flanges in a cooled forming tool and an apparatus for carrying out the method are disclosed. A heated sheet-metal blank is inserted in a forming tool having a hollow form, with the sheet-metal blank projecting over the hollow form in marginal regions. The sheet-metal component formed from the sheet-metal blank is hardening of in the hollow form. A first flange having an X-bending axis is formed in a first marginal region with an auxiliary tool, and a second flange having a Y-bending axis is formed in a second marginal region with the auxiliary tool. The auxiliary tool has a plurality of dies, and the X- and Y-bending axes are not collinear and may be orthogonal to each other. Bending axes with a substantially perpendicular mutual orientation can be produced simultaneously in a single forming step.

Abstract: A metal plate material hot molding apparatus is provided for press molding a heated metal plate material. The apparatus may include supply piping for a cooling medium in a mold, and ejection holes penetrating from a molding surface of the mold to the supply piping. The exemplary apparatus may also include discharge piping for the cooling medium situated in the mold, and discharge holes penetrating from the molding surface of the mold to the discharge piping, and cooling piping. Molding procedure can be performed while the cooling medium is ejected from the ejection holes to a gap between the metal plate material and the mold.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a component including a bi-metallic sheet includes performing a manufacturing process that heats the bi-metallic sheet and physically constraining the bi-metallic sheet from deformation during the cooling of the bi-metallic sheet. Optionally, the method additionally includes physically constraining the bi-metallic sheet from deformation during the manufacturing process that heats the bi-metallic sheet. A constraining apparatus is also disclosed and includes a first constraining component having a first thermally conductive contact surface adapted to abut a first surface of a metal sheet, a second constraining component having a second contact surface adapted to abut a second surface of the metal sheet, and an engaging device operative to fix the first constraining component and the second constraining component in position relative to one another. The metal sheet is constrained between the first contact surface and the second contact surface during heating and/or cooling.

Abstract: A closed loop coolant system which ensures the isolation of coolant fluid within an apparatus for producing a metal container by wall ironing. The apparatus includes a die toolpack which reduces the thickness of the container side wall, a ram 5 and a ram guidance assembly 10 which guides the ram along a bore of a tubular assembly. The tubular assembly has a fluid inlet, and the surface of the bore of the tubular assembly has grooves 13 for passage of coolant fluid between the bore and around the outside of the ram 5 and seals for minimising leakage of oil into the coolant. Coolant is directed back to a tank 20 via a heat exchanger 21 and any oil is skimmer off the coolant by an oil skimmer 24. This oil can then be filtered, cleaned and recycled, or disposed of.

Abstract: The invention relates to a forming tool for hot forming, including a plurality of tool elements resting against one another and which define a forming surface, wherein the forming surface is embodied so as to be complementary to at least one section of a formed sheet component, which is to be produced by way of hot forming, and wherein the tool elements include cooling ducts in the form of bores which extend along the forming surface. At least two of the tool elements in each case include at least one cooling duct, which branches within the tool element into at least two cooling duct branches, wherein the bore axes of the cooling duct branches which diverge or converge, respectively, extend along the forming surface. Through this, a generic forming tool is created, which provides for a high, uniform cooling capacity across a large forming surface.

Abstract: In a method for blowing out and/or for spraying dies (3, 5), arranged at the top and/or bottom, of forging presses, in particular drop forging presses, comprising automatic workpiece transport by means of a transport lifting beam (8) provided with gripping devices (9) and comprising a mechanical blow-out and spray device (11; 10) which is introduced into the tool space (1) of the forging press and is withdrawn again from the latter, a spray lifting beam (11) provided with spray devices (10) is moved into the tool space (1) synchronously with the lifting and removal movement of the transport lifting beam (8), but independently of the latter, while the transport lifting beam (8) lifts a workpiece (6) produced in a preceding forging operation and removes it from the tool space (1), wherein the spray devices (10) are actuated within the tool space and the forging dies (3, 5) are lubricated and/or cooled close to the contour.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bush widening apparatus and a process by means of which it is possible to partially, in sections, forge at relatively low investment costs large and heavy bush blanks by means of a motor-driven, e. g. hydraulic, forming tool, and during which process both the diameter and the height of these banks increase in size.

Abstract: An assembly for can manufacture includes a toolpack having coolant dies (3,4,5,6) adjacent and either side of ironing dies (1,2) so that coolant may be circulated around cavities in the coolant dies so as to cool the ironing die inserts (12). Generally, the toolpack is used in conjunction with a ram (20), coolant tube assembly (30) and ram guidance assembly (60) which together ensure that the ram is cooled along its entire length, up to and including the punch nose (21).

Abstract: A process generally includes contacting a surface of at least one workpiece with a reconfigurable pad of a fixture device, wherein the reconfigurable pad comprises a shape memory material configured to conform to the surface of the at least one workpiece, and fixturing the contacted workpiece.

Abstract: With the invention, a method and device for explosive forming of work pieces, in which at least one work piece is arranged in at least one die and deformed by means of an explosive to be ignited, is to be improved, in that an ignition mechanism that is technically simple to handle, is produced with the shortest possible setup time, which permits the most precise possible ignition of the explosive with time-repeatable accuracy. This task is solved by a method and device, in which at least one work piece is arranged in at least one die and deformed by means of an explosive to be ignited, in which the explosive is ignited by means of induction.

Abstract: In a method for press-hardening a metallic formed structure made of a hardenable steel sheet, the steel sheet is heated above a transition temperature Ac3 and then placed in a cooled press having a forming tool with at least one uncooled contour section for forming a region of reduced hardness. Marginal regions of the steel sheet are clamped with a sheet holder arrangement which has an inner sheet holder and an outer sheet holder. The inner sheet holder is hereby located closer to the forming tool than the outer sheet holder. The sheet holder arrangement is configured to slow down flow of the marginal regions into the forming tool. After closing the press tool, the steel sheet is formed in a first forming phase by holding the marginal region with the outer sheet holder and in a subsequent forming phase by holding the marginal region with the inner sheet holder.

Abstract: A hot forming die that includes a first die and a second die. The first die has a first die structure that is formed of a tool steel. The first die structure has a first die surface and a plurality of first cooling apertures. The first die surface has a complex shape. The first cooling apertures are spaced apart from the die surface by a first predetermined distance. The second die has a second die surface. The first and second die surfaces cooperate to form a die cavity. Related methods for forming a hot forming die and for hot forming a workpiece are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a shaping tool which is used to shape a workpiece, in particular, a sheet steel component, comprising at least two shaping tool halves. Contoured regions are provided in the region of the shaping tool halves in order to give the workpiece a corresponding contour, at least in sections. Each shaping tool half has a shaping surface shell which is oriented towards the workpiece and a support shaping half. The shaping surface shell is arranged on the support shaping half and comprises a shaping surface, which is oriented towards the workpiece, and a rear side which is oriented away from the workpiece. The support shaping half comprises a contoured area which essentially corresponds to the contour of the workpiece which is to be produced and the contoured area is surrounded by a flange area. Grooves are provided in the contoured area in the region of the rear side of the shaping surface shell.

Abstract: A fixture device generally includes a base member, a reconfigurable pad disposed on the base member, wherein the reconfigurable pad comprises a shape memory material configured to selectively conform to a surface contour of a workpiece, and an activation device in operative communication with the shape memory material.

Abstract: A cooling mechanism is provided to control the direction of flow of cooled air in an apparatus used to manufacture metallic containers, wherein machinery wear is reduced and the tolerance of the finished factory container height is maintained within a predetermined tolerance.

Abstract: A composite fabrication apparatus which may include a first tooling die and a second tooling die movable with respect to each other; a thermal control system having induction coils disposed in thermal contact with the first tooling die and the second tooling die; a first die susceptor provided on the first tooling die and a second die susceptor provided on the second tooling die and connected to the induction coils; and a cooling system disposed in thermal contact with the first tooling die and the second tooling die. A composite fabrication method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Method of forming a workpiece comprising (a) providing a tool and a workpiece, wherein the workpiece has an initial shape; (b) placing the workpiece and the tool in contact, applying force to the tool and/or the workpiece, and moving the tool and/or the workpiece to effect a change in the initial shape of the workpiece by forming; and (c) providing a jet of cryogenic fluid and impinging essentially all of the jet of cryogenic fluid on a surface of the tool.