Abstract: A high-pressure water jet is injected from a nozzle scanned and a shock wave generated due to the collapse of bubbles included in the water jet is impacted on a WJP execution object. Tensile residual stress close to the surface of the WJP execution object is improved to compressive residual stress. The shock wave is detected by a pressure sensor and a shock wave generation frequency is obtained. Whether the obtained shock wave generation frequency is larger than a set value or not is decided. When the shock wave generation frequency is larger than the set value, a high-pressure pump is stopped and the injection of the water jet from the nozzle is stopped. When the shock wave generation frequency is equal to or smaller than the set value, the operation condition of the high-pressure pump is changed.

Abstract: A method prevents a cylindrical body from buckling in externally curling edges of both side portions by pressing curling dies in an axial direction after molding the cylindrical body having a drop portion whose outer diameter is small and two side portions whose outer diameter is large by enlarging a cylindrical material made of aluminum alloy by electromagnetic molding. In curling the edges of the side portions, a buckling preventing die restrains an outer periphery of the drop portion of the cylindrical body. Because the buckling preventing die receives the axial compression force of the curling dies, it can prevent the cylindrical body from buckling and deforming. The buckling preventing die is what a split die disposed on the side of an outer periphery of the cylindrical material in the electromagnetic molding is used as.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for explosive forming of workpieces, comprising an ignition chamber and an ignition mechanism, wherein an explosive agent can be ignited at an ignition location in the ignition chamber using the ignition mechanism, and an ignition chamber outlet is provided, to be improved such that the ignition mechanism has a longer service life. The aim is achieved by a device wherein an impact breaker is provided in the propagation path (37) of the detonation wave.

Abstract: A tooling method for calibrating a partially formed metal part in an electro-hydraulic forming tool. The method includes loading a partially formed metal part onto a forming surface of a die. The part is then clamped onto the forming surface and the part is pulsed with a high rate energy pulse to overcome a spring-back effect in the part. The EHF calibration tool includes a punch to which a part is held by clamps while a capacitive discharge circuit is discharged through electrodes provided in the tool. Upon discharge of the capacitive discharge circuit through the electrodes, a high rate energy pulse is applied through a liquid to calibrate the part.

Abstract: A manufacturing method includes a first step of performing swage autofrettage on an object; a second step of heat soaking the object; and a third step of performing hydraulic autofrettage on the object. The second and third steps may be repeated one or more times. A final step may be heat soaking the object. The object may be, for example, a pressure vessel or gun barrel.

Abstract: A method of electrohydraulically trimming a blank involving positioning a blank on a trimming member having a cutting edge such that a portion to be trimmed extends over the cutting edge and is in fluid communication with a chamber. Immobilize the blank with respect to the trimming member. Position a pair of electrodes in the chamber proximate the portion of the blank to be trimmed such that the electrodes and the trimming member are on opposite sides of the blank. Electrically connect the electrodes to a capacitor. Charge the capacitor. Fill the chamber with fluid to submerge the electrodes and to contact the portion of the blank to be trimmed. Discharge the capacitor across the electrodes to generate a pressure pulse that pushes the portion of the blank to be trimmed against the cutting edge thus trimming it off the blank.

Abstract: An electrohydraulic forming (EHF) tool and a method of forming a sheet metal blank in an EHF operation. The tool may include a pair of electrodes and may be filled with a liquid. A high voltage discharge may be produced between the electrodes in a manner that induces a shockwave within the fluid. The shockwave may produce sufficient force within the liquid to form the blank against a die.

Abstract: The invention is intended to improve a tool arrangement and method for explosive forming of a workpiece by means of gas explosion, in which the workpiece is arranged in a intake area of a moulding tool, wherein the intake area is at least partially filled with liquid and the explosion is triggered by means of ignition of an explosive gas mixture, to the effect that the tool arrangement and the method are suitable and simplified for mass production. This object is solved by means of a tool arrangement and a method for explosive forming of a workpiece by means of gas explosion, in which the workpiece is arranged in a intake area of a moulding tool, wherein the intake area is at least partially filled with liquid and the explosion is triggered by means of ignition of an explosive gas mixture, in which the explosive gas mixture is provided at least partially above the surface of the liquid before the ignition.

Abstract: Through the invention, an ignition device for explosive forming of work pieces in a forming die, which has an ignition mechanism and an ignition tube, and in which the ignition tube guides the explosion ignited by the ignition mechanism into the work piece inserted in the forming die, is to be improved, in that it permits, in practice, an arrangement of the ignition mechanism and forming die that is easier to handle and geared toward the occurring explosion forces. This task is solved by an ignition device, in which a curved guide is provided between the ignition mechanism and the forming die.

Abstract: With the invention, a method and device for explosive forming of work pieces, in which at least one work piece is arranged in at least one die and deformed by means of an explosive to be ignited, is to be improved, in that an ignition mechanism that is technically simple to handle, is produced with the shortest possible setup time, which permits the most precise possible ignition of the explosive with time-repeatable accuracy. This task is solved by a method and device, in which at least one work piece is arranged in at least one die and deformed by means of an explosive to be ignited, in which the explosive is ignited by means of induction.

Abstract: Methods and devices provide for high velocity forming of medical device casings. The high velocity forming may be produced by creating a pressure wave within a liquid contained by an enclosure. A die and a workpiece adjacent to the die are in the path of the pressure wave within the enclosure and the pressure wave forces the workpiece to conform to the contours of the die. Objects may be adhered to the die to provide for customized contours. Trimming features may be included within the enclosure to trim excess material from a formed workpiece as an integral part of the forming process. Various other features may also be provided within the enclosure including a diffuser to disperse the pressure wave. The workpiece may be of various forms including flat sheet stock.

Abstract: A device for producing a pattern onto a work piece is disclosed. The device comprises a die, an electromagnetic actuator and a base; wherein the die comprises a patterned surface and the patterned surface comprises a pattern. The electromagnetic actuator comprises an plate body, a convex part and a strip unit connected to the plate body; the electromagnetic actuator is disposed in the base. When the electromagnetic actuator is activated while a work piece is being positioned between the patterned surface and the electromagnetic actuator, an inductive current is generated on the work piece by the electromagnetic actuator, and then a repulsive force is generated between the electromagnetic actuator and the work piece. The repulsive force then causes the work piece to adhere to the patterned surface, forcing the work piece to deform against the patterned surface and to take on the shape of the pattern.

Abstract: A device for producing a patterned plate from a tubular work piece is disclosed wherein walls of the tubular work piece comprise at least one forming surface. The device comprises a die and an electromagnetic actuator, wherein the die comprises a patterned surface with a pattern formed thereon and a fracturing part. The tubular work piece is disposed between the die and the electromagnetic actuator such that the walls of the tubular work piece correspond to walls of the die, and the forming surface corresponds to the patterned surface. When the electromagnetic actuator is supplied with a current pulse, an eddy current is induced in the tubular work piece, generating a repulsive force between the electromagnetic actuator and the tubular work piece. Therefore, the tubular work piece impacts the die, and the forming surface is deformed against the patterned surface and the fracturing part, thus replicating the pattern of the patterned surface onto the forming surface.

Abstract: A method of pre-stressing a component such as a turbine blade (52) comprises providing an electrically conducting sheet (66) adjacent to a component (52) within a fluid medium (56). An electrical discharge is supplied from an electrical discharge circuit (58) to the electrically conducting sheet (66) to produce vaporisation there of (66). The vaporisation of the electrically conducting sheet (66) produces a planar pressure pulse in the medium (56) adjacent to the component (52). The planar pressure pulse impacts on a surface of the component (52) to produce a region of residual compressive stress within the component (52).

Abstract: A lined conduit formed by decorrugating a corrugated liner conduit inside a first conduit is described. A method and apparatus for forming the lined conduit are also described. The corrugated liner conduit may be positioned inside the first conduit. Each end portion of the corrugated liner conduit may be coupled to a hydraulic expander. Each hydraulic expander may include a hydraulic cylinder. Each hydraulic cylinder may include a piston rod with an opening along the length of the piston rod. The corrugated liner conduit may be evacuated through a valve assembly coupled to the passageway in one of the piston rods. The evacuated corrugated liner conduit may be pressurized with fluid from a fluid source coupled to the valve assembly. Pressurizing the corrugated liner conduit may expand corrugations in the corrugated liner conduit to form a decorrugated liner in the first conduit.

Abstract: Through the invention, a closure device for explosive forming with a connection unit movable relative to the explosive forming die between a working position on the die and a rest position is to be configured, so that the explosive forming die can be closed in simple and reliable fashion and, at the same time, the explosion forces supported. This task is solved by a closure device, in which a wedge structure is guided to move on a static holding structure and is motion-coupled to the connection unit, the resulting movement of the connection unit being directed across the movement of the wedge structure.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for improving mechanical properties of a magnetically activatable material (14) includes at least one conveying device (1, 1a; 5, 5a; 9, 9a; 13, 13a) to convey the material (14) through a processing region. In the processing region, the material is deformed as a result of the application of a force. Since the force is contactlessly applied in the processing region by at least one magnetic field (A, B) and/or by at least one ultrasonic device (8a), a levelling process or material finishing process for metal bands and metal sheets is provided, which meets the requirements of all mutually-linked processing operations positioned upstream and downstream.

Abstract: A method is provided for subjecting a material which is partially in a solid state and partially in a liquid state to explosive forces. The method includes containing the material in a vessel having a length in a first direction and a width in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, the length being greater than the width; subjecting the material to the explosive forces in the vessel, the explosive forces being caused by introducing energy to the material by discharging a capacitor through a capacitor discharge electrode located within the material; and removing the material from the vessel after being subjected to the explosive forces.

Abstract: It shall be achieved by the invention that a workpiece for an explosion forming process, which can be inserted into a forming tool and which can be deformed from an initial shape by means of explosion forming, and the explosion forming method are improved such that a satisfactory quality of the workpiece with the desired wall thickness is achieved in a simple manner. This object is achieved by a workpiece and a respective explosion forming method in which the initial shape of the workpiece has at least in some portions a supply of material for the explosion forming process, which is pre-formed compared to adjoining portions or which is provided therewith.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the production, forming bonding, joining and repair systems composite and metal components utilising at least one pressure chamber having a displaceable abutment face, wherein fluid is circulated at an elevated temperature and pressure through the pressure chamber.

Abstract: A method of using an electromagnetic forming machine to hem a panel assembly includes providing an inner panel and an outer panel. The outer panel has a plurality of flanges and a plurality of relief areas. An electric forming machine is provided having a coil for discharging electric energy to generate a magnetic field. The inner panel is positioned such that portions of the outer edge of the inner panel are aligned with the flanges of the outer panel to form a loose assembly of panels. The loose assembly of panels is positioned proximate the electromagnetic forming machine such that the coil surrounds the flanges and is disposed substantially coplanar with a plane formed by the relief areas. The electromagnetic forming machine is activated to generate a magnetic field causing the flanges to bend over.

Abstract: A tooling method for calibrating a partially formed metal part in an electro-hydraulic forming tool. The method includes loading a partially formed metal part onto a forming surface of a die. The part is then clamped onto the forming surface and the part is pulsed with a high rate energy pulse to overcome a spring-back effect in the part. The EHF calibration tool includes a punch to which a part is held by clamps while a capacitive discharge circuit is discharged through electrodes provided in the tool. Upon discharge of the capacitive discharge circuit through the electrodes, a high rate energy pulse is applied through a liquid to calibrate the part.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromagnetic device and a method for the geometric rectification of stamped metal parts comprising at least one block having a surface with a final geometry which is intended to be obtained in one side of an area to be rectified of a part, which is positioned between said block and a complementary electromagnetic coil comprising at least one winding configured to generate a magnetic field configured to act on the part and produce its impact against said block, there being a space between each electromagnetic coil and each block not greater than ten times a thickness of the part, with the aim of being able to move the part by the action of the magnetic field.

Abstract: Disclosed is a piercing device of a hydroforming mold with a lower steel having a cavity therein, which can make the replacement of the pierce punch easier. The piercing device comprises: a pierce punch, the front edge portion of which is inserted into the cavity, for punching a hole through a molding material; a pierce cylinder for providing hydraulic pressure; a rod connected to the pierce cylinder, which is to be operated by the hydraulic pressure; and a pierce block connecting the rod and the pierce punch, wherein the length between the front edge portion of the rod and the pierce punch is greater than the length of the pierce punch.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein an apparatus for electromagnetic forming of a workpiece with enhancements that increase the durability and overall efficiency of the solenoid coil. The apparatus includes reinforcement members dispersed through the solenoid coil and a cooling system. The apparatus also includes a shaper that varies in girth effectively acting as a force concentrator. The electromagnetic forming device is also capable of incrementally heat treating the workpiece and reducing residual stresses in the workpiece. The invention further discloses a more efficient way of manufacturing the solenoid coil.

Abstract: Process for fabricating an axle that includes a cross-member and arms which are assembled to extremities of the cross-member, wherein the process includes forming a cross-member, forming at least one arm, arranging the cross-member and the at least one arm in a fastening position, and fastening together in a rigid manner the cross-member and the at least one arm using a magneto-forming process. Wherein the fastening occurs while the cross-member and the at least one arm are in the fastening position and at least one of the cross-member and the at least one arm include at least one metallic material. This abstract is not intended to define the invention disclosed in the specification, nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: A hydroforming device includes a top die and a bottom die, set between which is a metal element to be formed and which are pressed against one another during a hydroforming process. A relative movement of the two dies between the open condition and the closed condition is controlled by a hydraulic cylinder. The opening of the two dies during the hydroforming process, when the forming cavity is filled with liquid at a high pressure, is prevented by applying on the two dies a force generated by means of two wedge-shaped members, which are horizontally mobile, controlled by respective actuator means and having inclined surfaces in contact with corresponding inclined surfaces of a vertically mobile member. The mobile member and the hydraulic cylinder are set operatively in series between one and the same die of the two dies and the base of the hydroforming cell.

Abstract: An electrohydraulic forming (EHF) tool having a pair of electrodes that can be used to generate a shockwave to facilitate forming a sheet metal blank against a forming die. The electrodes may be adjusted during the course of operation. This may be useful should continued use cause their efficiency to drop below a desired threshold.

Abstract: A method is provided for subjecting a material which is partially in a solid state and partially in a liquid state to explosive forces. The method includes containing the material in a vessel having a length in a first direction and a width in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, the length being greater than the width; subjecting the material to the explosive forces in the vessel, the explosive forces being caused by introducing energy to the material by discharging a capacitor through a capacitor discharge electrode located within the material; and removing the material from the vessel after being subjected to the explosive forces.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for punching holes through the opposed first and second tube walls of a hydroformed tube while the tube is within the die cavity formed by a pair of hydroforming dies. A punch is mounted within a punch bore that intersects with the die cavity. A punch advances the punch to punch a first hole in the first tube wall and then travel across the die cavity and make a second hole in the second tube wall. A support mechanism for supporting the second wall of the tube against rupture by the hydroforming pressure includes spring biasing a support face of a support rod into engagement with the second wall and yielding during the punching of the second hole. A support rod actuator withdraws the support rod to carry the support face away from the second wall after the second hole is punched.

Abstract: An electro-hydraulic forming tool is disclosed in which a membrane is retained between two volumes of liquid that are separated by a membrane. Electrodes are provided with a high voltage impulse to create a shockwave in one of the volumes of fluid that is transferred through the membrane to the other volume of fluid. The shockwave is transmitted to a blank that is formed into a one-sided die. The blank is formed against the forming surface of the die. Air evacuation means are provided to remove air from the upper surface of one or both volumes of liquid.

Abstract: A metal mold is disposed adjacent to the outer circumference of a base ring, and has a molding face in the inner circumference and a plurality of grooves for forming beads on the molding face along the circumferential direction. A coil for electromagnetic forming is disposed adjacent to the inner circumference of the base ring. When a momentary large current is applied to the coil in this arrangement, the diameter of the base ring is expanded by pressing the base ring toward the molding face of the metal mold such that the base ring is molded into a shape corresponding to the molding face by electromagnetic forming. Improvements such as a metal mold capable of degassing, a separable metal mold, roll-correcting after electromagnetic forming, application of momentary large current over several times, a metal mold with a cutting blade, use of a base ring with a large number of holes, and a metal mold with positioning means are then added.

Abstract: With the invention, a method and a device for explosive forming of a tubular work piece, which comprises a multipart forming die almost fully enclosing the work piece in the closed state, and in which a plug is provided in the area of at least one end of the forming die, is to be improved, in that forming of a tubular work piece is possible in a simple method that promotes fewer individual work steps and is therefore cost-effective. This task is solved by a method and a device for explosive forming, in which a seal between the forming die and the plug is formed when the plug is inserted, in which the work piece end is mounted between the forming die and deformed.

Abstract: An electronic casing and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method includes the following steps. Step (a): a metal laminate and a die of a predetermined shape are provided. The metal laminate comprises a metal top layer and a metal bottom layer that are bonded by interface atom diffusion. Step (b): the metal laminate is processed to form a casing blank by using the die, and the casing blank has at least one turning portion. Step (c): a profiler of a predetermined shape and an electromagnetic forming device are provided. Step (d): the casing blank is attached to the profiler, and the electromagnetic forming device is disposed at a position corresponding to the turning portion. Step (e): the electromagnetic forming device is activated, so that the casing blank has a shape corresponding to the predetermined shape of the profiler.

Abstract: An apparatus for electromagnetically forming a workpiece. The apparatus includes a solenoid coil for generating an electromagnetic force and a tool for concentrating electromagnetic force against the workpiece. The tool includes an electrically conductive body having an aperture and an insulator disposed in the aperture.

Abstract: A hydroforming device includes a top die and a bottom die, set between which is a metal element to be formed and which are pressed against one another during a hydroforming process. A relative movement of the two dies between the open condition and the closed condition is controlled by a hydraulic cylinder. The opening of the two dies during the hydroforming process, when the forming cavity is filled with liquid at a high pressure, is prevented by applying on the two dies a force generated by means of two wedge-shaped members, which are horizontally mobile, controlled by respective actuator means and having inclined surfaces in contact with corresponding inclined surfaces of a vertically mobile member. The mobile member and the hydraulic cylinder are set operatively in series between one and the same die of the two dies and the base of the hydroforming cell.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method and a device for removing dents in a sheet metal structure based on electromagnetic energy. A device in accordance with an embodiment of the present application includes a working head which is interconnected to a power device by a connecting cable.

Abstract: An opposed current flow magnetic pulse forming and joining system in electrical communication with a magnetic pulse power supply having a positive connection and a negative connection. The system may be used in forming individual workpieces or joining multiple workpieces, including joining by magnetic pulse welding. The system includes a first section, a second section, an insulator, and a first and a second pair of conductors. The first and second sections cooperate to enclose the workpiece(s) and function to create an electromagnetic force similar to that produced by a single closed coil. The system is configured to achieve desirable current flow by minimizing inductance, inductive reactance, and impedance in the conductors. The pairs of conductors may incorporate closely spaced individual conductors, braided conductors, and coaxial conductors. The current flow in the individual conductors of each pair of conductors is opposed, as is the current flow through the sections.

Abstract: An electromagnetic forming device for a sheet of material is provided. The electromagnetic forming device includes a fixing base, a magnetic concentration block, an electromagnetic actuator, and a die. The fixing base has a groove. The magnetic concentration block is disposed in the groove of the fixing base, and has an accommodating space therein, which is in communication with a surface of the magnetic concentration block via a slit. The electromagnetic actuator, used to generate a magnetic field, is disposed in the accommodating space of the magnetic concentration block, but does not contact the magnetic concentration block. The die and the magnetic concentration block are separated by a gap, and a sheet of material can be disposed in the gap. As the magnetic concentration block is a block, eddy currents in the magnetic concentration block are distributed uniformly, so the generated magnetic field is also distributed uniformly, thus exerting a uniform forming force on the sheet of material.

Abstract: The ultrasonic crimping apparatus of the invention includes: a supporting section that supports a crimped object having a crimped section with a through hole formed therein; a crimping member in a bar shape that is smaller toward a front end thereof and larger toward a rear end thereof; a driving section that causes the crimping member to be inserted in the through hole, first from the front end thereof; an ultrasonic application section that applies ultrasonic wave to the crimping member, thereby causing radial displacement of the crimping member; and a crimping control section that causes the crimping member to be inserted into the through hole of the crimped object, while causing application of ultrasonic wave to the crimping member, thereby causing the crimped section of the crimped object to be crimped.

Abstract: Method for producing a coated medical support device capable of insertion into the body, the method including the procedures of applying a coating to a section of a work-piece, positioning the work-piece in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field generator, and substantially proximate a forming mandrel, inducing electromagnetic forces in the work-piece which accelerate the work-piece toward the forming mandrel, and forming the work-piece to a medical support device, by changing the original physical configuration of the work-piece to a second physical configuration, the forming mandrel having a mandrel physical configuration, the second physical configuration being influenced by the mandrel physical configuration.

Abstract: An apparatus for reforming rod-shaped, electrically conductive and/or magnetizable materials, in particular for drawing and extruding, having the following features: the apparatus has a female mold having a die, which forms the tool for reforming; the apparatus has an inductor of an electric linear motor, by means of which a traveling electric field can be produced; the inductor includes at least one first group at least with first coils; the first coils in the first group are arranged axially next to one another and thus form a channel; using the inductor it is possible to produce a traveling field in the channel which has a magnetic flux density having a gradient in the axial direction of the channel, which has an amplitude of greater than B=1 T.

Abstract: An apparatus (30) and method for forming of a vehicle's driveshaft (32) is provided which makes use of a PMF process. The coil device used in the PMF apparatus is assembled around the shaft from two or more coil sections (40, 41, 43; 42, 44, 45) firmly attached to one another, and which may be disassembled from one another to allow to remove the formed driveshaft (32).

Abstract: A hybrid metal forming system includes a die cavity defined by a first die and a second die and a press adapted to apply a static pressure over the first die to deform a workpiece against the second die. The hybrid forming system also includes a dynamic loading system coupled to and positioned between, the press and the die cavity.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for molding a bicycle tube and the method comprises the following steps: first, providing a tube and then controlling thickness of the tube by a drawing and extruding process for forming a molding portion. Second, plasticize other portions of the tube into particular diameters and shapes by plasticizing processes. Third, hydroform the molding portion of the tube by a mold and a hydroforming device for forming particular three-dimensional shapes. By applying to the above-mentioned method, the tube could be molded into a three-dimensional, unique and delicate shape.

Abstract: A device for electromagnetic high energy pulse deformation of workpieces of an electrically conductive material has a deformation tool including a coil carrier and at least two partial coils arranged on the coil carrier, at least one surge current generator to which the partial coils are connected so that magnetic fields of the partial coils superpose to form a resulting magnetic field which acts on the workpiece, the partial coils being formed as spiral coils which are formed identically with respect to inductivity, electrical resistance, winding number and forming, and each of the partial coils extending on the coil carrier from an inner starting point in an identical form and with a corresponding identical distance to a neighboring one of the partial coils in a spiral-shaped manner outwardly; and a method of electromagnetic high energy pulse deformation is proposed as well.

Abstract: A hybrid metal forming system includes a die cavity defined by a first die and a second die and a press adapted to apply a static pressure over the first die to deform a workpiece against the second die. The hybrid forming system also includes a dynamic loading system coupled to and positioned between, the press and the die cavity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method in a press of pressure cell type comprising a forming tool and, separated therefrom, a diaphragm, which define a forming space in which a blank is inserted for forming thereof against the forming tool by pressing the diaphragm against the blank. A blank portion projecting from the forming space is gripped by means of at least one gripping device and the connection between the blank and the gripping device is shielded from the diaphragm at least when the diaphragm is pressed against the blank. The invention further relates to a press of pressure cell type and a tray device.

Abstract: A pressure damper for use with a fluid conduit, such a fuel rail in a vehicular fuel delivery system, is manufactured by deforming a workpiece, such as by stamping, hydroforming, or magnetic pulse forming, to have an enlarged portion of predetermined size and reduced wall thickness. The predetermined size and reduced wall thickness of the enlarged portion correspond to a magnitude of fluid pressure at which the enlarged portion will flex or otherwise behave elastically, allowing the enlarged portion to function as a pressure damper. The workpiece can be secured to a fuel rail, such as by brazing, quick-connects, O-ring joints, welding, gluing, or magnetic pulse forming or welding techniques. Alternatively, the workpiece is embodied as the fuel rail itself, and the pressure damper is formed integrally with the fuel rail, thereby eliminating the need to secure a separate damper to a fuel rail.

Abstract: In a laser shock peening process, the shape of the spot generated by the laser beam is changed on the fly. This is achieved, for example, by a masking device which is movable into and out of the path of the laser beam. Laser shock peening spots can consequently be shaped so as to avoid the spots overlapping an edge of the workpiece, or any other feature which may be damaged by the laser energy.