Abstract: The present invention generally relates to polymers and macromolecules, in particular, to polymers useful in particles such as nanoparticles. One aspect of the invention is directed to a method of developing nanoparticles with desired properties. In one set of embodiments, the method includes producing libraries of nanoparticles having highly controlled properties, which can be formed by mixing together two or more macromolecules in different ratios. One or more of the macromolecules may be a polymeric conjugate of a moiety to a biocompatible polymer. In some cases, the nanoparticle may contain a drug. Other aspects of the invention are directed to methods using nanoparticle libraries.

Abstract: A biochip for diagnostic purposes comprises a sample carrier made of a solid matrix, on the surface of said sample carrier is bound the sample material to be analysed which originates from a biological organism.

Abstract: A system and method for phototherapy, including skin tanning, lupus phototherapy, teeth whitening, hair growth and psoriasis therapies, are provided. The system includes a chamber adapted for at least one type of phototherapy and at least on UV LED, at least one a nanostructure UV light emitting device or a combination of UV LEDs and nanostructure UV light emitting devices.

Abstract: Semiconductor nanocrystals prepared using a mixture of organic ligands (e.g., oxoacids), as well as compositions, kits, and methods of using such semiconductor nanocrystals are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to structures that contain one or more fiber and/or nanofiber structures where such structures can be formed on a wide variety of structures or surfaces (e.g., asperities, flat surfaces, angled surface, hierarchical structures, etc.). In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for forming one or more fibers, nanofibers or structures made therefrom on a wide variety of structures or surfaces (e.g., asperities, flat surfaces, angled surface, hierarchical structures, etc.). In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for forming one or more fibers, nanofibers or structures made therefrom on a wide variety of structures or surfaces (e.g., asperities, flat surfaces, angled surface, hierarchical structures, etc.) where such fibers and/or structures are designed to sequester, carry and/or encapsulate one or more substances.

Abstract: Electrically conductive nanowires incorporated within scaffolds enhance tissue growth, bridge the electrically resistant pore walls and markedly improve electrical communication between adjacent cardiac cell bundles. Integration of conducting nanowires within 3D scaffolds should improve the therapeutic value of cardiac patches. Examples demonstrate efficacy of gold nanowires in alginate matrices seeded with cardiomyocytes.

Abstract: A delivery system. The delivery system includes a carrier or an active compound and a glutathione or a glutathione derivative grafted thereon. The invention also provides a compound including a moiety comprising a vitamin E derivative or a phospholipid derivative, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a polyethylene glycol derivative bonded thereto, and a glutathione (GSH) or a glutathione derivative bonded to the polyethylene glycol or the polyethylene glycol derivative.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a plurality of gold nanoparticles in a plant, the method comprising growing the plant hydroponically, contacting at least a first part of the plant with a substance comprising at least one gold salt, providing an average photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) to at least second part of the plant, waiting a period of time sufficient for formation of a plurality of gold nanoparticles in at least a portion of the plant, thereby manufacturing the plurality of gold nanoparticles in the plant. Disclosed also are, inter alia, a plurality of gold nanoparticles manufactured by such a method; an article of manufacture comprising a plurality of gold nanoparticles manufactured by such a method; and a plurality of triangular gold nanoparticles manufactured by such a method.

Abstract: Minimally invasive delivery with intercellular and/or intracellular localization of nano- and micro-particle solar cells within and among excitable biological cells to controllably regulate membrane polarization and enhance function of such cells. The cells include retinal and other excitable cells.

Abstract: Nanoparticle-sized magnetic absorption enhancers (MAEs) that exhibit a controlled response to a magnetic field, including a controlled mechanical response and inductive thermal response. The MAEs have a magnetic material that exhibits the inductive thermal response to the magnetic field and is embedded in a coating, such that the MAE conforms to a particular shape, e.g., a hemisphere, a dome or a shell, that is chosen to produce the desired controlled mechanical response of the entire MAE to the magnetic field. A targeting moiety for specifically binding the MAE to a pathogen target is also provided. The MAEs are preferably bound by a flexible linker to promote the desired mechanical response, which includes interactions between MAEs that are not bound to their pathogen target for the purpose of forming spheres, spherical shells, or generally spherical dimers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to nanoconjugates. In particular, the present invention provides nanoconjugates for diagnostic (e.g., imaging), research, and clinical (e.g., targeted treatment) applications.

Abstract: A membrane electrode includes a novel sensor combining a filtering function of a membrane and a signal measuring ability of an electrode. A target material may be measured by filtration through the membrane. A small amount of target materials may be detected with high sensitivity using an amplified electrical signal by increasing electrical conductivity by reducing metal ions on the membrane, and thus the target material may be subject to quantitative analysis. In addition, only a target material selectively binding to a receptor may be filtrated by passing a sample through the membrane after a receptor material is fixed to the electrode, and thus may be used to detect an electrical signal. In addition, the sensor may measure a signal in various methods such as electrical conductivity, impedance, etc.

Abstract: A technique for a nanodevice is provided. A reservoir is separated into two parts by a membrane. A nanopore is formed through the membrane, and the nanopore connects the two parts of the reservoir. The nanopore and the two parts of the reservoir are filled with ionic buffer. The membrane includes a graphene layer or a graphene oxide layer. The nanopore could be oxidized to graphene oxide at an inner surface. The graphene or graphene oxide in the nanopore is coated with an organic layer configured to interact with biomolecules in a different way in order to differentiate the biomolecules. The organic layer enhances resolution and motion control of the biomolecules. A time trace of ionic current is monitored to identify the biomolecules based on a respective interaction of the biomolecules with the organic layer.

Abstract: A technique for a nanodevice is provided. A reservoir is separated into two parts by a membrane. A nanopore is formed through the membrane, and the nanopore connects the two parts of the reservoir. The nanopore and the two parts of the reservoir are filled with ionic buffer. The membrane includes a graphene layer or a graphene oxide layer. The nanopore could be oxidized to graphene oxide at an inner surface. The graphene or graphene oxide in the nanopore is coated with an organic layer configured to interact with biomolecules in a different way in order to differentiate the biomolecules. The organic layer enhances resolution and motion control of the biomolecules. A time trace of ionic current is monitored to identify the biomolecules based on a respective interaction of the biomolecules with the organic layer.

Abstract: Heterogeneous catalyst systems, methods of making these systems, and methods of using these systems, wherein catalytically active gold is deposited onto composite support media. The composite support media is formed by providing nanoporous material on at least a portion of the surfaces of carbonaceous host material. In representative embodiments, relatively fine, nanoporous guest particles are coated or otherwise provided on surfaces of relatively coarser activated carbon particles. Catalytically active gold may be deposited onto one or both of the guest or host materials either before or after the guest and host materials are combined to from the composite host material. PVD is the preferred catalyst system of depositing gold.

Abstract: An insulin-gold nanocluster, a pharmaceutical composition for treating diabetes comprising the insulin-gold nanocluster, and a method for detecting adipose cells in a tissue by using the insulin-gold nanocluster are provided. Herein, the insulin-gold nanocluster of the present invention comprises: a gold nanocluster, and insulin connecting to the gold nanocluster, wherein the insulin-gold nanocluster emits red fluorescence at maximized wavelength of 670 nm.

Abstract: Nanosilver coated bacterial cellulose nanofiber and a method of producing the nanosilver coated bacterial cellulose nanofiber. The nanosilver coated bacterial cellulose nanofiber is produced by preparing a suspension of bacterial cellulose fibers, oxidizing bacterial cellulose fibers; adding the thio- group to the polymer backbone; reacting the resulting product with silver proteinate and enhancing the nanosilver particle size. The nanosilver coated bacterial cellulose nanofibers exhibit antimicrobial properties.

Abstract: Self-assembling multimeric physical models of closed polyhedral structures made of structurally symmetric units, and which mimic the structure and self-assembly characteristics of naturally occurring systems such as viral capsids, are provided. Also provided are methods of creating structurally symmetric units, kits for forming self-assembling physical models of polyhedral structures, and methods of forming the same.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for making and using multifunctional polymerized liposomes finding relevant application in medical sciences, particularly in bioimaging, diagnostics, drug delivery, and drug formulation. The compositions and methods involve lipids that are both polymerizable and have a “clickable” group that provides the ability to functionalize via a click reaction with various functional moieties useful for the above-listed applications.

Abstract: Ligand-capped nanoparticles are dispersed in an organic solvent. There is then phase transfer of the nanoparticles introducing into the organic solvent an aqueous solution of polymer surfactant dissolved in water. The organic solvent and the aqueous solution are then mixed until the polymer forms micelles which encapsulate the nanoparticles in assemblies. The resultant nanoparticle assemblies in an aqueous phase may be used for any of a range of desired applications. It has been found that the assembly size can be tuned by control of any or a combination of method parameters such as concentration of polymer surfactant, and/or temperature of the phase change reaction, and/or rate of mixing, such as rotational rate of stirring. The nanoparticle assemblies find particular application as fluorescent biomarkers.

Abstract: A method of uncoupling mitochondria in a subject including administering nanotubes to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount, wherein the nanotubes are self-rectifying is provided. A method of decreasing reactive oxygen species and decreasing detrimental loading of Ca2+ into mitochondria is provided, including administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of nanotubes into the subject. A method of reducing weight, treating cancer, reducing the effects of traumatic brain injury, or reducing the effects of ageing, in a subject including administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of nanotubes into the subject is also provided.

Abstract: Calcium-phosphate based nanoparticles (CAPNP) are synthesized which are simultaneously intrinsically magnetic and fluorescent, and extrinsically surface modified to serve an attachment function. Doping calcium phosphates during colloidal synthesis results in 10 nm particles that are stable in aqueous media and at physiological pH. The scalable, one-step synthesis produces several modified CAPNPs. By introducing metal dopants into the base crystal lattice during synthesis, magnetically, electronically and optically enhanced nanoparticle dispersions were similarly synthesized.

Abstract: The present invention regards nano surfaces and particularly a gradient based nano surface. According to embodiments of the invention a surface bound gradient is created by distributed nanoparticles along a plane surface. This procedure greatly reduces the number of prepared surfaces needed, as well as the methodological error of analysis of adsorption and adhesion phenomena.

Abstract: Systems and methods related to optical nanosensors comprising photoluminescent nanostructures are generally described. Generally, the nanosensors comprise a photoluminescent nanostructure and a polymer that interacts with the photoluminescent nanostructure. In some cases, the interaction between the polymer and the nanostructure can be non-covalent (e.g., via van der Waals interactions). The nanosensors comprising a polymer and a photoluminescent nanostructure may be particularly useful in determining the presence and/or concentration of relatively small molecules, in some embodiments. In addition, in some instances the nanosensors may be capable of determining relatively low concentrations of analytes, in some cases determining as little as a single molecule. In some embodiments, the interaction between the analyte and the nanosensor (e.g.

Abstract: A nanopore device including a nanopore formed by penetrating a thin layer, a nanochannel formed at an entrance of the nanopore, and a filler in the nanochannel, as well as a method of fabricating the nanopore device and an apparatus including the nanopore device.

Abstract: Minimally invasive delivery with intercellular and/or intracellular localization of nano- and micro-particle solar cells within and among excitable biological cells to controllably regulate membrane polarization and enhance function of such cells. The cells include retinal and other excitable cells.

Abstract: Methods for creating a transient nanoscale opening in a cell membrane and methods for transporting a desired species through the nanoscale opening are provided. A nano-sized needle-like tip can be used to mechanically slice the cell membrane to create a transient, localized nanoscale slit.

Abstract: A method for separating labeled cells and a use (of the labeled cells) thereof are provided. More specifically, a method for labeling cells using fluorescent magnetic nanodiamonds, and a method for separating the labeled cells using the labeling method by the fluorescent or magnetic properties of the nanodiamonds are provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are the nanoparticle and the method for the same, and the preparing method includes steps of mixing polyethylenimine (PEI) with the poly(acrylic acid)-bound iron oxide (PAAIO) to form a PEI-PAAIO polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) and mixing the PEI-PAAIO PEC with genetic material such as plasmid DNA to form the PEI-PAAIO/pDNA magnetic nanoparticle. The PEI-PAAIO/pDNA magnetoplex is highly water dispersible and suitable for long term storage, shows superparamagnetism, low cytotoxicity, high stability and nice transfection efficiency, and thus the PEI-PAAIO PEC can replace PEI as a non-viral gene vector.

Abstract: The disclosure provide hollow nanospheres and methods of making and using the same. The methods and compositions of the disclosure are useful for drug delivery and gene transfer.

Abstract: When C60 was added to synovial fibroblasts, infiltrating lymphocytes, and macrophages, and the inflammatory cytokine production level was measured, the inflammatory cytokine production level was significantly suppressed in all cells. Furthermore, when C60 was added to osteoclast precursor cells and cultured in the presence of osteoclast differentiation-inducing factors, a certain concentration or more of C60 suppressed their differentiation into osteoclasts. Observation of the effect of C60 addition on bone resorption showed that C60 suppressed bone resorption by osteoclasts. In addition, the use of arthritis model animals confirmed in vivo that C60 suppressed inflammatory symptoms, as well as bone resorption and bone destruction by osteoclasts. C60 is effective for treating arthritic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis through its effects of suppressing osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and inflammatory cytokines.

Abstract: A method for providing nanoparticle clusters of controlled dimensions is described. The method involves an activation of individual nanoparticles and the subsequent interaction between activated particles to form a cluster.

Abstract: A composition for bone graft structural support, including a bioglass matrix and a plurality of carbon nanotubes dispersed throughout the bioglass matrix. The carbon nanotubes are generally cylindrical and are substantially between about 10 nanometer and about 20 nanometers in diameter and are substantially between about 5 nanometers and about 13 nanometers in length.

Abstract: Glucose and ATP biosensors have important applications in diagnostics and research. Combining single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with Pt nanoparticles can significantly enhance the performance of electrochemical biosensors. This disclosure illustrates the use of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to modify SWCNTs to increase SWCNT solubility in water. Multiple embodiments with this configuration allows for exploration of new schemes of combining ssDNASWCNT and Pt black in aqueous media systems. These embodiments resulted in a nanocomposite with enhanced biosensor performance. The ssDNA-SWCNT/Pt black nanocomposite constructed by a layered scheme proved most effective in terms of biosensor activity. The key feature of this structure and method of use is the exploitation of ssDNASWCNTs as molecular templates for Pt black electrodeposition. Glucose and ATP microbiosensors fabricated utilizing this structure and method of use exhibited high sensitivity, wide linear range and low limit of detection.

Abstract: A titanium dioxide composite is provided that can be stably dispersed in an aqueous solvent and easily administered into a living body, such as human, and allows elimination of the drug efficacy of a pharmaceutical compound supported thereon by light irradiation and a dispersion thereof. A composite is used in which a pharmaceutical compound is bound to titanium dioxide having photocatalytic activity through a hydrophilic polymer. The composite is stable in an aqueous solvent and easily administered into a living body, and adverse drug reactions of the pharmaceutical compound can be reduced by administering the composite into the body and irradiating the composite with a light to photoexcite the titanium dioxide to decompose the pharmaceutical compound in a region where the drug efficacy of the pharmaceutical composition is not required.

Abstract: The present invention relates to bioactive hetero-coagulated mixed materials that have high strength and durability, that are prepared using an aqueous process, and that have a high transparency when placed into a monomer, polymer, or resin of approximately the same refractive index.

Abstract: The various embodiments herein provide a method for detecting the cancerous cells using the carbon nanotubes. The method comprises preparing a solution of the tissue cells. The prepared solution of the tissue cells is poured on a fabricated substrate to carry out an entrapment of the tissue cells on the substrate. The substrate is dried after the entrapment in an air ambient and observed under a scanning electron microscope. The cancer cell is detected based on the biomechanical properties such as softness, deformability and an elasticity of the cancer cells. The cancer cell is detected based on the deflection of the substrate due to the entrapment of the cancer cells.

Abstract: The present invention provides the use of nanoparticles of a compound of general formula MnXy, where M is (i) a metal selected from the group consisting of Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Tungsten (W) or Copper (Cu); or (ii) a non-metal selected from the group consisting of Silicon (Si), Boron (B) or Carbon (C); in which n is equal to 1, 2, or 3, and X is (iii) a non-metal selected from the group consisting of Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), or Carbon (C); or (iv) an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate (PO43?), hydrogen phosphate (HPO42?), dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4?), carbonate (CO3), silicate (SiO42?), sulphate (SO42?), nitrate (NO3?), nitrite (NO2?); in which y is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; for use in reducing and/or preventing virus transmission. Articles of protective clothing or filters are provided in which the fibres are coated with said nanoparticles for use in reducing and/or preventing virus transmission.

Abstract: Embodiments of a method to use nucleic acid oligomer sequences for modulating the shape of nanoparticles are disclosed, as well as nanoparticles and methods of using the nanoparticles. Systematic variations of the nucleic acid sequences offer mechanistic insights into the morphology control. A plurality of nucleic acid oligomers is adsorbed onto a metal nanoseed to provide an oligomer-functionalized nanoparticle. Additional metal is deposited onto the oligomer-functionalized nanoparticle to produce a shaped nanoparticle having a morphology based at least in part on the nanoseed morphology and the oligomer's sequence composition. Embodiments of methods for using the shaped nanoparticles also are disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of making nanoparticles having about 0.2 to about 35 weight percent of a therapeutic agent; and about 10 to about 99 weight percent of biocompatible polymer such as a diblock poly(lactic) acid-poly(ethylene)glycol.

Abstract: A method of making a water soluble carbon nanostructure includes treating a fluorinated carbon nanostructure material with a polyol in the presence of a base. A water soluble carbon nanostructure comprises a fluorinated carbon nanostructure covalently bound to a polyol. Exemplary uses of water soluble carbon nanostructures include use in polymer composites, biosensors and drug delivery vehicles.

Abstract: An ultrasonic probe which has high propagation efficiency of ultrasound and can obtain a high resolution ultrasonic diagnostic image, the ultrasonic probe includes an ultrasonic transducer including: a piezoelectric body which generates ultrasound; and a first matching layer which is disposed in a predetermined direction as seen from the piezoelectric body and is for performing acoustic matching between the piezoelectric body and a subject, wherein the first matching layer includes a plurality of matching regions which have a uniform thickness in the predetermined direction, are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the predetermined direction, and include at least two matching regions having frequency characteristics of ultrasound transmittance different from each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides for increasing fluorescence detection in surface assay systems while increasing kinetics of a bioreaction therein by providing low-power microwaves to irradiate metallic materials within the system in an amount sufficient to increase heat thereby affecting the kinetics of a bioreaction therein.

Abstract: The present invention provides nanoparticle compositions comprising, for example, a core comprising a fluorescent silane compound; and a silica shell on the core. Also provided are methods for the preparation of nanoparticle compositions including fluorescent nanoparticles, ligated-fluorescent nanoparticles, ligated-fluorescent nanoparticles having therapeutic agents, and ligated-fluorescent nanoparticles coupled or associated with an analyte.

Abstract: Minimally invasive delivery with intercellular and/or intracellular localization of nano- and micro-particle solar cells within and among excitable biological cells to controllably regulate membrane polarization of such cells. The cells include retinal and other sensory cells, muscle cells, and nerve cells.

Abstract: Nanoparticles comprising T3 and their use in treating, e.g., cardiac conditions, for example cardiac arrest, are provided. Such nanoparticles provide improved delivery of T3 and allow for acute treatment and optionally for sustained release of T3 in a patient.

Abstract: A DNA/RNA detection technology is provided. The open flow detection technique includes a substrate defining a pair of opposing microchannels, a pair of opposing electrodes in the opposing microchannels, and at least one ion exchanging nanomembrane coupled between the opposing microchannels such that the opposing microchannels are connected to each other only through the nanomembrane, wherein the nanomembrane is functionalized with a probe complementary to the macromolecule.

Abstract: The invention relates to imparting photoreactivity to target cells, e.g., retinal cells, by introducing photoresponsive functional abiotic nanosystems (FANs), nanometer-scale semiconductor/metal or semiconductor/semiconductor hetero-junctions that in this case include a photovoltaic effect. The invention further provides methods of making and using FANs, where the hetero-junctions bear surface functionalization that localizes them in cell membranes. Illumination of these hetero-junctions incorporated in cell membranes generates photovoltages that depolarize the membranes, such as those of nerve cells, in which FANs photogenerate action potentials. Incorporating FANs into the cells of a retina with damaged photoreceptor cells reintroduces photoresponsiveness to the retina, so that light creates action potentials that the brain interprets as sight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to labelled silica-based nanoparticles with enhanced properties, to process for preparing them and to uses thereof.

Abstract: Fullerene inhibited the decrease in cell proliferation ability of chondrocytes which is observed when cultured chondrocytes are treated with a cartilage degenerating factor (IL-1? or H2O2). Fullerene inhibited production of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, 3 and 13) which is induced in cultured chondrocytes by cartilage degenerating factors. Fullerene restored the decrease in cartilage matrix (proteoglycan) synthesizing ability which is observed in treating cultured chondrocytes with cartilage degenerating factors. In an analysis using an osteoarthritis rabbit model, the progress of cartilage degeneration was reduced by administering fullerene. Moreover, the dynamic friction coefficient was decreased by adding fullerene to synovial fluid.