Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments can provide an apparatus and method for generating at least one radiation. The exemplary apparatus and/or method can selectively kill and/or affect at least one bacteria. For example, a radiation source first arrangement can be provided which is configured to generate at least one radiation having one or more wavelengths provided in a range of about 190 nanometers (nm) to about 230 nm, and at least one second arrangement can be provided which is configured to prevent the at least one radiation from having any wavelength that is outside of the range.

Abstract: Described is a device (1) for reducing pollutants in a gaseous mixture comprising: •a containment body (2) having an inlet portion (3) for the gaseous mixture and an outlet portion (4) for the gaseous mixture, the containment body (2) imposing on the gaseous mixture a fixed direction of flow (D), •at least one filtering unit (10) comprising a photocatalytic filter (7) interposed, along the fixed direction of flow (D), between a first light source (6a) and a second light source (6b), both having a wavelength in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm), the photocatalytic filter (7) comprising a photocatalytic nanoparticle coating and the nanoparticle coating comprising titanium dioxide doped with a nitrogen doping agent. •a unit (5) for straightening the flow before the filtering unit (10).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a protective mask to deactivate damaging agents. In some examples, the mask includes a filter element that traps particles of the damaging agent. A sanitizing emitter permeates the filter element with a sanitizing agent to deactivate the damaging agent. In some examples, the sanitizing agent is ultraviolet light configured to deactivate a virus such as SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract: The invention provides an anti-fouling lighting system (1) configured for preventing or reducing biofouling on a fouling element (1201) of an object (1200). The fouling element (1201) is during use at least partly moving and at least temporarily exposed to water. Fouling is prevented by irradiating an anti-fouling light (211) onto said fouling element (1201). The anti-fouling lighting (1) system comprises at least one laser light source (2) configured to generate the anti-fouling light (211) and to provide said anti-fouling light (211) to said fouling element (1201) during use, wherein the system (1) is arranged such that during use the fouling element (1201) at least partly moves with respect to the laser light source (2).

Abstract: A liquid treatment system comprising at least one ultra-violet light treatment lamp arranged within an elongated protective UV-transparent sleeve provided along a central longitudinal axis A, said sleeve having an outer surface and an essentially circular cross-sectional shape; and an elongated reactor configured to receive said sleeve, whereby an elongated liquid treatment chamber for receiving liquid to be treated, is provided between an inner surface of the reactor and the outer surface of the sleeve; wherein said liquid treatment system further comprises at least one cleaning arrangement comprising at least one cleaning device, wherein said cleaning arrangement is configured to compress said cleaning device towards the outer surface of the sleeve and to transfer the cleaning device over the sleeve surface for cleaning the outer surface of the sleeve, wherein the at least one cleaning device comprises at least one metal braid.

Abstract: The invention provides a water treatment apparatus and method of use. The apparatus comprises an inlet configured to be connected to a source of liquid to be treated, and at least one liquid treatment vessel arranged to expose liquid in the vessel to ultraviolet radiation in an advanced oxidation process reaction. A source of ultraviolet radiation comprises a longitudinal axis oriented substantially parallel to a direction of flow of liquid past the source. A boundary surface between the source and a liquid to be treated is provided with one or more cleaning elements arranged longitudinally on the boundary surface. The cleaning elements and the boundary surface are arranged to be rotationally moveable relative to one another around the longitudinal axis of the source.

Abstract: There is described a cleaning system for a radiation source. The cleaning system comprises: (i) a cleaning chamber housing; (ii) a cleaning cartridge removably disposed in the cleaning chamber housing; and (iii) an endcap element removably coupled to the cleaning chamber housing. The cleaning cartridge comprises a first sealing element and a second sealing element, the first sealing element and the second sealing element configured to provide a substantially fluid tight seal with respect to an exterior surface of the radiation source. A radiation source module and a fluid treatment system comprising the radiation source module are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid purification assembly using ultraviolet light irradiation against reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, comprising an irradiation chamber (200) having an internal volume and comprising an inlet (204) and an outlet (205), the irradiation chamber (200) being provided with ultraviolet light emitting means (208) configured to irradiate liquid in the irradiation chamber (200) with ultraviolet light. The irradiation chamber (200) comprises a mechanism configured to cause a change in the internal volume of the irradiation chamber (200), said change in internal volume drawing liquid into the irradiation chamber (200) when the volume of the irradiation chamber (200) increases, and forcing liquid out of the irradiation chamber (200) when the volume of the irradiation chamber (200) decreases. The invention also relates to a beverage dispenser and to a method for purifying a liquid.

Abstract: A system for providing ultraviolet treatment to light absorbing liquids, such as biological liquids in a medical instrument, is disclosed. The system can include an ultraviolet impenetrable housing configured to enclose a portion of the medical instrument containing the biological fluid. At least one ultraviolet radiation source is integrated within the housing that emits ultraviolet radiation towards the medical instrument and the biological fluid. A control unit is configured to direct the ultraviolet radiation source to treat the biological fluid with ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: A solution for treating a fluid, such as water, is provided. An ultraviolet transparency of a fluid can be determined before or as the fluid enters a disinfection chamber. In the disinfection chamber, the fluid can be irradiated by ultraviolet radiation to harm microorganisms that may be present in the fluid. One or more attributes of the disinfection chamber, fluid flow, and/or ultraviolet radiation can be adjusted based on the transparency to provide more efficient irradiation and/or higher disinfection rates. In addition, various attributes of the disinfection chamber, such as the position of the inlet(s) and outlet(s), the shape of the disinfection chamber, and other attributes of the disinfection chamber can be utilized to create a turbulent flow of the fluid within the disinfection chamber to promote mixing and improve uniform ultraviolet exposure.

Abstract: There is described In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a radiation source assembly comprising: (i) an elongate radiation source; (ii) a positioning element connected to a proximal portion of the elongate radiation source; and (iii) a connecting portion secured to a proximal portion of the positioning element and configured to engage a support element to maintain a distal portion of the elongate radiation source in a cantilevered position. The present radiation source assembly is configured such that the distal portion of the radiation source is cantilevered with the respect to the distal portion of the protective sleeve in which it is disposed. This feature obviates the need to use spacers, stops, springs and the like in a distal portion of the protective sleeve to maintain correct position of the radiation source within the protective sleeve.

Abstract: A sterilization device includes a housing having a flow passage R of a fluid that is to be sterilized; and an LED element being disposed in the housing to irradiate ultraviolet light into the flow passage R, wherein an inner wall surface of the flow passage has a pair of reflection surfaces (a first reflection surface and a second reflection surface) which directs the ultraviolet light irradiated from the LED element from one side of the flow passage R to another side thereof while reflecting the ultraviolet light a plurality of times; and a return surface that includes a surface that is perpendicular to an optical axis of the light which has been reflected a plurality of times from one side to the other side, and returns the light toward its original direction is formed on a side of the first reflection surface.

Abstract: A device (1) comprises a source (20) for emitting ultraviolet light, an inlet (30) for letting in fluid to the device (1), an outlet (40) for letting out fluid from the device (1), and means (51, 52) for performing a straightening action of a flow of fluid through the device (1). The flow straightening means comprise at least one flow straightening element (51, 52) having inlet openings for letting in fluid at one side and outlet openings for letting out fluid at another side, wherein each inlet opening is in communication with a plurality of outlet openings, and wherein the element (51, 52) comprises a maze of randomly arranged, interconnected holes. In such a structure, a water element that is moving from one side of the element (51, 52) to another side may take one of various paths, as a result of which variations in inlet conditions can be dampened.

Abstract: A radiation source is disclosed that comprises a reservoir that retains a volume of fuel, a nozzle configured to direct a stream of fuel towards a plasma formation location, a laser configured to generate a radiation generating plasma, and a fuel contamination control arrangement. The contamination control arrangement comprises a magnetic field generation element for generating a magnetic field; an electric field generation element for generating an electric field, the magnetic field generation element and the electric field generation element together configured to ensure that the magnetic field and the electric field overlap at a location of contamination within the fuel, and to ensure that lines of flux of the magnetic field and electric field are non-parallel at that location to control movement of the contamination.

Abstract: An optical instrument, including a chamber, an object exposed to an interior of the chamber, a source of low-pressure gas, the gas comprising at least one of low-pressure molecular hydrogen gas, low-pressure molecular oxygen and a low-pressure noble gas, the source of low pressure gas being fluidly coupled to the chamber, a low voltage source electrically coupled between the object and a remaining portion of the instrument that is exposed to the interior of the chamber so as to maintain the object at a low voltage relative to the remaining portion, and an EUV/VUV light source adapted to direct EUV/VUV light through the low pressure gas in the chamber onto the object. In such a system, when the EUV/VUV light source is activated ions of the low-pressure gas are formed and directed to the object. The ions may be ions of Hydrogen, Oxygen or a noble gas.

Abstract: An ultraviolet water treatment device of an embodiment includes an ultraviolet irradiation tank. The ultraviolet irradiation tank includes a plurality of ultraviolet irradiation modules. The ultraviolet irradiation modules include a plurality of lines of ultraviolet irradiation pipes, a cleaning device and a cleaning device driving unit. The ultraviolet irradiation pipes include a plurality of lines of ultraviolet lamps and a plurality of lines of ultraviolet lamp protective pipes individually protecting the ultraviolet lamps. The cleaning device cleans a surface of each ultraviolet lamp protective pipe. Each ultraviolet irradiation module includes two or three ultraviolet irradiation pipes.

Abstract: A spout that dispenses water from a water dispenser has a disinfection portion that provides two passes of the water therethrough. The disinfection portion has two flow tubes, the second arranged inside the first, so that an annular cross-section flow path is defined by an inside wall of first tube and an outside wall of the second tube. A second flow path having a circular cross-section is defined by an inside wall of the second tube. The water flow is transferred between the flow at a second end of the disinfection portion by a second end portion. At a first end portion, located at a first end of the disinfection portion, a first end portion body provides connections to the disinfection section for both an inlet and an outlet. The order of flow through the disinfection portion flow paths may depend upon the orientation of the spout.

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus in which a target material is irradiated with a laser beam and turned into plasma and extreme ultraviolet light is emitted from the plasma may include: a chamber in which the extreme ultraviolet light is generated; an electromagnetic field generation unit for generating at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field inside the chamber; and a cleaning unit for charging and separating debris adhered to an optical element inside the chamber.

Abstract: An ion implantation system for improving performance and extending lifetime of an ion source is disclosed whereby the selection, delivery, optimization and control of the flow rate of a co-gas into an ion source chamber is automatically controlled.

Abstract: A UV disinfection system for waste water and drinking water, includes a number of UV radiators arranged in cladding tubes, the cladding tubes being configured essentially symmetrically to a longitudinal axis, as well as a cleaning device for the cladding tubes. The cleaning device includes at least one cleaning ring for each cladding tube, which surrounds the cladding tube, the at least one cleaning ring having a scraper ring resting against the cladding tube, at least one drive for driving the cleaning ring in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and supply provisions for supplying pressurized fluid under elevated pressure from a pressure source to the scraper ring are provided, wherein pressure may be applied onto the scraper ring from the pressure source in the direction of the cladding tube.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for a solar and/or AC current powered water disinfection system that is sized for portable use and is specifically tailored for use in under-developed areas of the world or in areas where natural disasters have occurred. Embodiments herein disclosed provide for a system that utilizes an ultraviolet light that is operatively coupled to a pump, inverter, battery, and a charge converter that is adapted for use with a solar panel or AC current. The system is placed into a storage container, or the like, and the water in the storage container is pumped through the ultraviolet light, which kills most waterborne, water-washed, and water-based diseases.

Abstract: There is described a fluid treatment system. The fluid treatment system comprises: an open channel for receiving a flow of fluid and a fluid treatment zone. The fluid treatment zone comprising a plurality of elongate radiation source assemblies orientated such that: (i) a longitudinal axis of each radiation source assembly is transverse to a direction of fluid flow through the fluid treatment zone, and (ii) an end of each radiation source assembly is disposed above a predetermined maximum height of fluid flow in the open channel. A first baffle plate is disposed upstream of the fluid treatment zone. The first baffle plate is positioned such that a distal end thereof is below the predetermined maximum height of fluid flow in the open channel. In a preferred embodiment, the present fluid treatment system provides for an area in which a cleaning system for the radiation source assemblies can be “parked” when not in use.

Abstract: The present invention provides a stacked organic light emitting diode that comprises a first electrode; a second electrode; and at least two light emitting units that are located between the first electrode and the second electrode. The light emitting unit satisfies the following energy relation equation, and includes an n-type organic layer and a p-type organic layer that form NP conjunction, and also includes an n-type doped organic layer that is located between the light emitting units: EpH?EnL?1 eV wherein EnL is a LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level of the n-type organic layer and EpH is a HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) energy level of the p-type organic layer.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a light disinfection device, and the disinfection device at least comprises a disinfection light tube, a controlling body, a circular reflector and a stowage platform. The disinfection light tube is a light source with a circular shape. The controlling body electrically connects with and controls the disinfection light tube. The circular reflector is disposed along the outer side of the disinfection light tube to cover part of light emitted from the disinfection light tube. The stowage platform connects with the controlling body via a rotatable shaft and comprises a transparent plate disposed at the end of the rotatable shaft. Furthermore, the stowage platform extends to the inner side of the disinfection light tube and rotates by the control of the controlling body to let the disinfection light tube irradiate an object on the stowage platform.

Abstract: An ion implanter includes a platen having a clamping surface configured to support a wafer for treatment with ions, the platen also having at least one pair of electrodes under the clamping surface, a clamping power supply configured to provide an AC signal to the at least one pair of electrodes and a sensed signal representative of the AC signal, and a controller. The controller is configured to receive the sensed signal from the clamping power supply when no wafer is clamped to the clamping surface. The controller is further configured to monitor the sensed signal and determine if the sensed signal is representative of deposits on the clamping surface exceeding a predetermined deposit threshold.

Abstract: A fluid treatment system having an inlet, an outlet, and a fluid treatment zone therebetween. The zone has an array of rows of radiation source assemblies. Each radiation source assembly has a longitudinal axis disposed at an oblique angle with respect to a direction of fluid flow. Each row has a plurality of radiation source assemblies in spaced relation in a direction transverse to the direction of fluid flow, to define a gap through which fluid may flow between an adjacent pair of assemblies. Preferably, all rows in the array are staggered with respect to one another in a direction orthogonal to the direction of fluid flow, such that the gap between an adjacent pair of radiation source assemblies in an upstream row of assemblies is partially or completely obstructed in the direction of fluid flow by a serially disposed radiation source assembly in at least one downstream row.

Abstract: A system for sterilizing at least one surface of an object is provided. The system includes a set of ultraviolet radiation sources and a set of wave guiding structures configured to direct ultraviolet radiation having a set of target attributes to a desired location on at least one surface of the object. The set of wave guiding structures can include at least one ultraviolet reflective surface having an ultraviolet reflection coefficient of at least thirty percent. Furthermore, the system can include a computer system for operating the ultraviolet radiation sources to deliver a target dose of ultraviolet radiation to the at least one target surface of the object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to sanitization devices and methods. More particularly, the invention relates to devices and methods that significantly reduce or eliminate germs, bacteria and/or other microorganisms from objects such as bags, purses, footwear or other objects, as well as bare feet, hands, paws, hooves or other anatomical surfaces, which come into contact with them. The device and method uses germicidal radiation which exposes only the areas of the object that come into applied contact with the device. A top platform of the device may be partitioned so that each partition can act independently of each other.

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus in which a target material is irradiated with a laser beam and turned into plasma and extreme ultraviolet light is emitted from the plasma may include: a chamber in which the extreme ultraviolet light is generated; an electromagnetic field generation unit for generating at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field inside the chamber; and a cleaning unit for charging and separating debris adhered to an optical element inside the chamber.

Abstract: A fluid treatment system having: an inlet; an outlet; and a fluid treatment zone disposed therebetween. The fluid treatment zone has: (i) an elongate first radiation source assembly having a first longitudinal axis, and (ii) an elongate second radiation source assembly having a second longitudinal axis. The first and second longitudinal axes are non-parallel to each other and to a direction of fluid flow through the treatment zone. The present fluid treatment system can treat large volumes of fluid (e.g., wastewater, drinking water or the like); it requires a relatively small “footprint”; it results in a relatively lower coefficient of drag resulting in an improved hydraulic pressure loss/gradient over the length of the treatment system; and it results in relatively lower (or no) forced oscillation of the radiation sources thereby mitigating breakage of the radiation source and/or protective sleeve (if present).

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus in which a target material is irradiated with a laser beam and turned into plasma and extreme ultraviolet light is emitted from the plasma may include: a chamber in which the extreme ultraviolet light is generated; an electromagnetic field generation unit for generating at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field inside the chamber; and a cleaning unit for charging and separating debris adhered to an optical element inside the chamber.

Abstract: An ultraviolet irradiation device includes a treatment vessel, an ultraviolet irradiation member, and a support member. The treatment vessel has a water inlet and a water outlet and through which water to be treated as a treatment target flows in a first direction from the water inlet toward the water outlet, the treatment vessel receiving the water to be treated through the water inlet and discharging the water to be treated through the water outlet. The ultraviolet irradiation member is provided inside the treatment vessel along a second direction crossing the first direction and which irradiates the water to be treated flowing through the treatment vessel with an ultraviolet ray. The support member is provided inside the treatment vessel along the second direction with both end portions of the support member being firmly fixed to wall surfaces of the treatment vessel.

Abstract: There is disclosed an elongate radiation source cartridge. The cartridge comprises: (i) an elongate radiation source assembly having a proximal portion and distal portion, the distal portion of the elongate radiation source assembly being unsupported, (ii) a housing coupled to the proximal portion of the elongate radiation source assembly, and (iii) a power supply disposed within the housing, the power supply in electrical communication with the elongate radiation source assembly (in certain embodiments the power supply is optional). The elongate radiation source assembly and the housing are in substantial alignment with respect to a longitudinal axis of the elongate radiation source cartridge.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for the production of oxygen radicals that may be used for cleaning portions high vacuum instruments. The apparatus comprises a VUV vacuum ultraviolet light source or lamp placed in an irradiation chamber for the photo disassociation of oxygen in communication with the main chamber on a specimen chamber port or inside the specimen chamber. Air or other oxygen-containing gas is admitted to the irradiation chamber for photo disassociation. The VUV source radiates UV wavelengths below 193 nm that are used to disassociate oxygen in the gas to create the oxygen radicals and the pressure is held high enough for complete absorption of the light. The oxygen radicals are differentially pumped into main chamber at pressure below 100 milliTorr to prevent recombination to clean hydrocarbons from the surfaces instrument by oxidation to volatile oxide gases. The oxide gases are then removed by the vacuum pump.

Abstract: Creating and utilizing electricity and radiation via actions of hoses is detailed. Likewise described is using electricity to heat the hoses and radiation to sanitize fluid such as water of a pool or spa. Electricity may be generated by pulsation of the hoses when employed together with a water-interruption type of automatic pool cleaner, for example. Hoses alternatively or additionally may include chemicals or materials reactive to light or other radiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluid treatment system comprising: an inlet; an outlet; and a fluid treatment zone disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The fluid treatment zone has disposed therein: (i) an elongate first radiation source assembly having a first longitudinal axis, and (ii) an elongate second radiation source assembly having a second longitudinal axis. The first longitudinal axis and the second longitudinal axis are non-parallel to each other and to a direction of fluid flow through the fluid treatment zone. The present fluid treatment system has a number of advantages including: it can treat large volumes of fluid (e.g.

Abstract: An elastic member 11 positioned between an inner surface of a casing 2 and a front face of a pressure sensing portion 8 of a pressure sensor 1 reduces a possibility of liquid and foreign matters in a tire directly reaching the pressure sensing portion 8. The elastic member also increases adhesiveness between the pressure sensing portion 8 of the pressure sensor 1 and a labyrinth structure and further prevents a potting agent 9b from flowing into the sensing portion 8. Moreover, the elastic member 11 is a member constituting at least a part of the labyrinth structure, so that it does not need that a wall is provided on the pressure sensor 1 and a dedicated seal member is provided on the pressure sensing portion 8.

Abstract: An ultraviolet water treating apparatus according to one embodiment has an ultraviolet irradiation unit, and water inlet and outlet pipes. The unit includes a hollow enclosure with first and second openings in its peripheral wall. Within the enclosure, one or more ultraviolet irradiation devices are provided, which irradiate ultraviolet light onto the water flowing through the enclosure. Also within the enclosure, a cleaning device is provided, which includes a cleaning tool to clean the surface of each protective sleeve, and a driving unit to move the cleaning tool along the protective sleeve. The inlet pipe is in fluid communication with the first opening and flows the water therethrough into the enclosure. The outlet pipe is in fluid communication with the second opening and flows the ultraviolet-irradiated water therethrough out of the enclosure. The inlet and outlet pipes have their central axes intersected with the central axis of the enclosure.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems including wastewater treatment systems that utilize high energy light to destruct organics in wastewater are provided. In some embodiments, such systems may include a gas purifier that is configured to purify a gas. The wastewater treatment system treats wastewater from the gas purifier via the use of ultraviolet light. Accordingly, the wastewater treatment system may include an ultraviolet light system that directs ultraviolet light through the wastewater.

Abstract: The invention relates to cleanable spiral modules and a method for production thereof.

Abstract: A technology for collecting a granular substance adhering to a baggage with high rate without touching the substance and inspecting whether a dangerous or specific sample material is adhered to the baggage. A method for simplifying or automating such an inspection is also provided. An adhering matter inspection equipment (1) is characterized in that the equipment comprises a collecting section (5) for collecting a sample material peeled off from an inspection object (25) whereupon the sample material is adhered by blowing compression gas through a capturing filter (52), and an inspecting section (2) for analyzing the sample material captured by the capturing filter (52), and further characterized in that the inspection equipment comprises a section (3) for delivering a baggage to the inspecting section (2), and a carrying section (4) for carrying the capturing filter (52) from the capturing section (5) to the inspecting section (2).

Abstract: An optical system for detecting ice and water on the surface of an aircraft includes an elongated transparent optical element having first and second end portions. A light source and light detector are disposed in one end of the optical element and a reflective surface is disposed in the opposite end portion. The reflective surface defines a critical angle and reflects light from the light source to the light detector when the critical angle is in contact with air and refracts the light toward the external environment when the reflective surface is in contact with ice or water. The system may also incorporate an optical element wherein the reflective surface includes a continuous array of convex elements extending outwardly from and across one end of the optical element and wherein each of the convex elements defines a critical angle.

Abstract: An ultraviolet wastewater or water treatment system is described and comprises a plurality of ultraviolet lamps where each lamp includes a protective cladding and where the ultraviolet lamps are disposed in vertical modules that form a bank of ultraviolet lamps. A series of beams are disposed over the ultraviolet lamps with each beam supporting a carriage thereon. Each carriage supports a scraper that extends downwardly therefrom for engaging and cleaning a module of ultraviolet lamps. A common drive source is operatively connected to the respective carriages for driving the carriages back and forth on the respective beams such that as the common drive source drives the carriages back and forth, the respective scrapers move back and forth cleaning the protective cladding extending around the respective ultraviolet lamps.

Abstract: A water treating device includes a cylindrical housing having a longitudinal axis, an inlet and an outlet. Water to be treated enters the inlet, flows through the cylindrical housing and out the outlet. A plurality of elongated UV lamps are disposed in the cylindrical housing. The UV lamps extend generally in the same direction as the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing, but are disposed in a non-parallel relationship with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing. Typically one end portion of each of the UV lamps is spaced outwardly from the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing. Along the length of each of the UV lamps, the distance between the longitudinal axis of the UV lamps and the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing varies.

Abstract: A method of purifying the used O-18 enriched cyclotron target water contaminated by the various organic compounds, the method including: supplying gaseous oxygen into the target water to be purified; irradiating UV rays having wavelengths of 254 nm and 185 nm on the target water; and releasing the gases generated during the purification oxidation process.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for utilizing ultraviolet light to disinfect water. The system includes a plurality of ultraviolet lights with each ultraviolet light including a sheath that is transparent to ultraviolet radiation. Mounted adjacent the ultraviolet lights is a drive that moves back and forth with respect to the ultraviolet lights. Operatively interconnected with the drive is a support structure that includes a plurality of bearing rings. Inserted and held within each bearing ring is a scraping ring that in turn surrounds a respective sheath of an ultraviolet light. Actuation of the drive results in the support structure moving back and forth with respect to the ultraviolet lights and results in the scraping ring scraping and cleaning the respective sheaths.

Abstract: A method for operating a charged particle beam emitting device and, in particular, an electron beam emitting device including a cold field emitter is provided. The method includes the steps of placing the cold field emitter in a vacuum of a given pressure, the emitter exhibiting a high initial emission current I0 and a lower stable mean emission current IS under a given electric extraction field; applying the given electric extraction field to the emitter for emitting electrons from the emitter surface; performing a cleaning process by applying at least one heating pulse to the cold field emitter for heating the emitter surface, whereby the cleaning process is performed before the emission current of the cold field emitter has declined to the lower stable mean emission value IS; and repeating the cleaning process to keep the emission current of the emitter continuously above the substantially stable emission value IS.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ion mobility spectrometer in which a measuring tube, a filter and a transport device are connected to form a circulatory gas system, with a gas inlet which introduces ambient gas for analysis into the measuring tube of the ion mobility spectrometer. The invention involves connecting the measuring tube with the ambient gas by means of a dosing channel and connecting the circulatory gas system with the ambient gas by means of an outlet channel. The outlet channel joins the circulatory gas system between the high-pressure side of the transport device and the measuring tube, so that ambient gas for analysis is introduced into the measuring tube via the dosing channel while, at the same time, gas flows out of the circulatory gas system via the outlet channel without further transport devices being required.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluid treatment system comprising: an inlet; an outlet; and a fluid treatment zone disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The fluid treatment zone has disposed therein: (i) an elongate first radiation source assembly having a first longitudinal axis, and (ii) an elongate second radiation source assembly having a second longitudinal axis. The first longitudinal axis and the second longitudinal axis are non-parallel to each other and to a direction of fluid flow through the fluid treatment zone. The present fluid treatment system has a number of advantages including: it can treat large volumes of fluid (e.g.

Abstract: The invention provides a charged particle beam device, an emitter module for emitting charged particle beams and a method of operation thereof. Thereby, a charged particle beam emitter (15) emitting charged particles along an optical axis (1) is realized. On the same carrier body (32), a cleaning emitter (16) for emitting charged particles approximately along the optical axis (1) is realized. Thus, an improved cleaning can be provided.