Abstract: An external power assist system for an eVTOL aircraft having one or more onboard batteries includes a subsurface power source and a power transfer interface electrically coupled to the subsurface power source. The power transfer interface is movable between various positions including a deployed position and a stowed position. The power transfer interface is configured to transfer power to the onboard batteries of the eVTOL aircraft in the deployed position. The power transfer interface is moved at least partially subsurface in the stowed position.

Abstract: An electronic device can include a wireless power transfer coil, an inverter having an input coupled to an input power source and an output coupled to the wireless power transfer coil, control circuitry that operates the inverter to deliver power from the input power source to a wireless power receiver coupled to the wireless power transfer coil, communication circuitry that allows communication with the wireless power receiver, and an auxiliary cooler and associated control circuitry that operates the auxiliary cooler, responsive to one or more temperature measurements, to transfer heat from the electronic device to an ambient environment.

Abstract: A thermal control system for use during electric battery charging includes a charging station thermally conditioning a fluid and sending the fluid to a charge inlet. The charge inlet thermally conditions the fluid and sends the fluid to one of a thermal loop or a heat exchanger. Another thermal control system includes a charging station thermally conditioning a fluid and sending the fluid to a charge inlet. The charge inlet thermally conditions the fluid and sends the fluid back to the charging station. In another thermal control system, a thermal loop supplies a fluid at a first temperature to a charge inlet. The charge inlet thermally conditions the fluid to a second temperature and returns the fluid to the thermal loop.

Abstract: An electronic cigarette includes an outer housing. An atomizing sheath is received in the outer housing. An aerosol output passageway is defined between the outer housing and the atomizing sheath. An extending portion extends inwards from an inner wall of the atomizing sheath to divide the atomizing sheath into a first sleeve body and a second sleeve body for respectively storing atomizing liquid therein. The extending portion blocks incompletely the first sleeve body from the second sleeve body so that the first sleeve body and the second sleeve body are spatially communicated with each other. An atomizing core is disposed in the second sleeve body. An atomizing passageway is formed in the atomizing core. The extending portion forms therein an airflow path penetrating a wall of the atomizing sheath. The airflow path is used to spatially communicate the atomizing passageway with the aerosol output passageway.

Abstract: A charging system for a vehicle includes a connector suspended on a flexible cable and movable along at least one of a plurality of axes perpendicular to one another and a charging port fixed to the vehicle. The connector is movable into a mated position with the charging port.

Abstract: A method for wireless power transmission includes obtaining, via a Q-value circuit, first and second voltages at respective first and second nodes of a resonance circuit. The first and second voltages are effective to determine if foreign matter is present in a space affecting wireless power transmission. The method includes controlling a switching section between the Q-value circuit and the resonance circuit such that at least a part of the electric power transmission process occurs at a different time than when the first and second voltages are obtained.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments described herein, devices, systems, methods and/or apparatuses are described that can facilitate locational awareness and/or guidance of an inductive charging element relative to a target charging station. A device can comprise an inductive charging element, a signal component located relative to the inductive charging element for common movement with the inducting charging element, wherein the signal component transmits or receives a signal from a target position, and a controller that determines a distance between the inductive charging element and the target position based on a time measurement of the signal. The time measurement can include a time of arrival measurement and/or a time of flight measurement. The signal component can be an ultrawideband antenna, laser doppler device, acoustic device, electromagnetic device and/or other transmitter and/or receiver.

Abstract: A wireless charging base is provided, and is mainly applied to electronic devices such as a mobile phone and a tablet computer. The wireless charging base includes a charging panel, configured to charge the electronic device. The charging panel includes a first air vent and a second air vent. A first base plate is disposed on an upper surface of the charging panel, is located at an end of the charging panel, and is configured to support the electronic device when the electronic device is being charged. The first base plate includes a third air vent. A second base plate is disposed on the lower surface of the charging panel, is located at the same end as the first base plate, and is configured to support the charging panel. The second base plate includes a fourth air vent.

Abstract: A smart ring may be configured with a removable power source and an internal power source. The internal power source may enable continued operation of the smart ring disposed at a finger of a user, while the removable power source may be detached from the smart ring for charging or to be replaced with another charged removable power source. The removable power source may be disposed as a platform at an outer surface of a band-shaped housing of the smart ring, for example, via an adapter.

Abstract: A wireless charging system includes a power supply, a plurality of wireless charging transmitters adapted to be mounted on an underside of a surface, and a power distribution system adapted to connect the plurality of wireless charging transmitters to the power supply. The plurality of wireless charging transmitters are configured to generate charging areas on a top side of the surface.

Abstract: A system may include at least one stationary inductive charging device for inductively charging a motor vehicle and at least one compressor. The charging device may include a base plate, a cover, an interior volume defined between the base plate and the cover, a coil, a magnetic flux guiding unit, an intermediate wall, an inlet, and an outlet. The intermediate wall may divide the interior volume into a distribution chamber and a receiving chamber. The coil and the magnetic flux guiding unit may be arranged in the receiving chamber. The inlet may be arranged on a pressure side of the compressor such that compressed gas flows into the distribution chamber via the inlet. The intermediate wall may define at least one passage fluidically connecting the distribution chamber and the receiving chamber such that gas flows into the receiving chamber via the passage with reduced pressure.

Abstract: A wireless charging system having a power transmitter may wirelessly transfer power to a power receiver. Shield saturation, such as saturation of a ferrite structure, in the wireless power receiver may occur under some operating conditions. Saturation can lead to disruptive oscillations in power transfer. The power transmitting may include control circuitry for detecting and mitigating saturation.

Abstract: A system, recharge apparatus, and method includes transmit coils positioned in a pattern to allow at least one of the transmit coils to establish a wireless link with a receive coil positioned in proximity of the recharge apparatus. A power source is coupled to the transmit coils and configured to selectively energize ones of the transmit coils to transfer power to the receive coil. An energy efficiency detection circuit is configured to detect an electrical response of each one of the transmit coils when energized by the power source, the electrical response indicative of an energy efficiency between the one of the transmit coils and the receive coil. The power source selectively energizes ones of the transmit coils, selected according to a statistical analysis of an historical record and the electrical response indicative of the energy efficiency meeting a minimum efficiency criterion for energy transfer to the receive coil.

Abstract: The technology provides for a system for determining wireless charging alignment. In this regard, one or more processors may receive motion data from one or more sensors of a computing device indicating a motion of the computing device. The one or more processors may also receive charging data related to a state of an energy storage of the computing device or a state of energy transfer between a wireless charger and the computing device. Based on the motion data and the charging data, a reference vector associated with at least two charging rates may be determined. An alignment vector between the computing device and the wireless charger may then be determined based on the reference vector and the associated charging rates. Based on the alignment vector, an output may be generated guiding movement of the computing device to align with the wireless charger.

Abstract: A wireless power transmitting apparatus is provided with: a power transmitting circuit for transmitting power for a load device to a wireless power receiving apparatus; a signal transmitting circuit for transmitting a control signal for the load device to the wireless power receiving apparatus; a signal receiving circuit for obtaining an estimated received power level indicating a level of the power transmitted from the wireless power transmitting apparatus and received by the wireless power receiving apparatus; and a control circuit. The control circuit periodically allocates time slots to wireless power receiving apparatuses for wireless power transmission. When the received power level is smaller than a threshold in a first time slot allocated to one wireless power receiving apparatus, the control circuit extends a second time slot allocated to the one wireless power receiving apparatus, the second time slot preceding or following the first time slot.

Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments comprises a communication module, a sensor module, a wireless charging antenna, a wireless charging module connected to the wireless charging antenna, and at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor may be configured to: receive a signal related to wireless charging from an external device through the communication module; check information indicating the degree of proximity between at least a part of a human body and the electronic device by using the sensor module at least on the basis of the signal; transmit, to the external device, data for adjusting wireless power to be output by the external device at least on the basis of the information; and receive the adjusted wireless power from the external device through the wireless charging module.

Abstract: A charging cable is configured to rotate freely while attached to a cable plug on a chargeable device. The plug has contact pads separated by an insulator, and the matching cable head has pins for contacting the pads of the plug. There may be a ‘deadzone’ position where one or more pins of the cable head rest of the separator and do not make contact with the charge pads on the cable plug. The examples include pins in the cable head for redundant charging paths that are complimentary such that only one of the power paths will be on at any given time.

Abstract: An electronic device can include a housing component at least partially defining an internal volume and including a wall. A component can be disposed within the wall and at least partially surrounded by a material forming the housing. A battery can be disposed in the internal volume and electrically connected to the component.

Abstract: A charger housing has an operating side, at least one battery charging port, which is accessible from the operating side, and a first fastening region, on the outer side of the housing, on a first fastening side which is different from the operating side. The first fastening region is designed for detachably fastening the charger housing to a fastening support and has one or more first fastening elements. The charger housing also has a second fastening region, on the outer side of the housing, on a second fastening side which is different from the operating side and the first fastening side. The second fastening region is designed for detachably fastening the charger housing to a fastening support and has one or more second fastening elements. Use may be as a housing of a charger for recharging battery packs for electric gardening and forestry working apparatus.

Abstract: A novel semiconductor device or a semiconductor device capable of preventing overcharging is provided. A power receiving portion has a function of generating a signal for canceling a wireless signal transmitted from a power feeding portion when the charging is completed. Specifically, when the remaining battery capacity of the power receiving portion is one hundred percent or higher than or equal to a predetermined reference value, the power receiving portion has a function of generating an electromagnetic wave for canceling an electromagnetic wave transmitted from the power feeding portion. Thus, a magnetic field for canceling a magnetic field formed of the electromagnetic wave transmitted from the power feeding portion is formed, so that overcurrent in the power receiving portion can be prevented.

Abstract: Robot docking stations and systems and methods thereof can provide for automatic charging of mobile robots. Such stations can include a guide system configured to guide a mobile robot onto or into the station and prevent the robot from moving off or out of the station. The guide system can have zones or position-sensing parts that correspond to walking or rotating parts of a mobile robot (such as legs, wheels, or crawler belts of a robot), and one or more sensors of the station can be configured to sense when the walking or rotating parts of the robot are positioned over, in, or abutting the zones or position-sensing parts of the station. And, an electrical charger assembly of the station can be configured to move into a charging position when the sensor(s) sense that the robot parts are positioned over, in, or abutting the station zones or parts.

Abstract: A power transmitter is configured for transmission of wireless power, to a wireless receiver, at extended ranges, including a separation gap greater than 8 millimeters (mm). The power transmitter further includes a coil configured to transmit the power signal to a power receiver, the coil formed of wound Litz wire and including at least one layer, the coil defining, at least, a top face. The power transmitter further includes a shielding comprising a ferrite core and defining a cavity, the cavity configured such that the ferrite core substantially surrounds all but the top face of the coil. The power transmitter includes at least one magnet, the at least one magnet configured to attract at least one receiver magnet when a power receiver is proximate to a surface associated with the power transmitter.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for transferring electrical power between an electrical power system of a vehicle and another device. In an illustrative embodiment, an apparatus includes a wireless transfer unit electrically coupled with a high voltage system of a vehicle and configured to enable wireless bidirectional power exchange between the high voltage system and an auxiliary device. The high voltage system is operable to power a drivetrain of the vehicle and the auxiliary device is separate from the vehicle and configured to at least one of provide electric power to and receive power from the high voltage system. A transfer control unit is configured to communicate with the wireless transfer unit and control at least one parameter specifying a transfer of electrical power between the high voltage system and the auxiliary device.

Abstract: A wireless power receiving device for an electric vehicle is provided. A wireless power receiving device for an electric vehicle, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a wireless power receiving coil for receiving wireless power to be transmitted from the outside; a coil support member which has a position fixing means formed at a position corresponding to the wireless power receiving coil so as to fix the wireless power receiving coil, and which is made of a material including a magnetic substance so as to shield the magnetic field; a ferrite core including a plurality of ferrite block bodies which have predetermined areas and which are arranged on one surface of the coil support member so as to be adjacent to each other; and a plate-shaped metal plate for covering one surface of the ferrite core by having a predetermined area.

Abstract: An inverter and power transmission coils are connected such that currents flow in opposite directions to each other when selection switches of respective power transmission coils adjacent to each other, out of a plurality of power transmission coils disposed in the movement direction of a mobile body, are caused to be conductive. The difference in currents flowing in the opposite directions is measured, and compared with a threshold, whereby whether or not a power reception coil mounted to the mobile body is present above the power transmission coil can be determined.

Abstract: Wireless charging devices and wireless charging systems are provided. The wireless charging devices may include a receiving part coil and an electromagnetic-wave shielding sheet on the receiving part coil. The electromagnetic-wave shielding sheet may have a specific magnetic permeability of 100 or greater from 100 khz to 300 khz and may include a metal foam including a soft magnetic metal component.

Abstract: A power transmission device includes power transmission coils arranged in a line, a power transmission circuit connected to the power transmission coils, and control circuitry that switches an electrical connection between the power transmission circuit and each power transmission coil, detects a relative position between the power receiving coil and each power transmission coil, selects two or more power transmission coils adjacent to each other based on the detected relative position, and causes the power transmission circuit to supply the AC power to the selected two or more power transmission coils. In an array direction of the power transmission coils, a width Dwt of each power transmission coil is shorter than a width Dwr of the power receiving coil. In a direction perpendicular to the array direction, a width Dlt of each power transmission coil is equal to or longer than a width Dlr of the power receiving coil.

Abstract: An apparatus for preventing a sub-frame of an electric vehicle with a wireless charging pad from being pushed back includes: a push bracket member having one side portion coupled to a front end module provided in front of a sub-frame of the electric vehicle and extending to be disposed between the sub-frame and a wireless charging pad mounted below the sub-frame. Upon a forward vehicle collision, the apparatus can induce deformation of the sub-frame equipped with the wireless charging pad to prevent the sub-frame from being pushed backward.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method comprises: continuously monitoring, by an assisted-driving (AD) system using a sensor, surroundings of a vehicle being controlled by a driver; detecting, by the AD system using the sensor, a parking spot that is available; planning, by the AD system and in response to detecting the parking spot, a trajectory for the vehicle to park in the parking spot; and generating a prompt to the driver, by the AD system and in response to detecting the parking spot, to have the AD system handle parking of the vehicle in the parking spot, the prompt performed before the vehicle reaches the parking spot.

Abstract: Devices and methods described herein relate to wireless recharging from a distance, and increasing the efficiency of such charging by intelligently or autonomously changing the rectification mode of the implanted device.

Abstract: A multi-cell inductive wireless power transfer system includes multiple transmitting elements. Each transmitting element includes one or more transmitting windings and one or more transmitting magnetic cores. The multi-cell inductive wireless power transfer system also includes multiple receiving elements. The transmitting elements are separated from the receiving elements by an air gap. Each receiving element includes one or more receiving windings and one or more receiving magnetic cores.

Abstract: The invention relates to power transfer device for inductively charging a water-bound vehicle, comprising: a power transfer part comprising a primary conductor arrangement; and at least one connecting member which has a first connecting portion for connecting the power transfer device to the surroundings and a second connecting portion for connecting the connecting member to the power transfer part; wherein the connecting member has a least one resilient portion that is configured to absorb shocks exerted onto the power transfer part. Further, the invention relates to a mooring area, comprising a respective power transfer device.

Abstract: A rigid wireless charging mouse pad includes a rigid board layer, a double-sided adhesive plate and a coil. The underside of the rigid board layer has a single-ring groove with an inner top groove wall. The double-sided adhesive plate is adhered to the inner top groove wall. The coil has surrounding rings arranged side by side with one another to form a coil module which is stacked on the double-sided adhesive plate in the single-ring groove and adhered by the double-sided adhesive plate to achieve a wireless charging effect by the mouse pad in the condition of having only one single-ring groove on the rigid board layer, so as to achieve the effects of reducing manufacturing difficulty, lowering manufacturing cost, and improving market competitiveness.

Abstract: A system (100) for testing of wireless power equipment in the form of a wireless power transmitter device and a wireless power receiver device is disclosed. The system (100) has a probe device (110) and an analyzer device (130). The probe device (110) has at least one pickup coil (112), the pickup coil being adapted to be placed between a surface of a housing of the wireless power transmitter device and a surface of a housing of the wireless power receiver device to generate electric signals by capturing electromagnetic signals exchanged between the wireless power transmitter and receiver devices pursuant to a wireless power transfer protocol. The probe device (110) also has an interface (114) for providing the electric signals generated by the pickup coil (112) to the analyzer device (130). The analyzer device (130) has an interface (132) for receiving the electric signals from the probe device (110).

Abstract: A system for wireless power networking, preferably including one or more nodes, such as transmit nodes, receive nodes, relay nodes, and/or hybrid nodes. The system may function to form a power network (e.g., mesh network) configured to transfer power wirelessly between nodes of the system. A method for wireless power networking, preferably including transmitting power, controlling relay nodes, and/or receiving power, and optionally including optimizing power network operation. The method is preferably performed at (e.g., by one or more nodes of) the system, but can additionally or alternatively be performed by any other suitable system(s).

Abstract: A charging apparatus includes a movable unit, an ascending and descending device, a detection device, and a control device. The movable unit includes a connection device configured to connect to a power storage device. The ascending and descending device causes the movable unit to ascend or descend between a first state and a second state. The first state is a state in which the movable unit is housed under the ground. The detection device detects an obstacle above the movable unit. The control device prohibits ascent of the movable unit when determination is made that the movable unit is in the first state and the obstacle is present above the movable unit based on a detection result from the detection device.

Abstract: A system for testing an assist function of electric vehicle wireless power transfer includes: a pit, a vehicle-assembly support platform, and an electromagnetic field strength measurement instrument. A ground-assembly support platform is arranged inside the pit, the vehicle-assembly support platform is arranged on an upper side of the ground-assembly support platform, and a to-be-tested member is arranged on an upper side of the ground-assembly support platform. A ground-assembly device coil is arranged on an upper surface of the ground-assembly support platform, a vehicle-assembly device coil is arranged inside the vehicle-assembly support platform, the ground-assembly device coil charges an entire vehicle, and the ground-assembly device coil further cooperates with the vehicle-assembly device coil to charge a vehicle component. A mechanical arm is arranged on ground of a test site, an interference member is arranged on a front end of the mechanical arm.

Abstract: Techniques for advanced wireless energy harvesting user equipments (UEs) to perform power splitting per receiver or receiver group. In an example, a UE may configure a first antenna of a plurality of receiving antennas of the UE according to a first factor of a plurality of power splitting factors and a second antenna of the plurality of receiving antennas according to a second factor of the plurality of power splitting factors, the second antenna being different from the first antenna. The UE may also perform energy harvesting operations on the first antenna according to the first factor and on the second antenna according to the second factor.

Abstract: A wireless power transfer system is disclosed. The wireless power transfer system includes a first converting unit configured to convert a first DC voltage of an input power to a first AC voltage. Further, the wireless power transfer system includes a contactless power transfer unit configured to receive the input power having the first AC voltage from the first converting unit and transmit the input power. Also, the wireless power transfer system includes a second converting unit configured to receive the input power from the contactless power transfer unit and convert the first AC voltage of the input power to a second DC voltage. Furthermore, the wireless power transfer system includes a switching unit configured to decouple the second converting unit from the contactless power transfer unit if the second DC voltage across the electric load is greater than a first threshold value.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wireless charger with a flowing display effect, which comprises a shell, a wireless charging module and an effect display module, wherein the wireless charging module and the effect display module are respectively arranged in a first accommodating space and a second accommodating space formed by the shell, and users can directly use the wireless charger for charging operation; when the wireless charger is idle, the effect display module can provide better enjoyment and can interact with users, thus greatly improving the user's experience.

Abstract: A power transfer system for supplying electric power to a battery of an electric vehicle including a control architecture including control arrangements capable of controlling the transmission of electric power to a battery of the electric vehicle as a function of detected temperatures at the transmitter and receiver coils. In a further aspect, the application relates to a method for controlling a power transfer system.

Abstract: A wireless power transmitter may receive a request from a wireless power receiver to perform recalibration for a first type of foreign object detection (FOD) in response to the wireless power receiver attempting to change an electromagnetic parameter supplied by the wireless power transmitter. In response to receiving the request, the wireless power transmitter may perform a second type of FOD to produce a FOD result. When the FOD result indicates a foreign object is present or likely present, the wireless power transmitter may discontinue or limit wireless power transfer, and/or communicate the FOD result to the wireless power receiver. When the FOD result indicates a foreign object is not present or likely not present, the wireless power transmitter may communicate the FOD result to the wireless power receiver, perform the recalibration and continue with wireless power transfer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a wearable device having a wireless power receiving system that may inductively receive or transmit power. The wireless power receiving system includes a receiver coil having a profile that follows a contour of a bottom cover of the wearable device. A transmitter coil from a wireless charging device has a complementary profile that mates with the profile defined by the receiver coil. In one example, the wireless power receiving system includes a shielding, and a receiver coil attached to the shielding. The receiver coil further includes an inner wall and an outer wall connected by a top surface of a coil body. The inner wall defines a center opening in the receiver coil, wherein the receiver coil is conical in shape.

Abstract: A charging station for charging the battery of a vehicle, comprising: a base portion configured for mounting in a substructure; a charging portion having a charging outlet for connection to a vehicle; and a retraction mechanism for moving the charging portion between an extended position in which it extends out of the base portion and a retracted position; and a controller for controlling the retraction mechanism; the controller being configured to: determine whether a predetermined period of time has elapsed since the most recent charging from the charging outlet ceased; and cause the retraction mechanism to move the charging portion to the retracted position if the predetermined period of time is determined to have elapsed since the most recent electrical supply from the outlet.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a wireless power transmission device, a wireless power reception device, a wireless power transmission method, a wireless power reception method, and a wireless power transmission system, wherein, when a wireless charging error is determined to have occurred during wireless charging between the wireless charging transmission device and the wireless power reception device, the wireless power transmission device transmits a broadcasting alarm message on the basis of out-of-band communication, the wireless power reception device receives the broadcasting alarm message, and the wireless power reception device can, upon receiving the broadcasting alarm message, transmit the alarm message to a Bluetooth device connected to the wireless power reception device.

Abstract: A wireless power system includes a phase locked loop (PLL) providing an input signal tuned in frequency, a plurality of dividers coupled to the PLL to divide the frequency of the input signal, a plurality of phase interpolators electrically connected to the plurality of dividers to generate multiple phases based on the input signal, and a plurality of drivers electrically connected to the plurality of phase interpolators to direct a plurality of output signals each having a different frequency to a plurality of sensor clusters, each sensor cluster operating at a different frequency.

Abstract: An induction assembly may include a coil carrier, a coil winding, a core assembly, and a heat exchanger. The coil carrier may include an upper wall, a lower wall located opposite the upper wall, and a receiving space. The coil winding may be disposed in the receiving space. The core assembly may form a coil with the coil winding. The core assembly may include at least two core bodies that are spaced apart from one another by a gap. The heat exchanger may include an inner panel spaced apart from the core assembly and an outer wall located opposite the inner panel. The outer wall may limit a flow space through which a flow path of a cooling fluid for controlling a temperature of the induction assembly leads.

Abstract: A wireless device is provided and includes a substrate, a first coil and a second coil. The first coil is configured to be wound around a first axis, and the first coil is disposed on the substrate and is configured to operate in a wireless charging mode. The second coil is disposed on the substrate and configured to operate in a wireless communication mode. The wires of the second coil partially overlap the wires of the first coil.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a signal processing method performed by a hybrid wireless power transmitting apparatus which is configured to transmit wireless power signals based on magnetic resonance and magnetic induction, the method comprising transmitting a first object detection signal via an inductive power transmitting unit and a second object detection signal via a magnetic resonant power transmitting unit alternatively; operating one of the inductive power transmitting unit and the magnetic resonant power transmitting unit which is selected based on an inductive response signal and a resonant response signal corresponding to the first object detection signal and the second object detection signal respectively; and transmitting wireless power signal via the selected power transmitting unit; and a hybrid wireless power transmitting apparatus using the method.

Abstract: An electric power supply system includes an electric power reception apparatus and an electric power supply apparatus adapted to supply electric power to the electric power reception apparatus when the electric power reception apparatus is placed on the electric power supply apparatus. The electric power supply apparatus includes a plurality of electric power supply units adapted to supply electric power by electromagnetic induction to the electric power reception apparatus. A selection unit of the electric power supply apparatus selects, from the total plurality of electric power supply units, a plurality of electric power supply units whose location corresponds to a position where the electric power reception apparatus is placed, and a control unit controls the supply of electric power such that electric power is supplied to the electric power reception apparatus from the selected plurality of electric power supply units.