Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to a method performed by a communication node for handling packets in a communication network, which communication network is an ICN network. The communication node adds a time stamp to a packet, which packet is requesting content of a service or comprises at least a part of the content of the service and is of a format associated with the ICN network, and which time stamp is added into an ICN header of the packet. Furthermore, the communication node transmits the packet with the added time stamp towards another communication node.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved handover procedure for a mobile terminal. Under control of the target base station, the mobile terminal is to perform a handoff to a target base station, wherein it is to be configured for communication with the target base station via a target radio cell comprising a downlink carrier and an uplink carrier. The mobile terminal receives a handoff command message for the handoff to the target base station including a handoff execution condition as trigger for executing handoff to the target base station. Then, the mobile terminal determines, based on the received handoff execution condition, whether or not the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. In case the mobile terminal determines that it is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for generating a frequency hopping arrangement are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes determining a starting frequency channel for a frequency hopping arrangement to be used in a communication session by a group of devices; calculating a frequency channel step value based at least in part on a predetermined required minimum number of frequency channels; and selecting the frequency channel values to be used in the communication session by iterating through frequency channel values for the useable frequency channels at intervals of a random frequency channel selection offset value until a number of frequency channel values equal to the frequency channel step value are selected.

Abstract: Various communication systems may benefit from improved signaling. For example, anew radio communication system may benefit from a flexible indication of transmission timing. A method may include determining, at the user equipment, transmission timing based on a first parameter and a second parameter. The first parameter may indicate an offset as a number of slots. The second parameter may indicate an offset as a number of symbols within one of the slots. The method may also include using the transmission timing to at least one of send an uplink transmission or receive a downlink transmission.

Abstract: A method of a base station (BS) in a wireless communication system is provided. The method comprises identifying a first configuration including a first set of resources for a first type of user equipment (UE) and a second configuration including a second set of resources for a second type of UE, generating a first sequence and a second sequence based on (i) the first set of resources and the second set of resources, respectively, and (ii) a physical cell identifier (PCID), generating, using the first sequence, a first signal to be transmitted to the first type of UE in the first set of resources, generating, using the second sequence, a second signal to be transmitted to the second type of UE in the second set of resources, transmitting, to the first type of UE, the first signal, and transmitting, to the second type of UE, the second signal.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatus for spatial reuse for neighboring nodes of distribution networks, so they may transmit without causing interference to nodes of the distribution network.

Abstract: Wireless communication is performed in a wireless network by dividing up a data transmission interval (DTI) within the communication frame into a plurality of time slots based on determining the number of best sector directions from the AP to each STA in the wireless network. Each STA transmits only during this time slot, while the AP uses receiver beamforming and receives only from a single beamforming direction for each of these time slots. A time slot may be used by more than one STA if they are in the same best antenna sector direction from the AP, wherein they contend for access within this time slot.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first modulator configured to modulate a radio frequency (RF) input signal onto a first optical signal and a second modulator configured to modulate a local oscillator (LO) signal onto a second optical signal. The apparatus also includes a photonic integrated circuit having an optical demodulator configured to generate, using the modulated optical signals, I and Q signals representing a demodulated version of the RF input signal. The optical demodulator may include an optical filter bank having multiple optical filters, where different optical filters are configured to pass different frequencies or frequency ranges. The optical filters may include at least one narrowband optical filter and/or one or more tunable optical filters. The narrowband optical filter(s) may be configured to isolate global navigation satellite system-related signals. The tunable optical filter(s) may be configured to isolate signals over a frequency range of about 900 MHz to about 12 GHz.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for generating a frequency hopping arrangement are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes determining a starting frequency channel for a frequency hopping arrangement to be used in a communication session by a designated group of devices; calculating a frequency channel step value based at least in part on a predetermined required minimum number of frequency channels and the number of devices in the designated group; and selecting the frequency channel values to be used in the communication session by iterating through frequency channel values for the useable frequency channels at intervals of a random frequency channel selection offset value until a number of frequency channel values equal to the frequency channel step value are selected.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for generating a frequency hopping arrangement are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes determining a starting frequency channel for a frequency hopping arrangement to be used in a communication session by a designated group of devices; calculating a number of useable frequency channels between the starting frequency channel and a stopping frequency channel; calculating a frequency channel step value that is greater than a minimum number of frequency channels and is coprime with the number of devices in the designated group; and selecting the frequency channel values to be used in the communication session by iterating through frequency channel values for the useable frequency channels at intervals of a random frequency channel selection offset value until a number of frequency channel values equal to the frequency channel step value are selected.

Abstract: An electronic device that establishes a second connection is described. After determining its location, the electronic device may provide information that specifies the location to a cellular-telephone network using a first connection to the cellular-telephone network. In response, the electronic device may receive mapping information. When the mapping information indicates that there are available channels in associated bands of frequencies at the location, the electronic device may: perform a scan of the available channels in the associated bands of frequencies; and establish the second connection with a radio node based on scan results. Alternatively, when the mapping information indicates that there are no available channels in associated frequency bands at the location, the electronic device may establish a third connection with the radio node in a licensed band of frequencies.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems are described for wireless communications. Cells may be grouped into a plurality of cell groups. A wireless device may transmit or drop one or more of a plurality of signals.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses and methods for synchronizing communication actions between multiple communication devices by accounting for discrepancies between timing functionality in communicating devices. A time value indicative of a remote device's view of current time is received. Where it is determined that the time value differs from a locally generated view of current time by at least an established amount, the range of time in which communications signals with the remote device will be monitored and transmitted is extended.

Abstract: A signal processing apparatus, an optical line terminal, and a communications system are provided. The signal processing apparatus includes a signal input interface, a signal output interface, a reset signal generation unit, a signal amplification and equalization unit, an enable signal generation unit, and N direct-current offset calibration loop units. The signal input interface is connected to the signal amplification and equalization unit, which is connected to the signal output interface and the enable signal generation unit; the enable signal generation unit is connected to the N direct-current offset calibration loop units, which are connected to the signal amplification and equalization unit; and the reset signal generation unit is connected to the N direct-current offset calibration loop units. Embodiments of the present invention are directed to reduce an LA burst settling time, thereby reducing physical overheads of a link.

Abstract: A method of user equipment (UE) for beam management in a wireless communication system. The method comprises receiving, from a base station (BS), at least two groups of Tx beams comprising transmit (Tx) signals generated from different antenna panels, the at least two groups of Tx beams transmitted through reference signals; receiving, from the BS, configuration information including a selection constraint for the at least two groups of Tx beams; measuring, based on the configuration information, at least one beam from each of the at least two groups of beams; selecting at least one Tx beam from each of the at least two groups and a same Rx beam set as an Rx beam corresponding to respective selected Tx beams; and transmitting, to the BS, a reporting message including information of the selected Tx beams and the selected same Rx beam set corresponding to the Rx beam.

Abstract: A solution for operating a radio communication apparatus exchanges narrowband control messages with other radio communication apparatuses, each control message comprising a pilot sequence and an identifier identifying a transmitter of the control message. The radio communication apparatus receives a broadband signal through a broadband radio receiver and correlates sub-bands of the received signal so as to detect a narrowband control message within the received broadband signal. Upon detection of the narrowband control message on a sub-band of the received broadband signal, the transmitter of the narrowband control message is determined from the identifier of the narrowband control message. It is also determined from the reception of the narrowband control message on the sub-band that the sub-band is preferred by the transmitter of the narrowband control message, and said sub-band is utilized in data communication with the transmitter of the narrowband control message.

Abstract: In some aspects, errors are replaced within an audio file by receiving a first audio sequence and a second audio sequence. The first audio sequence includes an erroneous subsequence and the second audio sequence includes a corrected subsequence for inclusion in the first audio sequence to replace the erroneous subsequence. The location of the erroneous subsequence in the first audio sequence is determined by applying a suitable matching operation (e.g., dynamic time warping). One or more matching subsequences of the first audio sequence located proximate to the erroneous subsequence in the first audio sequence and matching corresponding subsequences of the second audio sequence are located proximate to the corrected subsequence. A corrected first audio sequence is generated by replacing the erroneous subsequence and a matching subsequence of the first audio sequence with the corrected subsequence and the matching corresponding subsequence of the second audio sequence.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling wireless communication over an air interface between a base station and a user equipment device (UE) served by the base station. In examples, the base station is configured to use a particular modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to transmit downlink control signals over the air interface to the UE without the base station beamforming the downlink control signals to the UE. Responsive to the base station determining that the UE is experiencing threshold poor RF conditions on the air interface, the base station reconfigures itself to beamform downlink control signals to the UE. And, given that the base station is reconfigured to beamform downlink control signals to the UE, the base station further reconfigures itself to use a higher-order MCS to transmit downlink control signals to the UE.

Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for configuring reception of beam reports. A method is performed by a network node. The method comprises scheduling wireless devices to provide beam reports in a common time/frequency resource. The method comprises monitoring reception of the beam reports from the wireless devices in the common time/frequency resource using a cell-covering reception beam created by an analog beamforming network.

Abstract: A computing system for managing one or more communication interrupts during a communication session associated with a resource in an enterprise is disclosed. The computing system includes a monitoring module for monitoring one or more parameters of the communication session. The system further includes a database for storing the one or more monitored parameters. The system further includes a determination module for determining at least one participation score for the resource based on the one or more stored parameters. The system further includes a control module for controlling the one or more communication interrupts based on the at least one determined participation score.

Abstract: A shared signaling channel has multiple segments, and parameters for this channel may or may not be sent to users in advance. For example, the number of segments, the size and rate of each segment, and so on may be broadcast to the users via an overhead channel. The transmit power for each segment is not broadcast to the users and can range from zero to the total transmit power. A base station obtains signaling for all terminals within its coverage and maps the signaling for each terminal to at least one segment used for the terminal, which may be dynamically selected. The base station processes (e.g., jointly or individually encodes) the signaling mapped to each segment and generates output data for the segment. The output data for each segment is multiplexed onto the system resources allocated for the segment and transmitted at the selected power level.

Abstract: In order to improve the quality of communication between electronic devices, one or more sub-channels used during communication between the electronic devices are dynamically modified based on one or more performance metrics and allowed transmit powers of the sub-channels. In particular, when the one or more performance metrics indicate that a distance between the electronic devices falls within a mid-range of distances, the one or more performance metrics may be used to guide selective changes to the sub-channels used during the communication based on the allowed transmit powers. The changes to the sub-channels used during the communication may increase, decrease or leave the total bandwidth unchanged. Moreover, by changing the sub-channels used during the communication, the allowed transmit power(s) of the sub-channel(s) used may be increased, which may improve the performance during the communication.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described that are suitable for channelization, in particular, but not limited to, the IEEE 80216.m telecommunications standard. For a time-frequency resource, physical sub-carriers for each of one or more zones in the time-frequency resource are assigned to one or more zones having a respective type of transmission. At least one zone is allocated for a type of transmission using localized sub-carriers. The physical sub-carriers assigned to each zone are permuted to map to logical sub-carriers. Groups of resource blocks are formed, in which each resource block includes at least one logical sub-carrier for each of the one or more zones. The information defining the groups of resource blocks for each of the one or more zones can then be transmitted to a user. The information may be in the form of a zone configuration index.

Abstract: In a communication network (100) comprising a plurality of wireless devices (120), a method determines whether to change one or more communication channels over which the wireless devices (120) communicate. The method includes receiving a plurality of configuration parameters for the communication network (100); receiving information related to one or more communication channel's availability for communications by one or more of the wireless devices (120); and determining whether to change one or more communication channels over which the wireless devices (120) communicate by executing a communication channel change determination algorithm using the configuration parameters and the received information related to one or more communication channel's availability for communications by one or more of the wireless devices (120).

Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and devices are described for wireless communication. From a plurality of physical carriers associated with a clear channel assessment (CCA) performed by a device, one of the physical carriers for which the CCA was successful may be identified. A virtual carrier associated with a wireless data transmission by the device may be mapped to the identified one of the physical carriers.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method for a terminal to camp on a cell. A method for a terminal to camp on a cell includes acquiring, by a mobile terminal, a signal of an available cell, where when the mobile terminal is not camped on a serving cell, the signal of the available cell includes a signal, detected by the mobile terminal, of the cell, or when the mobile terminal camps on the serving cell, the signal of the available cell includes a signal of the serving cell and a signal of a neighboring cell of the serving cell. When a cell signal value of the available cell meets a standard cell access criterion, selecting, by the mobile terminal according to a signal strength and a historical camp-on success rate, an effective cell from the available cell, and camping, by the mobile terminal, on the effective cell.

Abstract: Systems and methods for configuring network devices are provided. According to some aspects, a computing device may receive status information regarding network usage by a network device. The computing device may receive an identifier of the network device. A determination may be made to alter a first communication ability of the network device based on the status information. For example, a communication protocol or communication port may have one or more aspects altered. In response, the computing device may select an updated communication parameter based on the status information and/or the identifier of the network device. The updated communication parameter may be selected based on compatibility with the network device. The updated communication parameter may be transmitted to the network device. The updated communication parameter may cause alteration of the first communication ability while leaving unchanged a second communication ability.

Abstract: Disclosed are an optical burst transport network (OBTN) time slot length adjustment method, device and node, the method comprising: during OBTN initialization, measuring the circumference of a data channel, and calculating the OB time slot length according to the measurement result; and during the normal operation of an OBTN, conducting real-time detection on the circumference variation of the OBTN data channel, comparing a variation value with a preset threshold, and correspondingly processing the OB time slot length according to the comparison result.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the virtualization of cryptographic resources which enables memory speed encryption and decryption that is not bound by the speed at which processor resources can compute the result of a symmetric-key algorithm. This is achieved through a time-memory tradeoff via empty space at provisioning time. When implementing the apparatus, un-initialized memory is filled with the output of a symmetric-key algorithm uniquely keyed for the specific set of data that is going to be written to the provisioned area. Since the provisioning operation stores cryptographically structured data, rather than redundant data, plaintext that is xor'ed into memory is automatically encrypted and ciphertext that xor'ed into memory is automatically decrypted without the need for additional cryptographic computation. This reduced computation requirement enables cryptographic function to be implemented at the ends of communication, rather than the middle, and treated as a virtualized resource.

Abstract: Apparatuses may perform and methods may include receiving a digital broadcast signal that includes a physical layer pipe identified by a predetermined identifier indicating that the physical layer pipe includes service guide bootstrap information. The bootstrap information may identify one or more service guides available for download. The physical layer pipe may include header information that identifies one or more other physical layer pipes containing portions of the service guides identified in the bootstrap information. Based on the bootstrap information and header information, a selected service guide is retrieved and presented to a user.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for a WiFi network including multiple access points, each access point including an antenna having a plurality of modes corresponding to a plurality of radiation patterns, respectively, or an antenna system including a plurality of antennas having a plurality of modes corresponding to a plurality of radiation patterns, respectively, and a processor implemented with an algorithm. The algorithm is a computer program having instructions for performing steps to optimize signal quality for multiple devices linked to the WiFi network.

Abstract: A packet-based testing capability is provided. The packet-based testing capability is configured to provide a packet-based JTAG (PJTAG) protocol. The PJTAG protocol is an asynchronous protocol configured to support the synchronous JTAG protocol. The PJTAG protocol is configured to convert between JTAG signals and packets configured to transport information of the JTAG signals (e.g., to convert JTAG signals into PJTAG packets at an interface from a JTAG domain to a PJTAG domain and to convert PJTAG packets into JTAG signals at an interface from a PJTAG domain to JTAG domain).

Abstract: Embodiments are provided herein for reducing neighbor cell monitoring by a mobile communication device that may include measuring a channel condition of the cell serving the idle network subscription, determining whether the measured channel condition of the cell serving the idle network subscription satisfies a threshold value, and in response to determining that the measured channel condition of the cell serving the idle network subscription satisfies the threshold value, reducing a frequency at which neighbor cells associated with the idle network subscription are monitored and monitoring the neighbor cells associated with the idle network subscription according to the reduced frequency.

Abstract: A method and device for allocating a channel in a decentralized trunked radio communication system enables efficient channel utilization. The method includes scanning at a first subscriber unit a plurality of channels to determine whether a call of interest to a first subscriber unit is active in the system (step 410). The plurality of channels is then scanned at the first subscriber unit to identify a first channel that is clear in the plurality of channels after determining that there is no call of interest to the first subscriber unit active in the system (step 415). The first subscriber unit is then tuned to the first channel that is clear (step 420).

Abstract: A method of transmitting orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) signals includes transmitting, at a first transmitter of a network, a first stream of data having a first number of symbols over a first time interval using a first set of one or more OFDMA subcarriers. At a second transmitter of the network, a second stream of data is transmitted having a second number of symbols over a second time interval, different in duration than the first time interval and overlapping the first time interval. The second burst of data is transmitted using a second set of one or more OFDMA subcarriers. The first time interval and first set of subcarriers define a first time-frequency grant, the second time interval and second set of subcarriers define a second time-frequency grant, and the first and second time-frequency grants are granted by a network coordinator node of the network.

Abstract: Logic such as hardware and/or code to narrow available sub-channels in frequency selective transmission communications in which a station selects a narrow band from a wider channel bandwidth. A frequency selective transmission scheme for communications devices may select a 1 or 2 MHz channel from a wider channel bandwidth (e.g., 4, 8, 16 MHz) that consists of a number of 1 or 2 MHz sub-channels and transmitting packets on the selected sub-channel. The access point may narrow the number of sub-channels available for selection by stations. Stations may narrow the number of sub-channels. Both the AP and the stations may operate to narrow the number of sub-channels. A medium access control sub-layer protocol common to the communications devices may facilitate a frequency selective transmission scheme.

Abstract: Method and associated apparatus for communicating data at reduced transmission latency in a radio communication system having a slotted interface are described. An example network device includes an assignor to receive an indication of an amount of data to be communicated by a first communication station, and assign communication resources to convey all of the indicated data amount, the assigned communication resources comprising a plurality of time slots within one time frame and one radio carrier and a data scheduler to receive an indication of assigned communication resources, and to schedule communication of the data block in conformity with the assigned communication resources and in response to a communication station minimum tuning latency period, wherein the schedule of the communication of the data block provides for completion of the communication of the data block and acknowledgement of successful delivery of the data block within the one time frame.

Abstract: A data processing apparatus includes multiple processing means that are connected in a ring shape via corresponding communication means respectively. Each communication means includes a reception means for receiving data from a previous communication means, and a transmission means for transmitting data to a next communication means. Connection information is assigned to each of the reception means and the transmission means. The communication means, when receiving a packet that has same connection information as one assigned to its reception means, causes the corresponding processing means to perform data processing on the packet, sets the connection information assigned to its transmission means to the packet, and transmits the packet to the next communication means, and when receiving a packet that has connection information that is not same as one assigned to its reception means, transmits the packet to the next communication means without changing the connection information of the packet.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless communication base station device that can suppress increases in terminal power consumption while being able to perform CCE allocation flexibly. In the device, a search space setting unit (103) sets search space for each wireless communication terminal device that communicates using multiple downlink unit bands. When the aggregation level of a CCE that is allocated control information addressed to the wireless communication terminal devices is less than a threshold value, an allocating unit (106) allocates the control information to a CCE inside the search space established in a single one of the multiple downlink unit bands. When the aggregation level is greater than the threshold value, the control information is allocated distributed to the CCEs inside the search spaces established for each of the multiple downlink unit bands.

Abstract: The present invention employs a pilot scheme for frequency division multiple access (FDM) communication systems, such as single carrier FDM communication systems. A given transmit time interval will include numerous traffic symbols and two or more short pilot symbols, which are spaced apart from one another by at least one traffic symbol and will have a Fourier transform length that is less than the Fourier transform length of any given traffic symbol. Multiple transmitters will generate pilot information and modulate the pilot information onto sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols in an orthogonal manner. Each transmitter may use different sub-carriers within the time and frequency domain, which is encompassed by the short pilot symbols within the transmit time interval. Alternatively, each transmitter may uniquely encode the pilot information using a unique code division multiplexed code and modulate the encoded pilot information onto common sub-carriers of the short pilot symbols.

Abstract: A method for adaptive communication in an HF frequency band includes at least one of the following steps: the determination of a payload subband S that is available for a transmission in the HF band, the selection in the payload subband S of a set of n frequency channels of identical width according to a frequency allocation plan and the quality of the link of each of said channels, or the simultaneous transmission on the n frequency channels of a signal complying with an HF waveform.

Abstract: Methods and systems for assigning a wireless communication device (WCD) to a wireless coverage are a based on early termination gain (ETG) are presented. In particular, a RAN may receive a request, from a WCD, for an assignment to one of a plurality of wireless coverage areas. In response to receiving the request, the RAN may select a wireless coverage area of the plurality that has a highest ETG, and assign the WCD to the selected wireless coverage area. Prior to selecting this wireless coverage area, the RAN may optionally remove one or more wireless coverage areas with high utilization from consideration.

Abstract: Systems and methods for communicating over multiple carriers are described herein. A predetermined event triggers the generation of scheduling information for two or more of the carriers. The predetermined event may comprise expiration of a timer set for at least one of the two or more carriers, storing data in a buffer having a higher transmission priority than data previously stored in the buffer, or changing at least one of the two or more carriers from being served by a first cell to being served by a second cell.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided. In a first configuration, the apparatus maintains a first set of tracking loops associated with unicast signals and a second set of tracking loops associated with multicast/broadcast signals. In addition, the apparatus decoding at least one of a received unicast signal based on the first set of tracking loops or a received multicast/broadcast signal based on the second set of tracking loops. In a second configuration, the apparatus maintains a TTL and a FTL associated with unicast signals based only on received unicast signals. In addition, the apparatus receives a multicast/broadcast signal and decodes the received multicast/broadcast signal based on the TTL and the FTL maintained based only on the received unicast signals.

Abstract: The present invention enables random access which does not cause a load on a mobile station apparatus in an Advanced-EUTRA system.

Abstract: A transmission method simultaneously transmitting a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal at a common frequency performs precoding on both signals using a fixed precoding matrix and regularly changes the phase of at least one of the signals, thereby improving received data signal quality for a reception device.

Abstract: A method and system operable to implement a multiple range, and optionally one-dimensional, transport scheduling process suitable to facilitate signal transport over a network for a variety of traffic types with different service requirements where two-dimensional mapping across frequency and/or time is required.

Abstract: A spectral arrangement for radio resources is usable for transmitting radio data within a telecommunication network. The spectral arrangement includes (a) a first radio resource usable for transmitting radio data in a first data flow direction, wherein the first data flow direction is either an uplink direction or a downlink direction, (b) a second radio resource usable for transmitting radio data in a second data flow direction, wherein the second data flow direction is opposite to the first data flow direction, (c) a third radio resource usable for transmitting radio data in the second data flow direction and (d) a guard band, which on the frequency scale is located between the first radio resource and the second radio resource such that the first radio resource is separated from the second radio resource Between the second radio resource and the third radio resource there is provided no guard band.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adaptive transmitting device using limited feedback information in a mobile communication system, and a method thereof. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when the base station transmits a pilot signal to the terminal, the terminal generates channel information by using the pilot signal, generates additional channel information from the channel information, and transmits the channel information and the additional channel information to the base station. The base station determines band allocation, power allocation, and modulation methods for each use by using received feedback information, and transmits modulated traffic data to the terminal according to the determined methods.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for scheduling resources in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication networks for “direct link” or peer-to-peer communications among stations operating therein so that OFDMA resources can be allocated to a transmitter station for a peer-to-peer communication session with a receiver station such that near-far issues caused by peer-to-peer communication are reduced/avoided. The disclosed technologies can prevent peer-to-peer communication links using different sub-channels within the same time slot from creating near-far issues for other receiver stations that are within communication range.