Abstract: A method of maintaining health of a flow battery includes determining an average oxidation state of a common electrochemically active elemental specie in first and second fluid electrolytes on, respectively, a positive side and a negative side of an electrochemical cell of a flow battery, and adjusting the average oxidation state in response to the average oxidation state deviating from a predefined average oxidation state value.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte includes a lithium salt and a nonaqueous solvent in which the lithium salt is dissolved. The nonaqueous solvent includes a fluorinated chain carboxylate ester and a dicarbonyl compound having two carbonyl groups in the molecule. The dicarbonyl compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of esters and acid anhydrides and has not more than three atoms between the two carbonyl groups.

Abstract: Batteries such as Li-ion batteries are provided that comprise anode and cathode electrodes, an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode and the cathode, and a separator electrically separating the anode and the cathode. In some designs, the electrolyte may comprise, for example, a mixture of (i) a Li-ion salt with (ii) at least one other metal salt having a metal with a standard reduction potential below ?2.3 V vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE). In other designs, the electrolyte may be disposed in conjunction with an electrolyte solvent that comprises, for example, about 10 to about 100 wt. % ether. In still other designs, the battery may further comprise anode and cathode interfacial layers (e.g., solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)) disposed between the respective electrode and the electrolyte and having different types of fragments of electrolyte solvent molecules as compared to each other.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a hydrogen store comprising a hydrogenable material, and a method for producing a hydrogen store.

Abstract: A process to prepare an electrode for an electrochemical storage device by spraying an aqueous slurry composition comprising water, xanthan gum, a source of conducting carbon particles and an active material on an electrode base. The slurry may be made by first mixing solid xanthan gum with the conducting carbon particles and the active material and secondly adding water to the resulting mixture. Alternatively the slurry is obtained by mixing solid xanthan gum with a carbon-based active material and adding water to the resulting mixture obtained.

Abstract: A process to prepare an electrode for an electrochemical storage device by spraying an aqueous slurry composition comprising water, xanthan gum, a source of conducting carbon particles and an active material on an electrode base. The slurry may be made by first mixing solid xanthan gum with the conducting carbon particles and the active material and secondly adding water to the resulting mixture. Alternatively the slurry is obtained by mixing solid xanthan gum with a carbon-based active material and adding water to the resulting mixture obtained.

Abstract: An alkali polysulphide flow battery, components, systems and compositions for use with an alkali polysulphide flow battery and a method of manufacturing and operating a flow battery system are provided. An ion-selective separator composition for a battery having an anode and an alkali metal sulfide or polysulfide cathode is provided. The separator composition includes an alkali metal ion conducting separator film for separating the anode and the cathode, a carbon layer disposed to a cathode side of the film and an alkali metal ion conductor layer disposed to an anode side of the carbon layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to motion-generating mechanisms for desulfation of lead-acid batteries, lead-acid batteries including such motion-generating mechanisms, and methods of making and using the same. For example, the present disclosure provides a lead-acid battery that includes one or more electroactive plates disposed within a casing; an electrolyte disposed within the casing and surrounding the electroactive plates; and one or more movable members disposed on or adjacent to one or more interior surfaces of the casing and in communication with the electrolyte. The one or more movable members each have a first position and a second position and movement between the first position and the second position agitates the electrolyte.

Abstract: Corrosion mitigation in a metal-air battery includes displacing an electrolyte within a gap of the metal-air battery with a liquid. The liquid may be substantially nonreactive with the electrolyte, and the anode of the metal-air battery is less reactive with the liquid than with the electrolyte. Upon displacement of the electrolyte from the gap, the liquid may remain in the gap of the metal-air battery to reduce the likelihood of corrosion of the anode and, therefore, reduce the power drain of the battery resulting from such corrosion. To return the metal-air battery to an activated state for generating power, the electrolyte may be moved back into the gap to displace the liquid. A fluid circuit may be in fluid communication with the gap and may displace one of the liquid and the electrolyte in the gap with the other one of the liquid and the electrolyte from the fluid circuit.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel membrane electrode assemblies, and devices and systems incorporating them. Representative membrane electrode assemblies comprise (a) a first, porous electrode; (b) a buffer layer optionally comprising an aqueous solution comprising a pH buffer; (c) a membrane; and (d) a second, porous electrode comprising a catalyst for the generation of oxygen (O2); wherein the membrane is interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the buffer layer is interposed between the membrane and the first electrode.

Abstract: A non-woven fiber mat for lead-acid batteries is provided. The non-woven fiber pasting mat includes glass fibers coated with a sizing composition; a binder composition; and one or more additives. The additives reduce water loss in lead-acid batteries.

Abstract: A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having chromium ions in solution; a catholyte having iron ions in solution, where a molar ratio of chromium in the anolyte to iron in the catholyte is at least 1.25; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a sulfur-containing positive electrode, a negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a cation exchange resin layer which is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and has a first surface having a roughness factor of 3 or more. A method for producing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a sulfur-containing positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a cation exchange resin layer which is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and has a first surface having a roughness factor of 3 or more.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally related to separators for use in lithium metal batteries, and associated systems and products. Certain embodiments are related to separators that form or are repaired when an electrode is held at a voltage. In some embodiments, an electrochemical cell may comprise an electrolyte that comprises a precursor for the separator.

Abstract: A lighting system for a helmet, and in particular an aircrew member's helmet, which lighting system includes reconfigurable strips of light emitting diode (LED) lights.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for swelling resistant pouch batteries. In one embodiment, an example battery may include a pouch having an aluminum layer with a first portion and a second portion, and at least one cell that is partially positioned within the pouch. The at least one cell may include an anode, a separator, a cathode, and an electrolyte. Example pouch batteries may include a circuit electrically coupled to the cathode and to the first portion of the aluminum layer, where the circuit is configured to cause a electric potential difference at the aluminum layer with respect to the anode, and a first electrical contact electrically coupled to the first portion of the aluminum layer.

Abstract: An electrode structure of a flow battery, a flow battery stack, and a sealing structure of the flow battery stack, wherein the density of the vertical tow in the electrode fiber is larger than the density of the parallel tow. In the electrode fiber per unit volume, the quantity ratio of the vertical tow to the parallel tow is at least 6:4. The electrode structure is composed of an odd number of layers of the electrode fibers, and the porosity of other layers is larger than the porosity of the center layer.

Abstract: This disclosure describes various embodiments of a battery assembly for an electrified vehicle battery pack. The battery assemblies include one or more battery cells (e.g., cylindrical, prismatic, or pouch cells) and a cooling device extending at least partially through the battery cells. The cooling device is configured to either conductively or convectively cool the battery cells. In some embodiments, the cooling device is a solid rod, a hollow tube, a slab, or some combination of these features. In other embodiments, the cooling device connects to a coolant manifold configured to communicate coolant for convectively cooling the battery cells of the battery assembly.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte contains a composite metal halide. The composite metal halide contains magnesium, gallium, indium, and a halogen. In the composite metal halide, the molar ratio of indium to the total of gallium and indium is less than 0.2.

Abstract: A composite anode active material includes a first core and a coating layer on the first core, in which the coating layer includes an ion-conductive polymer and the amount of the ion-conductive polymer is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.04 wt % based on a total weight of the composite anode active material. A lithium battery including the composite anode active material may have improved thickness expansion rate, and enhanced initial efficiency and lifespan characteristics.

Abstract: By using a potassium ion secondary battery positive electrode active material comprising a potassium compound represented by general formula (1): KnMOm, wherein M is copper or iron, n is 0.5 to 3.5, and m is 1.5 to 2.5, provided is a potassium ion secondary battery positive electrode active material having higher theoretical discharge capacity and higher effective capacity than a potassium secondary battery using Prussian blue as a positive electrode active material.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a separator is provided. The separator is selectively permeable to monovalent cations and includes a first surface and a second surface which is a reverse surface to the first surface. A contact angle ?1 of the first surface with respect to an aqueous electrolyte is different from a contact angle ?2 of the second surface with respect to the aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: A heat transfer device including a body bounding a cavity for receiving a heat transfer medium, an inlet, and an outlet for providing a fluid connection to the cavity is provided. Interconnecting elements are provided at each of the inlet and outlet for providing a fluid connection to the inlet and the outlet. At least one interconnecting element is configured to interconnect with, and provide relative movement between and a substantially consistent fluid connection with, an interconnecting element of an adjacent device, such as a similar heat transfer device, over a range of spacing between bodies of the devices.

Abstract: An electrochemical direct heat to electricity converter includes a primary thermal energy source; a working fluid; an electrochemical cell comprising at least one membrane electrode assembly including a first porous electrode, a second porous electrode and at least one membrane, wherein the at least one membrane is sandwiched between the first and second porous electrodes and is a conductor of ions of the working fluid; an energy storage reservoir; and an external load. The electrochemical cell operates on heat to produce electricity. When thermal energy available from the primary thermal energy source is greater than necessary to meet demands of the external load, excess energy is stored in the energy storage reservoir, and when the thermal energy available from the primary thermal energy source is insufficient to meet the demands of the external load, at least a portion of the excess energy stored in the energy storage reservoir is used to supply power to the external load.

Abstract: Rechargeable lithium battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte containing a conductive salt, wherein the electrolyte comprises SO2 and the positive electrode contains an active material in the composition LixM?yM?z(XO4)aFb, wherein M? is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the elements Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, M? is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of the groups II A, III A, IV A, V A, VI A, IB, IB, IIB, IVB, VB, VIB and VIIIB, X is selected from the group consisting of the elements P, Si and S, x is greater than 0, y is greater than 0, z is greater than or equal to 0, a is greater than 0 and b is greater than or equal to 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary battery including: a housing, the housing being provided with an explosion proof valve at a bottom thereof, a cell pallet received in the housing and located at a bottom of the housing, the cell pallet being provided with a first through-hole and at least one groove, the first through-hole being aligned with the explosion proof valve and extending through the cell pallet to communicate a space above the cell pallet and a space below the cell pallet, the at least one groove being provided on an upper surface and/or a lower surface of the cell pallet, and the first through-hole communicating with at least one side edge of the cell pallet through the at least one groove; a bare cell received in the housing and seated on the cell pallet; and a top cover assembled to a top side of the housing.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a control section that: transmits a first current command value used to lower an output voltage of a fuel cell stack to a fuel cell converter when the output voltage becomes equal to or higher than a first voltage; transmits a second current command value used to boost the output voltage to the fuel cell converter when the output voltage becomes equal to or lower than a second voltage; stores the first current command value as a first storage value when the output voltage becomes equal to or lower than the second voltage; stores the second current command value as a second storage value when the output voltage becomes equal to or higher than the first voltage; and transmits a current command value that falls between the first storage value and the second storage value to the fuel cell converter.

Abstract: An electrode material including a conductive sheet containing carbon nanotubes having an average fiber diameter of 1 ?m or less; a liquid inflow member that is formed on a first surface of the conductive sheet such that an electrolyte solution that is passed therethrough flows into the conductive sheet; and a liquid outflow member that is formed on a second surface of the conductive sheet and out of which flows the electrolyte solution that has passed through the conductive sheet; wherein, when using a sheet surface of the conductive sheet as a reference plane, the Darcy permeability, in an in-plane direction, inside the liquid inflow member, is at least 100 times the Darcy permeability, in a normal direction, through the conductive sheet.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a cell, an electrolyte tank, and a circulation mechanism. The circulation mechanism includes a suction pipe, a circulation pump, an extrusion, and a return pipe. An absolute value of a difference between HL1 and HL2 is greater than or equal to 0.4 times H0 and both HL1 and HL2 are less than or equal to Hd, where H0 is a height from an inner bottom surface of the electrolyte tank to the in-tank liquid level, HL1 is a length from the in-tank liquid level to the open end of the suction pipe, HL2 is a length from an in-tank liquid level to an open end of the return pipe, and Hd is a distance from the in-tank liquid level to a center of a highest segment of the return pipe.

Abstract: A connection structure between a battery module and an electrical device, the connection structure for connecting a battery module in which a plurality of electric cells are arranged in a line to an electrical device arranged on a side of the battery module. The connection structure includes: a connecting portion provided in the electrical device; a connection electrode provided in the battery module; and a connection bus bar having one end and another end, the one end being connected to the connecting portion of the electrical device, and a welding plate to be welded to the connection electrode in the battery module being provided at the other end. The welding plate is provided with a deformation-allowing portion for keeping the welding plate and the connection electrode of the battery module in a state of contact, the deformation-allowing portion being able to elastically deform.

Abstract: A method for treating a liquid redox electrolyte solution for use in a flow battery includes feeding a liquid redox electrolyte solution into a first half-cell of an electrochemical cell and feeding a gaseous reductant into a second half-cell of the electrochemical cell, and electrochemically reducing at least a portion of the liquid redox electrolyte solution in the electrochemical cell using the gaseous reductant.

Abstract: Provided a method for generating an electrical current. The method includes: introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of an electrochemical cell, to form an electrolyte; anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy; and electrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode. The electrochemical cell includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack comprising an anode including the aluminum or aluminum alloy, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, the electrolyte, and the physical separators; and a water injection port. When the cell is in operation, the hydroxyaluminate concentration of the electrolyte in the cell is maintained between at least 20% to at most 750% of the saturation concentration.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery cell, a thermally insulating layer, and a thermally conducting layer which includes a fin. The fin pushes against an interior surface of a case which surrounds the battery cell, the thermally insulating layer, and the thermally conducting layer. The thermally conducting layer includes a discontinuity where the discontinuity is configured to reduce a capacitance associated with the thermally conducting layer compared to when the thermally conducting layer does not include the discontinuity.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is formed. The cell includes a non-lithium negative electrode in contact with a lithium ion permeable negative electrode current collector, and a positive electrode disposed in contact with a lithium ion permeable positive electrode current collector. The non-lithium negative electrode and the positive electrode are lithium ion permeable. The cell also has a lithium source electrode including lithium ions. A respective microporous polymer separator is disposed between the lithium source electrode and each of the negative and positive electrodes; or a first separator is disposed between the lithium source electrode and one of the negative and positive electrodes, and a second separator is disposed between the negative and positive electrodes. An electrolyte is introduced into the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An anaerobic aluminum-water electrochemical cell that includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack featuring an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, an electrolyte, and the physical separators; a water injection port, in the housing, configured to introduce water into the housing. The electrochemical cell also includes an amount of hydroxide base sufficient to form an electrolyte having a hydroxide base concentration of at least 0.05 M to at most 3 M when water is introduced between the anode and at least one cathode of the electrochemical cell. The aluminum or aluminum alloy of the anode is substantially free of titanium and boron.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing a biofuel using genetically modified sulfur-oxidizing and iron-reducing bacteria (SOIRB) are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods include the following: providing a SOIRB that have been genetically modified to include a particular metabolic pathway to enable them to generate a biofuel; feeding a first source of ferric iron to the SOIRB; feeding sulfur, water, and carbon dioxide to the SOIRB; producing at least the first particular biofuel, a first source of ferrous iron, sulfate, excess ferric iron, and an SOIRB biomass; electrochemically reducing the excess ferric iron to a second source of ferrous iron; providing an iron-oxidizing bacteria that have been genetically modified to include a particular metabolic pathway to enable them to generate a second biofuel; producing at least the second biofuel, a second source of ferric iron, and an IOB biomass; and feeding the second source of ferric iron to the SOIRB.

Abstract: An anaerobic aluminum-water electrochemical cell is provided. The electrochemical cell includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack featuring an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, an electrolyte, and the physical separators; a water injection port, in the housing, configured to introduce water into the housing; and an amount of hydroxide base sufficient to form an electrolyte having a hydroxide base concentration of at least 0.5% to at most 13% of the saturation concentration when water is introduced between the anode and the least one cathode.

Abstract: Provided is a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an alkaline electrolytic solution, a separator structure exhibiting water impermeability and separating the positive electrode from the negative electrode, and a container accommodating at least the negative electrode and the alkaline electrolytic solution. The separator structure includes a porous substrate-supported ceramic separator, and a reinforcement having a lattice structure having openings and reinforcing the periphery and/or at least one surface of the porous substrate-supported ceramic separator. The porous substrate-supported ceramic separator includes a ceramic separator composed of an inorganic solid electrolyte having hydroxide ion conductivity in the form of a membrane or layer densified enough to have water impermeability, and a porous substrate disposed on at least one surface of the separator.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a device may include one or more thermal insulation panels defining an enclosure and a phase change material (PCM) within the enclosure. The device may further include at least one unidirectional heat pipe including a proximal portion extending into the enclosure, a distal portion extending outside of the enclosure, and an intermediate portion between the proximal portion and the distal portion. In one aspect, the device may also include a heat sink including a plurality of heat fins configured to dissipate heat, the heat sink coupled to the distal end of the at least one unidirectional heat pipe.

Abstract: Provided is a multivalent metal-ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of a multivalent metal, selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof, at the anode, wherein the anode contains the multivalent metal or its alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a cathode active layer of graphitic carbon particles or fibers that are coated with a protective material. Such a metal-ion battery delivers a high energy density, high power density, and long cycle life.

Abstract: The present disclosure is direct to a bipolar plate of an electrochemical cell. The bipolar plate may have a frame and a base. The bipolar plate may also have a polymeric coating applied to at least one of the frame and the base. The present disclosure is also directed to a method of assembling a bipolar plate for an electrochemical cell. The method may include compressing a frame and a base of the bipolar plate, at least one of the frame and the base has a polymeric coating. The polymeric coating may be an electrical insulator for the electrochemical cell, a seal for sealing one or more zones of the electrochemical cell, and a corrosion protection later of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a method for predicting maintenance of a redox flow battery, the method including: receiving, from a plurality of sensors, data regarding characteristics of the redox flow battery; weighting, using a processor, each of the characteristics to form an estimated state parameter for the redox flow battery; and determining, using the processor, a maintenance action for the redox flow battery using the estimated state parameter. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: Provided is a redox flow battery that allows suppression of generation of precipitate and also has a high energy density. The redox flow battery includes a battery cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a membrane interposed between the electrodes, the battery being configured to be charged and discharged while a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are supplied to the battery cell, wherein the positive electrode electrolyte contains manganese ions, titanium ions, and reactive metal ions, the negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one species of metal ions selected from titanium ions, vanadium ions, chromium ions, and zinc ions, and the reactive metal ions are at least one selected from vanadium ions, chromium ions, iron ions, cobalt ions, copper ions, molybdenum ions, ruthenium ions, palladium ions, silver ions, tungsten ions, mercury ions, and cerium ions.

Abstract: A redox flow battery system includes a plurality of branch circuits electrically connecting a plurality of battery cell parts in parallel; a switching unit configured to switch conduction states of a closed loop in which the branch circuits are connected together; a circulation mechanism; a detection unit; a determination unit configured to determine whether or not a voltage difference between the open circuit voltages of the battery cell parts is more than a predetermined value; and a control unit configured to control a switching operation of the switching unit such that, when the determination unit determines the voltage difference to be more than the predetermined value, the closed loop is brought into a non-conducting state and, when the determination unit determines the voltage difference to be equal to or less than the predetermined value, the closed loop is brought into a conducting state.

Abstract: Titanium coordination complexes, particularly titanium catecholate complexes, can be attractive active materials for use in flow batteries. However, such coordination complexes can be difficult to prepare from inexpensive starting materials, particularly in aqueous solutions. Titanium oxychloride and titanium tetrachloride represent relatively inexpensive titanium sources that can be used for preparing such coordination complexes. Methods for preparing titanium catecholate complexes can include combining one or more catecholate ligands and titanium oxychloride in an aqueous solution, and reacting the one or more catecholate ligands with the titanium oxychloride in the aqueous solution to form the titanium catecholate complex. Titanium tetrachloride can be used as a precursor for forming the titanium oxychloride in situ. In some instances, the titanium catecholate complex can be isolated in a solid form, which can be substantially free of alkali metal ions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary cell having a negative electrode compartment and a positive electrode compartment, which are separated by an alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane. An alkali metal negative electrode disposed in the negative electrode compartment oxidizes to release alkali ions as the cell discharges and reduces the alkali ions to alkali metal during recharge. The positive electrode compartment includes a positive electrode contacting a positive electrode solution that includes an alkali metal compound and a metal halide. The alkali metal compound can be selected from an alkali halide and an alkali pseudo-halide. During discharge, the metal ion reduces to form metal plating on the positive electrode. As the cell charges, the metal plating oxidizes to strip the metal plating to form metal halide or pseudo halide or corresponding metal complex.

Abstract: A stabilized electrolyte for a metal-halogen flow battery and flow battery system including the same. The electrolyte includes an aqueous metal halide, an anionic wetting agent, a bromine complexing agent, and bromine.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are secondary electrochemical cells using lithium and hydrogen elements as active materials. In the process of charging hydrogen delivers electron to lithium, Li+-ion simultaneously cross Li+-ion conductive separator and deposits as metallic lithium or in matrix intercalated lithium. During discharge, Li delivers electron to proton of catholyte and moves as Li+-ion across Li+-ion conductive separator. Reversible fuel cells, water electrolyzers, metal hydrides or lithium itself can be used as sources of hydrogen.

Abstract: The accelerated lifetime test device for a redox flow battery according to the present invention includes a test cell including a separator configured to exchange ions contained in an electrolyte, first and second manifolds disposed on both side surfaces of the separator and having openings through which the electrolyte flows, a cathode disposed on an outer side surface of the first manifold, an anode disposed on an outer side surface of the second manifold, and first and second end plates respectively disposed on outer side surfaces of the cathode and the anode, a rotator configured to uniformly disperse the electrolyte included in the test cell by rotating the test cell and a tester connected to each of the cathode and the anode of the test cell and configured to test performance of the test cell.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells can include flow channels designed to provide an electrolyte solution more efficiently to an electrode or ionically conductive separator. Such electrochemical cells can include an ionically conductive separator disposed between a first half-cell and a second half-cell, a first bipolar plate in the first half-cell, and a second bipolar plate in the second half-cell. At least one of the first bipolar plate and the second bipolar plate are a composite containing a conductive material and a blocking material. The blocking material defines a plurality of flow channels that are spaced apart from one another and extend laterally through the composite with respect to the ionically conductive separator. The plurality of flow channels are also in fluid communication with one another in the composite. Such electrochemical cells can be incorporated in electrochemical stacks and/or be fluidly connected to a fluid inlet manifold and a fluid outlet manifold.