Abstract: Adaptive spectacles (20) include a spectacle frame (25) and first and second electrically-tunable lenses (22, 24), mounted in the spectacle frame. In one embodiment, control circuitry (26) is configured to receive an input indicative of a distance from an eye of a person wearing the spectacles to an object (34) viewed by the person, and to tune the first and second lenses in response to the input.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein are directed to a system for reducing electrostatic fields underneath print heads in a direct marking printing system. The system includes: one or more print heads for depositing ink onto a media substrate; a media transport for moving the media substrate along a media path past the one or more print heads; a conductive platen contacting the media transport belt; and an electrostatic field reducer that includes an alternating current corona device positioned upstream of the one or more print heads. The media transport includes a media transport belt and, when the media substrate is on the transport belt it has an electrostatic field, which can cause printing defects. The electrostatic field reducer reduces the electrostatic field on the surface of the media substrate and thereby reduces printing defects.

Abstract: A photopolymer layer is formed on an organic device substrate and exposed to patterned radiation. The photopolymer layer includes a photopolymer comprising at least a first repeating unit having an acid-catalyzed, solubility-altering reactive group, wherein the total fluorine content of the photopolymer is less than 30% by weight. The pattern exposed photopolymer is contacted with a developing agent, such as a developing solution, to remove unexposed photopolymer, thereby forming a developed structure having a first pattern of exposed photopolymer covering the substrate and a complementary second pattern of uncovered substrate corresponding to the unexposed photopolymer. The developing agent comprises at least 50% by volume of a hydrofluoroether developing solvent.

Abstract: A fluorinated photopolymer is formed on a device substrate and exposed to patterned radiation. The photopolymer has a total fluorine content in a weight range of 15 to 60% and comprises at least three distinct repeating units, including a first repeating unit having a fluorine-containing group, a second repeating unit having an acid- or alcohol-forming precursor group, and a third repeating unit different from the first and second repeating units. The pattern-exposed photopolymer layer is contacted with a developing solution comprising at least a first fluorinated solvent that dissolves the unexposed photopolymer thereby forming a developed structure having a first pattern of photopolymer covering the substrate and a complementary second pattern of uncovered substrate. The developing solution is selected to provide a maximum photopolymer contrast in a range of 1.9 to 5.0.

Abstract: A method of removing contamination from a substrate having an ion-implanted region is described. The method comprises applying a composition comprising a fluorinated solvent and a co-solvent to the substrate in an amount sufficient to assist in the removal of contamination from the substrate. As contaminant is removed, metal patterns or other desired features on the substrate remain. Additionally, the composition for removing contamination is not harmful to the user or the substrate (i.e., non-flammable and/or non caustic).

Abstract: A method and apparatus capable of displaying a high-quality image using a reversible image display medium in which a cell(s) formed between two substrates accommodates at least two kinds of frictionally chargeable dry developing particles having different chargeable polarities and different optical reflection densities in image display, an electric field strength of, e.g., 0.3 V/?m to 3.0 V/?m is applied to the developer. An oscillating force (e.g. oscillating magnetic filed) is applicable and the oscillating force is substantially stopped during application of the electrostatic field. After completion of the electrostatic field, the surface of the medium on the image observation side may be charged to a potential holding the displayed image. Optionally, before image display, an alternating electric field may be applied to stir the developer for initialization of the medium.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus useable with colorant and media includes a colorant applicator at which colorant is provided, and a nanotube assembly that emits electron beams to selectively charge the colorant on the colorant applicator, such that one of the charged and uncharged colorant is electrically attractable to the media.

Abstract: A method of forming a powder image on a recording medium and an apparatus therefor are disclosed. The apparatus includes a toner carrier for carrying powdery toner in a layer or layers thereon, a counter electrode, and a flight control member having independent or continuous extremely small holes and a plurality of control electrodes for controlling the passage of toner through the holes. A voltage is applied to the control electrodes in accordance with an image signal in order to cause the toner to fly from the toner carrier toward the counter electrode via the holes. The toner deposits on the recording medium intervening between the flight control member and the counter electrode, forming an image on the recording medium.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises an image carrying member 2, a photosensitive member 9, a first voltage applying means 13, and an exposure means 5. The image carrying member 2 has an insulating layer 25 formed on a first conductive layer 23. The photosensitive member 9 has a photosensitive layer 93 formed on a second conductive layer 92. The photosensitive member 9 is supported so that the photosensitive layer 93 is opposed to the insulating layer 25 of the image carrying member 2. The first voltage applying means 13 applies a voltage between the first conductive layer 25 and the second conductive layer 92. A pattern-like surface electrode layer 98 is formed on the surface of the photosensitive layer 93 opposed to the image carrying member 2. A second voltage applying means 14 applies a bias voltage to the surface electrode layer 98.

Abstract: The present invention describes an imaging element which includes a support, an image-forming layer, a transparent magnetic recording layer, and an electrically-conductive layer. The electrically-conductive layer is a dispersion in a film-forming binder of acicular, crystalline single phase, semi-conductive metal-containing particles having a cross-sectional diameter less than 0.02 .mu.m and an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 5:1.

Abstract: The present invention describes imaging elements which include a support, an image-forming layer and an electrically-conductive layer. The electrically conductive layer is a dispersion in a film-forming binder of acicular, crystalline single phase, conductive metal-containing particles having a cross-sectional diameter less than 0.02 .mu.m and an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 5:1.

Abstract: Ionographic imaging members include an electrically conductive layer and a dielectric layer which contains boron nitride. The dielectric layer may contain boron nitride alone or boron nitride dispersed in a binder. Methods are provided for preparing and using such imaging members.

Abstract: An ionographic imaging member having a conductive layer and a charge accepting layer, wherein the charge accepting layer is sufficiently photosensitive to provide erasure of residual charge in the member by exposure to light.

Abstract: Disclosed are ionographic imaging apparatuses and processes. One apparatus comprises an imaging means, means for applying to the imaging means a liquid material capable of forming a dielectric peel layer adhering to the imaging means, ionographic writing means for generating a latent image on the peel layer, means for developing the latent image on the peel layer, and means for simultaneously transferring the peel layer bearing the developed image from the imaging means to a substrate and affixing the peel layer bearing the developed image to the substrate.

Abstract: This invention involves a structure containing a layered imaged configuration with an overcoating layer. The overcoating layer, in addition to encapsulating the toned image, substantially strengthens the dielectric layer after it is removed from the system. Also, a process for producing a product having an image depth perception and the product itself are disclosed. The layered structure may have one or two dielectric layers having a combined thickness of from about 0.2 to about 10.0 mils.

Abstract: An ionographic process which comprises the generation of an image comprised of characters, and developing the image with a toner mixture comprised of an encapsulated toner and a toner free of encapsulation.

Abstract: Processes for preparing ionographic imaging member including providing a flexible, shrinkable tube containing a dielectric film forming polymer having a T.sub.g of at least about -40.degree. C., charge decay of less than about 2 nonocoulombs per cm.sup.2 per second and elastic memory, providing a cylindrical support member having an outer diameter that is less than the inner diameter of the flexible tube, applying a continuous coating on the interior of the tube or on the exterior of the cylindrical support member, the coating comprising a material selected from the group consisting of an electrically conductive material, an adhesive material and mixture thereof, shrinking the tube to bring the inner surface of the tube and the outer surface of the cylindrical support member into intimate physical contact with the continuous coating. This imaging member may be employed in an ionographic imaging process.

Abstract: First and second electrodes are formed on a pair of opposite surfaces of a polyimide film. The first and second electrodes respectively have a large number of small holes which oppose each other through the polyimide film. An excimer laser beam is radiated on one of the first and second electrodes. A portion of the excimer laser beam radiated on the electrodes is reflected by the electrode surfaces. The remaining portion of the laser beam radiated inside the holes of the electrodes disconnects the chemical bond of the polyimide without generating heat. As a result, holes each having a sectional shape defined by a corresponding hole fomed in the electrodes are formed in the solid insulating body.

Abstract: An electroreceptor comprised of a supporting substrate and hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide with from about 10 to about 60 atomic percent of carbon, from about 10 to about 60 atomic percent of hydrogen, and from about 10 to about 80 atomic percent of silicon.

Abstract: A method and apparatus using ion projection to form a tri-level latent image on a charge retentive surface. The tri-level image which comprises two image areas and a background area is utilized for highlight imaging.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming an outline of an image. By this method, at first, an electrostatic latent image bearing member is charged and then irradiated to a negative image to form an electrostatic latent image. Thereafter, the irradiated member is re-charged with a scorotron charger while applying a voltage to a grid, said voltage being lower than the surface potential of the non-image portion of the latent image, being higher than the potential of the image portion of the latent image and being of the same porality as that of the charging. By this re-charging, in one embodiment, the outline portion of the image has lower potential than the other portion. Then, the outline portion of the image with lower potential is visualized with a reversal development by using a toner charged to a polarity same as the polarity of charging.Or in another embodiment, the outline portion of the image has higher potential than the other portion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic printing machine in which indicia are printed on a sheet in at least two different colors. An electrostatic latent image is recorded on a photoconductive member and developed with a liquid developer material of one color. The latent image is neutralized and ions projected onto the photoconductive member in an image wise pattern to record another latent image. This latent image is developed with a liquid developer of another color. Both liquid images are transferred substantially simultaneously to a sheet to print indicia in two colors thereon.

Abstract: An electrophotographic process of this invention is achieved by subjecting a photosensitive screen to a matched performance of voltage applications and image irradiation to form a primary electrostatic latent image for modulating the flow of corona ions to enable a secondary electrostatic latent image on a recording member disposed in close proximity to the screen bearing the primary electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: A process for providing a direct optical readout of a pattern or collection of data in a plurality of distincitive colors on a dielectric film capable of receiving information by exposure to an electron beam imaging source, which process comprises subjecting said film to a series of separate exposures from an electron beam source, each exposure representing a portion of the overall pattern or collecton of data to be transmitted; treating said film after each exposure intended to distinguish a portion of the overall information with a toner of a distinctive color which combination of colors may be selected for maximum definition and contrast; and separately drying each of said toners on said film before re-exposing said film to said electron beam source for receipt of an additional portion of the pattern or information to be transmitted.

Abstract: A photoconductive screen includes a conductive screen substrate with many perforations therein, an insulating layer formed substantially on one side of the screen substrate, a biasing conductive layer substantially covering the insulating layer, and a photoconductive layer substantially covering the conductive layer. An image of electrostatic charges can be formed on the screen to control a flow of charged particles for formation of an electrostatic latent image in a chargeable layer under exposure to the flow of charged particles.

Abstract: An ion flow modulator with high reliability used in a photocopying machine to obtain a high quality image.

Abstract: A method of making a colour display screen for a television display tube is disclosed. On the window portion of the tube an electron-absorbing layer is provided which is scanned by means of an electron beam via the shadow mask. The charge image on the layer is then developed xerographically. The layer is preferably photoconductive so as to be able to remove the charge remaining after the development by means of a uniform exposure.

Abstract: An image forming technique employing a screen photosensitive medium having therein a plurality of fine openings. Using such screen photosensitive medium an electrostatic latent image is formed on an electric charge retainable member to be modulated under the action of a modulated corona ion stream. A non-image area can be formed on the member to be modulated by providing an ion stream blocking member between a modulation ion source and the screen photosensitive medium to block the ion stream flowing from the ion source to the screen photosensitive medium at a desired and limited area. The present invention enables to form a very sharp boundary between image area and non-image area.

Abstract: In a process for forming electrophotographically a duplicated copy of a document by modulating a corona ion stream passing through fine apertures of a photosensitive screen in accordance with a primary electrostatic charge latent image formed on the photosensitive screen use is made of the photosensitive screen comprising an electrically conductive sheet-like member having a great number of fine apertures, a photoconductive member applied on at least one side of the conductive member and an electrically insulating member applied on the other side of the conductive member, the conductive member being completely surrounded by the photoconductive and insulating members.

Abstract: An electrostatic reproducing apparatus, in which the ion flow passing through an ion modulating electrode and reaching a reproducing member is increased by strengthening the electric field between the electrode of the ion modulating electrode and the reproducing member. Ion transmissive apertures formed in the ion modulating electrode is made to have a larger diameter at its ion outlet than at its ion inlet so that the ion transmission factor may be improved. Condenser electric field generating means such as an electrode for generating an electric field to converge the ion flow toward the ion transmissive aperture of the ion modulating electrode is mounted on the common electrode of the ion modulating electrode at its inlet so that the ion flow of the ion generator using the corona wire may be highly dense.

Abstract: An electrophotographic copying process employs a photosensitive member which includes a conductive layer carrying a sequential lamination of a photoconductive layer which is sensitive to visible light and a function layer different therefrom, forms an electrostatic latent image by trapping charge on opposite sides of either of the photoconductive layer and the function layer in such a condition that a layer which is not retaining the charge is one of photoconductive layers forming the photosensitive member, and repeatedly employs the electrostatic latent image to produce a plurality of copies. During the copying step for producing a plurality of copies, a uniform exposure by light rays which activate the one of photosensitive layers forming the photosensitive member which is not retaining the charge is applied to the photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic method, in which a dielectric film is contacted with a surface of a charged and exposed electrophotographic layer and said film is acted on by positive and negative ions of the same concentration from a source of ions, which settle on the film and produce a latent image thereon. Then the electrophotographic layer is illuminated by an actinic light source to preserve the latent image on the film and the film is separated from the electrophotographic layer while being illuminated or after that. Thereafter the latent image obtained on the film is developed and fixed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrophotographic process comprises applying voltage between a transparent electrode and an opaque electrode of a photosensitive member comprising isolated electrically conductive members forming image elements, a photoconductive layer, transparent electrodes and opaque electrodes, imagewise exposing the side opposite the side where the isolated electrically conductive members are arranged, resulting in formation of voltage differences between the area where light passes through a transparent electrode and the area where light does not pass through the transparent electrode, said distribution voltage being a voltage between the transparent electrode and the isolated electrically conductive electrode and a voltage between the opaque electrode and the isolated electrically conductive electrode, thereby forming a voltage image depending upon the change of voltage of the isolated electrically conductive member produced corresponding to the difference in the distribution voltage, and scanning the

Abstract: An electrophotographic process of this invention is achieved by subjecting a photosensitive screen to a matched performance of voltage applications and image irradiation to form a primary electrostatic latent image for modulating the flow of corona ions to enable a secondary electrostatic latent image on a recording member disposed in close proximity to the screen bearing the primary electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: A novel image forming method comprises the steps of providing a thin layer of magnetic developer particles on the surface of a developer supporting member, imagewise applying ions onto the thin layer in the presence of a magnetic field and imagewise transferring the developer particles onto the surface of another member.

Abstract: An electrophotographing method for use in a copying apparatus employing a sensitizing screen having a great number of fine apertures, made in a drum shape, and a transferring means having a conductive base plate and a charge storage layer formed on the base plate. The transferring means is constructed in the form of a drum. During the process of obtaining a great number of copies from a primary electrostatic latent image which has been stored on the sensitizing means, a secondary electrostatic latent image is formed and regenerated on the transferring means from the stored primary latent image.

Abstract: The invention concerns a screen photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic method using such screen photosensitive member, and relates to improvement in the screen constructed with an electrically conductive member, a photoconductive layer provided on the electrically conductive member, and a surface insulative layer constituting the screen surface at the side opposite to at least a modulating corona source. More particularly, the screen according to the present invention is further provided, at the side of the modulating corona source, with a potential holding layer which holds thereon corona ions applied to it and maintains the surface of the screen at the side of the modulating corona source at a predetermined potential.

Abstract: A device for cleaning a photosensitive screen having a multitude of fine openings for use in image formation wherein primary and secondary electrostatic latent images are formed on the screen by voltage application, the device being constructed with means for rubbing the photosensitive screen, wall means for enclosing substantially the entire rubbing means, and means for drawing out of the wall means an atmosphere containing dust which has been removed from the rubbing means.

Abstract: A method for forming an electrostatic latent image on an image recording medium includes forming a primary electrostatic latent image on a screen-type photosensitive plate, forming a secondary electrostatic latent image on the image recording material by irradiating the same with a charged particle current passed through the screen-type plate carrying the primary latent image, and correcting the secondary latent image on the recording material by irradiating the same with a charged particle current passed through the screen-type plate carrying the primary latent image.

Abstract: In an image formation method of forming an image by modulating an ion flow or charged particles with the aid of a screen having a number of fine passage openings, at least one of the screen and an image reception member is of arcuate cross-section at the modulating position and an image is formed on the screen. One of the screen and the image reception member which is greater in radius is rotated or moved at a higher velocity than the other, thereby modulating the image onto the image reception member.

Abstract: A photosensitive screen for an electrographic apparatus adapted to modulate a flow of corona ions by an electrostatic latent image produced thereon is disclosed. The photosensitive screen is composed of an electrically conductive mesh which is coated on one side with an insulating layer and an electrically conductive layer superimposed one upon the other in the order as mentioned and coated on the other side with a photosensitive layer.The photosensitive screen comprises further an insulating thin film layer which covers at least the electrically conductive layer for the purpose of protecting it against surrounding atmosphere and hence improving durability thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for protecting a primary electrostatic latent image formed on a screen type photosensitive member. In the step for modulating ion streams or toner particle streams by the primary electrostatic latent image, due to a bias voltage impressed on the screen type photosensitive member natural corona discharge is generated by a corona discharge electrode used for forming a primary electrostatic latent image or natural discharge is generated between the photosensitive member and a conductor located close thereto so that the degradation or destruction of the primary electrostatic latent image result. The present invention provides the methods for solving this problem by electrically isolating the photosensitive member, the corona discharge electrodes and other conductors in the vicinity of the photoconductive member when a bias voltage is impressed on the latter.

Abstract: An electrophotographic process of this invention is achieved by subjecting a photosensitive screen to a matched performance of voltage applications and image irradiation to form a primary electrostatic latent image for modulating the flow of corona ions to enable a secondary electrostatic latent image on a recording member disposed in close proximity to the screen bearing the primary electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: After uniformly charging one insulator side of an insulator mesh the other side of which is subjected to electroconductive treatment, the ion flow controlled by recording signals is irradiated for a short period of time on the insulator mesh to obtain a charge distribution wherein the charge on the insulator side is neutralized corresponding to the dots to be recorded. Via mesh apertures which have been freed from the charge by neutralization, the ion flow is irradiated for a time far longer than the above-said short time on an insulating recording substrate, to obtain thereon an electrostatic latent image having an amplified charge distribution.

Abstract: In a method of image formation, a primary electrostatic latent image is formed on a screen having a number of fine openings, the primary electrostatic latent image is used to modulate a flow of ions to thereby form a secondary electrostatic latent image on a recording medium, the secondary electrostatic latent image is developed by the use of a developer, the developed image is transferred to another recording member, the charging polarity of the residual portion of the developer remaining on the recording medium is controlled so that, at a position whereat the recording medium and the screen come close to each other, the residual developer may be subjected to a force directed toward the recording medium by an electric field present between the recording medium and the screen, and thereafter the recording medium is reused.

Abstract: A method of making a display screen for a color television display tube in which a photoconductive layer on the window portion of the tube is provided with a uniform charge which may be either positive or negative. A charge pattern is then formed on that layer by scanning it with an electron beam passing through an apertured color selection electrode. The energy of the beam is such that the average depth of penetration of the electrons is greater than the thickness of the photoconductive layer so that the charge disappears at the regions struck by the beam. The remaining charge pattern is developed with a suspension of charged phosphor particles. By repeating this process, patterns of red, green and blue luminescent phosphor particles can be successively provided to form the display screen. It is also possible to scan the layer simultaneously or successively by three electron beams and to develop the resultant charge pattern with a light-absorbing pigment.

Abstract: An electrographic process of producing, on a dielectric coated record medium, an electrostatic copy latent image by modulating a flow of corona ions with the aid of an electrostatic latent image which has been produced on a photoconductive photosensitive screen having a number of openings. The process is characterized by making a ratio K of a maximum surface potential V volts of the electrostatic copy latent image produced on the dielectric coated record medium to an intensity of the electric field E volts/mm established between the photoconductive photosensitive screen and the dielectric coated record medium, i.e. K=V/E smaller than about 0.18 for the purpose of preventing enlargement of dots of the copy picture image.

Abstract: A method of obtaining a number of copies transferred from one electrostatic latent image produced on an electric charge carrying member coated on an electrically conductive transfer body is disclosed. The method comprises the successive steps of producing an electrostatic latent image charge on the transfer body, developing the electrostatic latent image charge into a toned picture image, applying a bias voltage between an electrically conductive screen arranged near a transfer receiving medium made in contact with the transfer body on the one hand and the transfer body on the other hand and at the same time charging the transfer receiving medium through the electrically conductive screen with a corona source of ions. The method can transfer the electrostatic latent image produced on the transfer body to the transfer receiving medium without damaging the electrostatic latent image at a high speed with a high efficiency.

Abstract: The invention basically comprises systems and methods relating to the field of electrostatics and is concerned with multicolor electrostatic reproduction, printing or constituting on coated and uncoated print receiving media with multilayer apertured elements or screens carrying charge distributions in accordance with selected color separation patterns. Ions accelerated through the apertures of the multilayer element pass therethrough under modulation control dictated by the color separation pattern, thereby forming a modulated ion stream having a cross-sectional density pattern corresponding to the color separation pattern. Electrostatic latent images are formed with modulated ion streams and are developed in various ways.