Abstract: A pressure and heat molded polymer tube, formed of miniscule polyethylene beads, each in the vicinity of 115 um powder in diameter, which when compression molded forms pores that are of uniform diameter throughout their length within the range of 5 um-10 um, the tube having an upper flange, that mates within a correspondently shaped grommet, which when applied to the transverse plate of an air filtration housing, functions to cleanse highly efficiently the dust particles and debris from the air being filtered, when passing through the filtration system, so that such purified air can be discharged safely.

Abstract: A filtration system includes an air cleaner housing and a filter element. The air cleaner housing includes a base and a removable cover. At least one of the base or the cover defines a cavity and a protrusion extending into the cavity. The filter element is disposed within the cavity. The filter element includes a plurality of media blocks each including a pleated filter media. The plurality of media blocks are arranged in arch shapes of approximately equal inner radii. The plurality of media blocks are coupled to each other along opposing edges that extend along a pleat direction of the pleated filter media. The media blocks together define at least one void that extends along the protrusion. The protrusion occupies a portion of the void.

Abstract: A filter assembly has a first housing having a plurality of recesses provided therein and a second housing having a plurality of ribs provided on an inner surface thereof. When the first and second housings are in an engaged configuration, the ribs are receivable in the recesses of the first housing thereby securing a filter media in the filter assembly.

Abstract: An aged granular material and a method of manufacturing an object from the granular material include introducing a granular material into a molding process so as to form the object therefrom. The granular material includes elements including a matrix material having a plurality of reinforcing fibers received therein, the elements of the granular material having a melt viscosity of between about 5 and about 15 grams per 10 minutes and a particle size distribution with a range in particle size of between about 50 and about 595 micrometers.

Abstract: An air filter element includes (a) an open filter interior having a first closed end and a second open end opposite the first closed end; the second open end having an air flow aperture therethrough; (b) filter media provided in a pleated configuration and arranged around the open filter interior between the first closed end and the second open end; (c) a seal arrangement positioned at the open end of the filter element and includes an inner perimeter radial facing surface and an opposite, outer perimeter radial facing surface, wherein the inner perimeter radial facing surface includes a seal surface, and wherein one of the inner perimeter radial facing surface and the outer perimeter radial facing surface is a circular surface and the other of the inner perimeter radial facing surface and the outer perimeter radial facing surface is a non-circular surface.

Abstract: Filter elements are described. In an example embodiment, the filter element has a support framework and media defining a closed end and an open end. A non-circular radial seal is depicted, in an example. Variations for particular applications are described.

Abstract: A filter element including inflow passages and outflow passages and, a total cross-sectional area of all the inflow passages is larger than a total cross-sectional area of all the outflow passages, and the number of the inflow passages is larger than the number of the outflow passages, a cross section of the filter element is formed by the large number of outflow passages each having a regular hexagonal shape and the large number of inflow passages each having a modified hexagonal shape, the large number of regular hexagonal outflow passages are formed by first hexagonal passages, and second hexagonal passages each having a cross-sectional area smaller than that of each of the first hexagonal passages, an outer peripheral side of each of the first hexagonal passages and the second hexagonal passages is surrounded with six modified hexagonal inflow passages via the partition walls.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that a filter made of resin comprises a through-hole film portion (14); and a structure reinforce portion (13), wherein a through-hole (15) is provided in a through-hole film portion (14), the thickness of the through-hole film portion (14) is from 0.5 to 2.0 ?m, the bore of the through-hole (15) is from 0.05 to 0.5 ?m, the thickness of the structure reinforce portion (13) is bigger than the thickness of the through-hole film portion (14), the structure reinforce portion (13) encloses the through-hole film portion (14), a damage-reduction structure is provided on the upper surface of the structure reinforce portion (13), and wherein, the damage-reduction structure may be an uneven structures.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a plurality of cells and porous cell walls. The plurality of cells defines exhaust gas passages. The plurality of cells includes exhaust gas introduction cells and exhaust gas emission cells. Each of the exhaust gas emission cells is adjacently surrounded fully by the exhaust gas introduction cells across the porous cell walls. The exhaust gas introduction cells include first exhaust gas introduction cells and second exhaust gas introduction cells. A cross-sectional area of each of the exhaust gas emission cells in a cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the plurality of cells is equal to or larger than a cross-sectional area of each of the second exhaust gas introduction cells in the cross section. The exhaust gas introduction cells and the exhaust gas emission cells have one of a first structure and a second structure in the cross section.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a plurality of honeycomb fired bodies and adhesive layers. Each of the plurality of honeycomb fired bodies includes a plurality of cells, porous cell walls, and an outer wall. The plurality of cells includes exhaust gas introduction cells and exhaust gas emission cells. The exhaust gas introduction cells and the exhaust gas emission cells each have a uniform cross-sectional shape throughout from the exhaust gas inlet side to the exhaust gas outlet side excluding a plugged portion in a cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the plurality of cells. Each of the exhaust gas emission cells is adjacently surrounded fully by the exhaust gas introduction cells across the porous cell walls. The plurality of cells includes outer cells which are adjacent to the outer wall and which include the exhaust gas introduction cells.

Abstract: Filter element or air filter in the configuration of a multiple bellows filter with an increased efficiency for use in internal combustion engines, wherein a folded filter bellows is arranged radially inwardly of another folded filter bellows and the inner folded filter bellows has a greater or deeper fold depth than the outer folded filter bellows.

Abstract: A honeycomb structure 100 having a partition wall 112 that forms a plurality of first channels 110a and a plurality of second channels 110b is provided. The first channels 110a are open at a first end surface 100a and closed at a second end surface 100b. The second channels 110 are closed at the first end surface 100a and open at the second end surface 100b. The partition wall 112 has standard walls 112a, which separate the first channels 110a and the second channels 110b from each other, and a common wall 112b, which separates two first channels 110a adjacent to each other at the first end surface 100a, and the standard walls 112a are thicker than the common walls 112b.

Abstract: A bi-component fiber is provided. The bi-component fiber includes a sheath formed of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and a core formed of a high glass transition polyester. A PPS material of the sheath has a higher melting point than a high glass transition polyester material of the core. The core is at least partially crystallized whereby the high glass transition polyester material of the core effectively has a higher softening point than a softening point of the PPS material of the sheath.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a plurality of cells and porous cell walls. The plurality of cells include exhaust gas introduction cells and exhaust gas emission cells. Each of the exhaust gas emission cells is adjacently surrounded fully by the exhaust gas introduction cells across the porous cell walls. The exhaust gas introduction cells include first exhaust gas introduction cells and second exhaust gas introduction cells. Each of the first exhaust gas introduction cells has the cross sectional area equal to or smaller than 0.7 mm2 in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the plurality of cells.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a plurality of cells and porous cell walls. The plurality of cells include exhaust gas introduction cells and exhaust gas emission cells. The porous cell walls each have a porosity of 55% or acre but not more than 70%. The porous cell walls include pores with a pore diameter of 40 ?m or more. The pores have a pore volume occupying 10% or more of a total pore volume of the porous cell walls. The exhaust gas emission cells have an average cross sectional area larger than an average cross sectional area of the exhaust gas introduction cells in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the plurality of cells. A total volume of the exhaust gas introduction cells is larger than a total volume of the exhaust gas emission cells.

Abstract: A filter element may include a first end disc, a second end disc, a filter medium arranged between the first and second end discs, wherein the first and second end discs are spaced by a filter medium. A third end disc may connect the first and second end discs and be arranged obliquely to at least one of the first end disc and the second end disc. The third end disc may include at least one of an inlet and outlet.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating ash particles from a flue gas. The apparatus includes a screen that has a plurality of semi-elliptical cylinder surfaces. The semi-elliptical cylinder surfaces having holes through which said flue gas flows and through which the ash particles will not pass. The screen has a single layer for performing the separation in a manner such that the ash particles fall away from the screen and collect outside of the screen. A method of reducing velocity of a flue gas passing through screening apparatus for separating flue gas from ash particles. The method includes replacing a first screen of the screening apparatus with a second screen that has a plurality of semi-elliptical cylinder surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed are an air filter element, a filter housing, and an air filter in which the air filter elements have a high filtering capacity and a long service life by increasing the filter surface of an air filter element taking into account structural requirements for the air filter housing.

Abstract: The present invention allows tailoring the filter design for optimal engine performance by providing the desirable ratio of greater than one, without necessitating an increase of the overall filter volume and without decreasing filter efficiency. Moreover, the present invention allows an increase in the ratio, while at the same time reducing, the overall filter volume, or in other words, providing smaller filter volume for a given ratio. In addition, the present invention preserves Identical inlet channel surface and outlet channel surface areas, while having the ratio value of greater than one. These advantages achieved by having unique geometry of the cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet channels, where both channels have the same perimeter length in every embodiment of the invention.

Abstract: A sealed honeycomb structure may include porous walls dividedly forming inlet cells and outlet cells extending from an end surface of an inlet side to an end surface of an outlet side, inlet and outlet side sealing portion 5b, and an inlet side sealing portion, wherein at least one outlet cell is a reinforced cell where a reinforcing part 6 for reinforcing the outlet cell 2b is formed at at least one corner portion 21a at which the walls on a cross-section vertical to an extending direction of the cell cross each other, wherein the inlet cell is a non-reinforced cell where the reinforcing part is not formed at all the corner portions at which the walls on the cross-section vertical to the extending direction of the cell cross each other, and wherein the reinforcing parts 6 of the reinforced cells 22 are formed at a section of the honeycomb structure from the end surface of the outlet side in the extending direction of the cell.

Abstract: A class of devices using nanotubes and nano-shapes which can partially organize molecules in random motion to move either some selectively or all of them, to create pressure differences and hence motive forces, or cause air flow into pressurized area. Because Air is a cloud of particles separated by vacuum, the device in air can be used to create motive force pushing any form of vehicle, lifting force for any form of air vehicle, air compression, power source for any form of machine, conveyor or generator, using the solar energy stored in the air in the form of heat, 24 hours a day, worldwide.

Abstract: The columnar honeycomb structure 10 extending along a central axis CL, including a first end surface 10a and a second end surface 10b, and a partition wall 10c forming a plurality of first flow passages Ra and a plurality of second flow passages Rb, in which the first flow passages Ra are opened at the side of the first end surface 10a and plugged at the side of the second end surface 10b, the second flow passages Rb are plugged at the side of the first end surface 10a and opened at the side of the second end surface 10b, and the honeycomb structure includes a circular row W formed by arranging the second flow passages Rb adjoining and partitioned by the partition wall 10c in a circular pattern.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a filter element for filtration of a fluid, a filter medium web is treated along at least one treatment line and the filter medium web is cut along at least one cutting line that is adjacent to the at least one treatment line. An apparatus for performing the method has a combination of at least one treatment device and at least one cutting device. The at least one treatment device has at least one treatment element that treats a filter medium web along at least one treatment line. The at least one cutting device has at least one cutting element that cuts the filter medium web along at least one cutting line. The at least one treatment element and the at least one cutting element, viewed in a movement direction of the filter medium web relative to the apparatus, are arranged staggered relative to each other.

Abstract: A honeycomb structure 100 has a plurality of flow paths 110a and 110b which are partitioned by partition walls 120 and are substantially parallel to each other; and one end of the flow path 110a is plugged by a plugging part 130 at one end surface 100a of the honeycomb structure 100, and one end of the flow path 110b is plugged by a plugging part 130 at the other end surface 100b of the honeycomb structure 100, wherein, in an image of the partition walls 120 obtained by X-ray CT measurement, when the number of communicating holes detected when resolution of the image is 1.5 ?m/pixel is defined as X, and the number of communicating holes detected when resolution of the image is 2.5 ?m/pixel is defined as Y, Y/X is 0.58 or more.

Abstract: A particulate capture module for a high energy discharge device includes a particulate capture shell having an inlet and an outlet. The shell inlet can receive a high energy material discharged from the high energy discharge device. The particulate capture module can further include a self-healing particulate capture material arranged within the particulate capture shell to enable the high energy material to pass through the self-healing particulate capture material. The self-healing particulate capture material can capture particulates associated with discharge of the high energy material from the high energy discharge device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a honeycomb structure comprises a step of forming a molded article by molding a raw material containing a ceramic powder and a pore-forming agent; and a step of manufacturing a honeycomb structure by sintering the molded article, wherein the pore-forming agent is powder formed of a material that disappears at a sintering temperature or less where the molded article is sintered, the powder is obtained by mixing a small particle size powder and a large particle size powder, a median particle size of which a ratio of a cumulative mass with respect to a total mass of the small particle size powder is 50% is 5 to 20 ?m, a median particle size of which a ratio of a cumulative mass with respect to a total mass of the large particle size powder is 50% is 30 ?m or more, and a ninety-percentage particle size of which a ratio of a cumulative mass with respect to a total mass of the large particle size powder is 90% is 80 ?m or less.

Abstract: A filter cartridge, a safety element and fluid cleaner assembly are described. The fluid cleaner assembly generally includes a housing having a cover and a primary fluid cleaner section. The filter cartridge generally comprises z-filter media, arranged in a straight through configuration. Preferred cartridges include a seal gasket positioned to extend continuously around at outer perimeter of the straight through flow construction. The fluid cleaner assembly can have a precleaner positioned therein. Preferred features are described. Methods of assembly and use are also provided.

Abstract: A composite structure includes a substrate with pores of a first mean pore size and a coating on at least one surface of that substrate. This coating has pores of a second mean pore size where the first mean pore size is equal to or greater than said second mean pore size. When the pore size of the coating is effective to capture particulate greater than 0.2 micron, the composite may be formed into a filter effective to remove microbes from a fluid medium. One method to form the porous coating on the substrate includes the steps of: (a) forming a suspension of sinterable particles in a carrier fluid and containing the suspension in a reservoir; (b) maintaining the suspension by agitation in the reservoir; (c) immersing the substrate in the reservoir; (c) applying a first coating of the suspension to the substrate; (d) removing the substrate with the applied first coating from the reservoir; and (e) sintering the sinterable particles to the substrate thereby forming a coated substrate.

Abstract: A filter cartridge for use in separating a hydrophobic liquid aerosol phase from a gas stream, as a crankcase ventilation filter for example, is described. The cartridge includes a media pack comprising filtration media surrounding an open interior and a first end piece. Various structure included on the first end piece is described. An example is a D-shaped projection. Also described is an assembly including the filter cartridge, specific features of a housing component of the assembly. Methods of assembly and use are also described.

Abstract: A filter element that has at least two, planar, non-curved filtration panels. In a preferred embodiment, the filter element has three panels, providing a generally triangular filter element. The outlet aperture, from the filter element, generally follows the configuration of the filter. That is, a filter element having three filtration panels will have a generally three-sided outlet aperture. The outlet aperture preferably is not a true polygon, but rather, includes rounded or curved sides and/or corners. The filter element includes an outlet sealing configuration that may provide both axial and radial sealing to outlet ductwork.

Abstract: An air filtration media pack is provided having a plurality of layers of single facer media. The layer of single facer media includes a fluted sheet, a facing sheet, and a plurality of flutes extending between the fluted sheet and the facing sheet and having a flute length extending from a first face of the filtration media pack to a second face of the filtration media pack. A first portion of the plurality of flutes are closed to unfiltered air flowing into the first portion of the plurality of flutes, and a second portion of the plurality of flutes are closed to unfiltered air from flowing out of the second portion of the plurality of flutes so that air passing into one of the first face and the second face of the media pack and out the other of the first face and the second face of the media pack passes through media to provide filtration of the air. The fluted sheet includes repeating internal peaks facing toward the facing sheet and repeating external peaks facing away from the facing sheet.

Abstract: Air filter assemblies and components therefor are described. The air filter assembly typically includes an air filter cartridge. Air filter cartridges including a media pack comprising at least a first stack of single facer strips are described. In examples described, at least a portion of the first stack of single facer strips is arcuate. Air filter assemblies are characterized that are configured, for example, to advantageously use such air filter cartridges. Example air filter assemblies are described that include pulse jet air cleaning systems.

Abstract: A filter cartridge which includes a filter medium having a cylindrical segment shape and a channel disposed within the filter medium for receiving fluid filtered through the filter medium. A method of increasing a filter medium surface area of a filter or lowering pressure drop across the filter that has a plurality of filter cartridges disposed in a filter vessel. The method includes removing at least one filter cartridge from the filter vessel and replacing the removed filter cartridge with a filter cartridge that includes a filter medium having a cylindrical segment shape. The latter filter cartridge also includes a channel disposed within the filter medium for receiving fluid filtered through the filter medium.

Abstract: The present application provides an inlet air pulse filtration system. The inlet air pulse filtration system may include an inlet filter house and a number of pulse filters positioned therein. One or more of the pulse filters may include a conical section, a transitional section, and a tapered section.

Abstract: A filter device (10), especially an air filter for an internal combustion engine, includes a main filter element (22) arranged in a filter housing (12). The main filter element is flown through by a fluid to be filtered. The main filter element (22) is a multi-bellows filter having nested filter bellows (32, 34). Between the filter bellows (32, 34) a flow space (44) for the fluid is formed communicating with an end face of the main filter element (22), wherein each one of the filter bellows (32, 34) is embodied as a star-shaped filter with filter folds arranged in a star shape. On at least one end face of the main filter element (22) there is a seal (36) between one of the filter bellows (32, 34) and the filter housing (12).

Abstract: An air filter arrangement is disclosed. The air filter arrangement includes strips of media comprising fluted sheets secured to facing sheets and forming inlet and outlet flutes secured to one another in a stack. Media pack arrangements including such stacked media with peripheral, perimeter, housing seal arrangements are described. Also described are air cleaners including the filter cartridges. Methods of assembly and use are also provided. Also, systems of use are described.

Abstract: A media pack for including in a filter cartridge of an air filter arrangement, is provided. The media is a non-rectangular perimeter configuration, an example shown being trapezoidal. Filter cartridges including such media packs, air cleaner assemblies and equipment systems are described. Also methods of use assembly are described.

Abstract: A non-fouling, bypass filter is disclosed. The filter is formed of a tapered structure having particulate material filtering properties. The tapered structure has an open base and a closed top, with its exterior surface being exposed to a gas/fluid stream to be filtered. A gas/fluid stream generating device generates a gas/fluid stream that is drawn into the tapered structure's interior and that is filtered due to the particulate material filtering properties of the tapered structure. The external profile of the conically shaped structure is adapted to cause a plurality of gas/fluid streams from the ambient gas/fluid to flow against the exterior surface of the tapered structure to prevent the building up of particulate material on the exterior surface.

Abstract: An air filter and dust collector are provided. In one embodiment, the air filter includes a filter element coupled at a first end to a end cap and at a second end to a first side of a rectangular filter flange assembly. The rectangular filter flange assembly includes a central aperture open to an interior region bounded by the filter element. A rectangular gasket is disposed on the second side of the filter flange assembly and circumscribes the central aperture.

Abstract: A filter assembly, panel filter element, and servicing method is provided for reducing inlet flow restriction from a housing inlet into an inlet plenum and reducing outlet flow restriction from an outlet plenum to a housing outlet.

Abstract: A plugged honeycomb structure including a honeycomb structure body, outflow side plugged portions, and inflow side plugged portions. A shape of cells in a cross section is a hexagonal shape. Among six corner portions of each of the hexagonal cells, the corner portion between two partition walls at least one of which is the partition wall separating inflow cells or outflow cells from each other is a specific corner portion, and the corner portion between the two partition walls each of which is the partition wall separating the inflow cell and the outflow cell is an unspecific corner portion. At least one of the specific corner portions is provided with a reinforcing portion so that a shape of the specific corner portion is rounded, and the unspecific corner portions are not provided with the reinforcing portions.

Abstract: A plugged honeycomb structure includes a honeycomb structure section having porous partition walls, the plurality of cells including large cells and small cells having different open areas in a cross section perpendicular to an extending direction of the cells; inflow side plugged portions arranged in inflow side end portions of the predetermined cells including the large cells and the small cells among the plurality of cells; and outflow side plugged portions arranged in outflow side end portions of the remaining cells including the large cells and the small cells among the plurality of cells. The predetermined cells are outflow cells having the plugged inflow side end portions and the open outflow side end portions in the honeycomb structure section, and the remaining cells are inflow cells having the plugged outflow side end portions and the open inflow side end portions in the honeycomb structure section.

Abstract: A plugged honeycomb structure includes a honeycomb structure section having porous partition walls, a plurality of cells including the cells having different open areas; inflow side plugged portions arranged in inflow side end portions of the predetermined cells; and outflow side plugged portions arranged in outflow side end portions of the remaining cells. Outflow cells which are the cells provided with the inflow side plugged portions and inflow cells which are the cells provided with the outflow side plugged portions are alternately formed, and in a central portion, the open area of each of the inflow cells is larger than the open area of each of the outflow cells. A difference in open area between the outflow cell and the inflow cell in an outer peripheral portion is smaller than a difference in open area between the outflow cell and the inflow cell in the central portion.

Abstract: Air cleaner and preferred components for an air cleaner are provided. In certain arrangements, a band is permanently mounted to the media pack, surrounding the media. Also, the cartridge is non-circular and includes a radial seal thereon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an air cleaner for the removal of pollutants from an air flow by a filter module, the filter module of which includes at least one permeable filter layer for the accumulation of pollutants on the filter layer. A bypass channel will be provided and established such that part of the unfiltered air flow may bypass any filter layer. Such a bypass channel does not compromise the cleaning effect of the filter module, at least as long as the filter layer has not yet been clogged with pollutants since in this case the biggest part of the air flow will take the major path through the filter layer due to lack of resistance. Only if the filter layer is clogged and if resistance for the air flow increases, air will obviously flow through the mentioned bypass channel.

Abstract: A ventilation screen for protecting against rain water and other elements includes a plurality of air passages. The air passages enable air flow from one side of the screen to the other but preferably without linear communication between both sides through the air passages. The air passages present an upwardly traveling trajectory from the exposed space to the protected space, preferably with lateral changes of direction as well. Therefore rain water that comes directly from precipitation or splashing from an adjacent surface cannot reach a protected space. The geometry of the air passages provides protection against other environmental or man made elements.

Abstract: A high efficiency unitary cartridge filter for installation with a separate sealing gasket in a generally uniform circular or oblong hole of a baghouse tube sheet. The cartridge includes a plastic or metal tubular core around which is wrapped elongate pleated filter media to form a pleat pack. The pleat pack is sealed at the lower end thereof by a molded cap. A molded upper fitting includes an aerodynamically contoured transition mouth comprising compound radii of curvatures and a bore which closely corresponds to the bore of the tubular core for improved cleaning power and increased pressure during a cleaning cycle and for reduced pressure drop during normal filtering operation. The molded top may optionally incorporate and bond with a metal collar for added structural integrity and may also incorporate electrical grounding elements for grounding a metal core to the baghouse tube sheet.

Abstract: A gas separation device comprises a gas separation layer, a first gas volume and a second gas volume, the gas separation layer being arranged between the first gas volume and the second gas volume, the gas separation layer having at least one aperture connecting the first gas volume to the second gas volume. The aperture is configured to taper from the first gas volume to the second gas volume and being dimensioned to enrich a component of the second gas volume in the first gas volume, wherein the aperture is configured as an elongated opening in the gas separation layer, the aperture having a minimum opening width of essentially one time to twenty times the mean free path length of the component of the second gas volume, which is to be enriched.

Abstract: To improve in pulse cleaning of filters, a filter element includes a media pack of Z-media having first and second opposite flow faces and a side wall extending between the first and second flow face. A gasket is secured to the side wall. The gasket has a sealing portion and an attachment portion. The sealing portion has a flat surface at least one inch long and is located between being planar with and 0.5 inches recessed from the first flow face, inclusive.

Abstract: A filtration media pack is provided having a plurality of layers of single facer media. The layer of single facer media includes a fluted sheet, a facing sheet, and a plurality of flutes extending between the fluted sheet and the facing sheet and having a flute length extending from a first face of the filtration media pack to a second face of the filtration media pack. A first portion of the plurality of flutes are closed to unfiltered fluid flowing into the first portion of the plurality of flutes, and a second portion of the plurality of flutes are closed to unfiltered fluid flowing out of the second portion of the plurality of flutes so that fluid passing into one of the first face and the second face of the media pack and out the other of the first face and the second face of the media pack passes through media to provide filtration of the fluid. The filtration media pack can be provided with increased filtration media compared with commonly used z-media packs.