Abstract: An apparatus, method, and system for ensuring a more accurate and precise calibration of gas or liquid analyzers using gas emitting permeation tubes for the production of calibration samples. The permeation devices are placed in a temperature-controlled housing to ensure that calibration samples are produced at the optimal temperature for such devices. The housing temperature may be controlled by a semi-conductor heating and cooling device. The apparatus also controls the flow rate of the medium that is mixed with the impurities released from the permeation devices, yielding a more accurate, precise, and reliable calibration. The sample can be conveyed to the calibration device/instrument by hooking the apparatus directly to the calibration device. The invention also contemplates a novel method of calibrating apparatuses using a device kept at the optimal temperature, using a constant flow rate that minimizes variations in the calibrations.

Abstract: A method and a device for cooling a mass of meat-, tissue-, vegetable- and/or fruit-containing substance in a container, in particular a mixer, blender or mill, using liquefied nitrogen (N2) which is supplied in the lower region of the container at a constant working pressure via at least one nozzle. During the cooling process and/or in stoppage times, the nitrogen is briefly supplied to the nozzle or, via the latter, into the container by means of at least one pressure pulse that is increased in relation to the working pressure. The pulsed supply of pressurized nitrogen blows blocked and/or iced-up nozzles free again and thus ensures a more reliable operation of cooling a mass of a substance. This method and device are suitable, in particular, for use in foodstuff technology.

Abstract: This disclosure discusses problems associated with using natural gas to produce a variety of synthetic hydrocarbon products by production processes that require syngas feedstocks with varying H2/CO and (H2?CO2)/(CO+CO2) ratios. A number of gas separation membranes are used to vary the composition of the feed streams to different hydrocarbon synthesis units so that different synthetic hydrocarbon products can be produced. The process supplies syngas to an integrated hydrocarbon processing system comprising a number of hydrocarbon synthesis units. Gas (usually a portion of a raw syngas stream) is routed through the separation membrane units, multiple H2-rich and H2-lean streams are produced. These H2-rich and H2-lean streams can then be combined in a controlled fashion to produce feed streams of the desired compositions for the various hydrocarbon synthesis units. A variety of liquid synthetic hydrocarbon products can be produced from a given syngas source as required by market demands.

Abstract: A method of brazing galvanized metal parts such as those used for motor vehicle elements or container components. The parts are joined together to create a brazed joint by using at least one electric arc, a metal filler wire, and a gas shield. The gas shield contains hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon.

Abstract: Methods for oxidizing a liquid with an oxidization gas in a closed volume reactor. A feed liquid which contains compounds to be oxidized is fed into the closed volume reactor, and a feed gas containing oxygen is fed into the reactor so as to form a gas overhead above the feed liquid. The overhead is later purged at a specific rate so as to ensure a predetermined oxygen partial pressure is maintained in the gas overhead. The value of this partial pressure corresponds to a predetermined, desired rate of oxidation of the compounds contained in the feed liquid.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for controlling systems of cryogenic centrifugal compressors. A predetermined curve in the form of a first parameter as a function of a second parameter is selected. The first parameter represents the rotational speed of a compressor, and the second parameter represents the mass for rate of that compressor. The speed of rotation of a downstream compressor is regulated according to the value of the suction pressure of an upstream compressor and a variable set pressure. The variable set pressure is regulated according to both actual value of the first parameter for a downstream compressor, and the theoretical value of this parameter. The theoretical value is determined from a predetermine curve using the value of the second parameter.

Abstract: Compositions comprising a reactive gas and a matrix gas are disclosed, as well as articles of manufacture and methods of making the articles. The methods of manufacturing preferably employ zeolites to remove moisture from the reactive gas and from the matrix gas, and then combine the moisture reduced gases either in a container, or prior to filling a container, which has been previously vacuum-baked and passivated. The invention produces stable standard gas compositions having improved shelf-life.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring the quantity of chemical species contained in a high-temperature gas, and especially the quantity of CO and/or CO2 contained in a gas emitted from a metal treating furnace, especially a light-arc furnace (EAF) or a converter (BOF). According to the invention, part of the gas to be analysed is extracted, the temperature of said gas is reduced to at least 300° C., preferably to a temperature that is lower than or equal to 200° C., in such a way as to obtain a at a temperature between 300° C., preferably 200° C., and the ambient temperature, and at least the quantity of CO and/or CO2 said gas is then measured by means of the coherent light signal which is emitted by a laser diode through the gas and is retrieved on emergence from the gas.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing a thin ceramic material with controlled surface porosity gradient, including (A) infiltrating a porous pore-forming substrate of controlled thickness, with a ceramic material suspension; (B) evaporating the solvent; (C) a step which includes eliminating the pore-forming agents and the various organic additives, and (D) a sintering step. The invention also concerns the use of the ceramic material in the method for preparing a solid electrolyte and a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, in methods for preparing ultra-pure oxygen, for eliminating oxygen from a gaseous atmosphere, for producing heat energy, for preparing gas or liquid filtering membranes, for ceramic/metal joints, for biomaterials and sensors.

Abstract: An injection lance for injecting a fluid over a predefined target area within a system includes a support block with an inlet side and an outlet side. A plurality of channels are disposed non-parallel with respect to each other within the support block and extend between the inlet and outlet sides of the support block so as to receive fluid at the inlet side and deliver fluid through the support block for injection from the outlet side of the support block over the target area. At least two channels extend from the inlet side toward the outlet side in a direction away from a central axis of the support block, where the central axis intersects the outlet side. The target area includes a plurality of consecutively aligned sectors, and the channels are oriented within the support block so that a central axis of a fluid stream injected from each channel over the target area is centered between longitudinal boundaries defined by a respective sector.

Abstract: A modular fluid supply system for use with a liquid supply source includes a plurality of container packs, a fluid delivery line in fluid communication with the containers of the packs, and a controller. Each container pack includes at least one container that contains a fluid mixture of at least two different fluid components. The fluid delivery line is configured to deliver fluid mixtures from the containers to a tool that utilizes the fluid mixtures, and the controller is configured to selectively and automatically control the flow of the fluid mixture from each container pack to the tool. The modular fluid system can be integrated with a main fluid supply system or independently implemented for continuous and reliable supply of mixed fluids to a particular application, such as off-shore pipeline welding operations.

Abstract: Complex fluidic micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) are incorporated into high purity chemical delivery systems, while maintaining valve sealing integrity, quality and performance of the system. In particular, fluidic MEMS systems are incorporated into high purity chemical delivery systems for semiconductor fabrication processes.

Abstract: A self-contained oxygen generator containing a PSA unit and a flowmeter in the outlet line. The flowmeter provides a signal which represents the flow rate of the oxygen in the outlet line. A leakage circuit with a calibrated orifice and a solenoid valve are also located on the outlet line. In response to a signal from the flowmeter, the solenoid can be actuated so as to provide a calibrated leakage at the outlet of the PSA. This calibrated leakage is useful when overall oxygen usage is too low.

Abstract: An oxygen fired power generation system is disclosed. The power generation system has a high pressure combustor having a water recycle temperature control subassembly, and an intermediate pressure combustor having a CO2 recycle temperature control subassembly. Thus, a first energy cycle utilizes a first energy source operatively associated with a corresponding first heat sink, and a first inert agent to provide energy transfer therebetween and temperature control during operation of the first energy source. In like fashion, a second energy cycle utilizes a second energy source operatively associated with a corresponding second heat sink, and a second inert agent to provide energy transfer therebetween and temperature control during operation of the second energy source. The first and second energy sources are not identical, the first and second heat sinks are not identical and the first and second inert agents are not identical.

Abstract: Compositions comprising a reactive gas and a matrix gas are disclosed, as well as articles of manufacture and methods of making the articles. The methods of manufacturing preferably employ zeolites to remove moisture from the reactive gas and from the matrix gas, and then combine the moisture reduced gases either in a container, or prior to filling a container, which has been previously vacuum-baked and passivated. The invention produces stable standard gas compositions having improved shelf-life.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for producing plastic articles by forming them in an inert atmosphere, the device comprising a hopper, a feed screw and means for forming the polymer melt. The device for injecting inert gas comprises a gas feed pipe, a gas injection surface near the wall of the hopper and a homogenization chamber fitted between the wall of the hopper and the gas feed pipe. That end of the gas feed pipe which is directed towards the injection surface is closed and has at least one radial opening O allowing the gas to be ejected at right angles to its direction of flow in the pipe.

Abstract: A method for reducing the production of sludge derived from the treatment of wastewater. The sludge is subjected to a mechanical action in the presence of a gas containing oxygen. The mechanical action is performed in such a way as to destroy the cell walls of between 5% and 80% of the microorganisms present in the sludge.

Abstract: Methods for treating polymeric substrates by placing the substrate in a gaseous mixture and subjecting it to a dielectric barrier electrical discharge. The gaseous mixture, which has a pressure around atmospheric, contains a carrier gas, a reducing gas and an oxidizing gas. The amount of the oxidizing gas in the gas mixture is between about 50 ppm and about 2000 ppm by volume, while the amount of the reducing gas in the gas mixture is between about 50 ppm and 30000 ppm by volume.

Abstract: An on-board adsorber and method for delivering oxygen on an aircraft that has a squat and compact configuration with a mass of adsorbent with a height to diameter ratio ranging from 0.8 and 2, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area S of the mass of adsorbent to the cross-sectional area S of the central duct ranges from 80 to 110.

Abstract: A method of forming an aluminum containing film on a substrate includes providing a precursor having the chemical structure: Al(NR1R2)(NR3R4)(NR5R6); where each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group including at least two carbon atoms. The precursor is utilized to form a film on the substrate including at least one of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and aluminum oxy-nitride. Each of the R1–R6 groups can be the same or different and can by straight or branched chain alkyls. An exemplary precursor that has is useful in forming aluminum containing films is tris diethylamino aluminum.