Abstract: In starting up an upflow, ebullated bed hydroprocessing reactor, a light oil is used, to establish an ebullating bed. As heavy residual feedstock is incrementally substituted, the ebullating pump speed and gas flow rate need to be monitored and adjusted for smooth operation. By knowing and controlling the viscosity and density of the feedstock, flow variations inside the reactor can be minimized, resulting in a constant pump speed and gas flow rate.

Abstract: A process for producing and upgrading carbonaceous tars including adding the carbonaceous material into a first reaction zone of a reactor having at least two reaction zones; adding hot hydrogen to the stream of carbonaceous material to effect a reaction with same to produce reaction products; quenching the mixture while insuring that the total residence time varies from about 2 milliseconds to about 2 seconds; removing at least a portion of the reaction products from the quenched mixture; introducing the residual carbonaceous material into a subsequent reaction zone and repeating the steps for the subsequent reaction zone; and introducing carbonaceous tars produced directly into a fluid coking zone to obtain gas, upgraded coal tars, and hot coke.

Abstract: A mixture of carbon dioxide and a carbonaceous material, such as coal, is rapidly heated in a reactor, giving a gaseous effluent comprising carbon monoxide. If hydrogen is added with the feed stream, a CO--H.sub.2 mixture is produced.

Abstract: An improved process for treating a hydrocarbon stream exiting the hydrocarbon-acid separator of an anionic surfactant promoted, sulfuric acid catalyzed, light olefinisoparaffin alkylation unit wherein the stream contains the alkylate, excess isoparaffins, traces of the acid alkylation catalyst, and an anionic surface-active alkylation promoter. The improvement comprises mixing, prior to introducing into a hydrocarbon-caustic separator, the hydrocarbon stream with a water-caustic solution having at least 15% by wt. concentration of caustic such that the salt of the promoter appears as a flocculent precipitate at the hydrocarbon-water-caustic solution interface in the hydrocarbon-caustic separator.

Abstract: A conductive interface forms between the oil and water layers in a coalescer apparatus for treating slop oil. The presence of this interface is detected by (a) a capacitance probe and (b) extensions on the coalescer plates. Changes in the feed and discharge rates can then be made, assuring continuous operation.

Abstract: A composition comprising a hydrocarbon wax having about 10-40% by weight of oil, an ethylene/propylene/non-conjugated polyene terpolymer having a combined ethylene content of about 30-85% by weight and an iodine number of about 5-15, and said terpolymer constitutes from about 6% by weight to about 30% by weight of said composition.

Abstract: Crushed carbonaceous fuel is rapidly mixed with hot hydrogen, at 500.degree. to 1,500.degree. C. and 0 to 250 psig., in a reactor, and then, after a short reaction time, rapidly quenched. The total heat-up, reaction, and quench time is less than 2 seconds. This short residence time and rapid heat-up results in a high yield of carbonaceous tars. The carbonaceous tars are subsequently and directly introduced into a fluid coker to obtain gas, upgraded carbonaceous tars, and hot coke.

Abstract: The addition of 200-500 ppm of polyethylene glycol (mw 1,300-7,500) to polyethylene film reduces the incidence of breakdown at typical operating conditions.

Abstract: A process for treating carbonaceous material with hydrogen at low pressure including adding the carbonaceous material into a first reaction zone of a reactor having at least two reaction zones; adding hot hydrogen to the stream of carbonaceous material to effect a reaction with same to produce reaction products; quenching the mixture while insuring that the total residence time varies from about 2 milliseconds to about 2 seconds; removing at least a portion of the reaction products from the quenched mixture; and introducing the residual carbonaceous material into a subsequent reaction zone and repeating the steps for the subsequent reaction zone.

Abstract: A dry predispersed coated pigment, immediately suitable for mixing in an ink system without milling, is prepared byA. mixing at least 90 parts of a pigment (e.g. carbon black) and not more than about 10 parts of a hydrocarbon natural fossil resin, solvent-extracted from coal,B. fusing the mixture,C. milling the mixture to obtain the approximate particle size distribution of the original pigment, andD. densifying or beading the mixture.The product having this composition and prepared by this process is a dry pigment suitable for simple mixing with an ink system to give a ready-to-use printing ink.

Abstract: Ferrous hydroxide, formed from ferrous sulfate and sodium hydroxide at high alkalinity, is air-oxidized at a high rate to form ferric hydroxide seed crystals. The air rate is then decreased, and the seeds are allowed to grow to the desired acicular hydrated yellow ferric oxide.

Abstract: Oil shale is retorted in a vertical reactor that is separated into discrete zones. Sensible heat from hot spent shale is used for the thermal decomposition of kerogen, which is done in the absence of air, thus liberating a maximum of desirable products, without loss of product by combustion, and avoiding the necessity of separating and removing gaseous combustion products from the volatilized kerogen. The carbonaceous residue on the retorted shale is combusted to furnish the sensible heat used in the various parts of the process.

Abstract: Crushed coal is mixed with hot hydrogen, at 500.degree. to 1,500.degree.C. and 600 to 3,000 psig., in a reactor, and then, after a short reaction time, rapidly quenched. The total heat-up, reaction, and quench time is less than 2 seconds. This short residence time results in less gas production and less polymerization of the liquid components.