Abstract: Methods are provided for chemically reducing one or more oxides of nitrogen by contacting the nitrogen oxides with a composition containing a urea-sulfuric acid component having a urea-sulfuric acid molar ratio below 2. The urea-sulfuric acid component can be either solid or molten, or it can be dissolved in a suitable solvent. Particularly preferred compositions are those which have relatively low water concentrations and which are characterized by H.sub.2 O/(urea+H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) molar ratios below about 2.5.These methods can be employed to prevent or reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides from liquid systems and to convert nitrogen oxides contained in vapor streams to non-toxic materials, e.g. elemental nitrogen and water. Solutions of the urea-sulfuric acid components which are employed to remove nitrogen oxides from vapor streams may also contain surfactants which facilitate gas-liquid contacting.

Abstract: Acid-reactive organic and inorganic matter, such as stains and/or deposits, is removed from substrates by contacting such matter with a composition containing urea and sulfuric acid in which the urea/sulfuric acid molar ratio is less than 2. The urea-sulfuric acid compositions may optionally contain other components such as water, surfactants, and/or non-aqueous polar solvents which accentuate the activity of the compositions toward hydrophobic materials. The water-containing compositions which have H.sub.2 O/(urea+H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) molar ratios below about 2.5 are particularly useful for removing hydrolyzable matter by partial or complete hydroylsis.

Abstract: Hydrotreating with a catalyst comprising molybdenum, nickel, and phosphorus active components supported on gamma alumina is prepared with gamma alumina support particles which have been contacted with aqueous ammonia.

Abstract: Y Zeolites are prepared with rare earth cations and Group VIII metal cations exchanged thereinto, such zeolites being especially useful in hydrocracking catalysts. The zeolites of the invention are prepared by exchanging a sodium Y zeolite with cations of one or more rare earth elements followed by a calcination, an ammonium ion exchange, and a Group VIII metal cation exchange. The resultant zeolite is not only highly active for catalytically promoting hydrocracking reactions but is also, after use in hydrocracking environments resulting in coke deposition, essentially completely regenerable by combustion of the coke.

Abstract: Para-xylene is selectively prepared by reacting toluene and a methylating agent in the presence of a phosphorus modified catalyst comprising a silica polymorph intermixed with an inorganic refractory oxide, said catalyst having an alkali content of less than about 1.3 milliequivalents per gram as available alkali.

Abstract: A boron-containing heterocyclic compound prepared by reacting a primary amine or ammonia with an alkylene oxide or epoxide and then reacting concurrently or subsequently this reaction intermediate with a boric acid. This boron-containing heterocyclic compound may further be reacted with a metal, metalloid or other metal compound and even further contain sulfur, such as a sulfide group.The boron-containing heterocyclic compound provides extreme pressure anti-wear properties when provided in a lubricating composition. The lubricating composition may also comprise anti-oxidants, copper corrosion inhibitors, and lead corrosion inhibitors. The anti-wear properties of a lubricating composition can be enhanced using the borates of the present invention in conjunction with a copper compound.