Abstract: A paraffin or mixture of paraffins having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the presence of a cobalt based catalyst composition which has been calcined in the absence of oxygen. The catalyst composition comprises cobalt; phosphorus; at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of zinc, titanium, zirconium, niobium, indium, lead and bismuth; at least one alkali metal and oxygen. The catalyst composition may also contain sulfur and/or a halogen. If the feed to the oxidative dehydrogenation process contains paraffins having more than two carbon atoms, some cracking of such paraffins will also occur at the conditions at which the oxidative dehydrogenation process is carried out.

Abstract: An additive comprising a metal naphthenate selected from the group consisting of cobalt naphthenate and iron naphthenate is mixed with a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream. The hydrocarbon-containing feed stream containing the additive is then contacted in a hydrofining process with a catalyst composition comprising a support selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica and silica-alumina and a promoter comprising at least one metal selected from Group VIB, Group VIIB and Group VIII of the Periodic Table. The introduction of the inventive additive may be commenced when the catalyst is new, partially deactivated or spent with a beneficial result occuring in each case.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and silicon, a combination of antimony and silicon and a combination of tin, antimony and silicon.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and tin and a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and antimony.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of gallium and tin and a combination of gallium and antimony.

Abstract: A stable water-based industrial cleaning composition comprising water, an additive comprising a mixture of an alkyl polyoxyalkylene sulfide and an alkyl polyoxyalkylene sulfoxide and at least one builder selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and ammonium salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, alkali metal and ammonium pyrophosphates, alkali metal and ammonium metasilicates, alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkali metal borates is disclosed. In accordance with the invention, said alkyl polyoxyalkylene sulfide may be partially oxidized to its corresponding alkyl polyoxyalkylene sulfoxide to produce said additive.

Abstract: A highly active promoted catalyst, for use in hydrotreating oils, comprising a support, selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica and silica-alumina, and a promoter comprising a hydroxymercaptide of one or more metals, wherein said metals are selected from Group IB, Group VIB, Group VIIB or Group VIII of the Periodic Table, is economically produced without the use of a high temperature calcination or high temperature presulfiding step. In accordance with the invention, the hydroxymercaptide promoter used in said promoted catalyst may be the reaction product of a mercaptoalcohol and one or more metal compounds, wherein said metal compounds comprise metals selected from Group IB, Group VIB, Group VIIB or Group VIII of the Periodic Table.