Abstract: A heterojunction type AlGaAs/GaAs bipolar transistor includes an n-GaAs collector layer, a p.sup.+ -GaAs base layer and an n-Al.sub.x Ga.sub.1-x As emitter layer formed in a stack, and an n-Al.sub.y Ga.sub.1-y As ballast resistance layer formed on the emitter layer. The ballast resistance layer has an Al concentration y in the range of 0<y<0.4, and a resistance higher than that of the emitter layer.

Abstract: An output circuit of a solid-state imaging device has been improved. The output circuit receives a plurality of pixel signals in a dummy bit portion, an optical black portion and an effective pixel portion from a charge transfer device of the solid-state imaging device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of operating a three-or more-stranded electronically commutated motor which, to detect its rotor position, has a number of sensors which is fewer, by at least one, than the number of sensors intrinsically necessary for this number of strands for controlling the commutation, having the following steps: (a) within each range (120) of rotor positions in which an adequate association between sensor output signals and position is possible, a virtual rotor position signal (H3B') is derived from the output signals (H1, H2) of said rotor position sensors (37, 38), as a replacement for a sensor which is not present; (b) within each range (122, 124) of rotor positions in which an adequate association is not possible, an estimated value (H3B") is used for the virtual rotor position signal, which value is a function of an output signal (H1) of at least one of the existing rotor position sensors (37, 38).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises: a first substrate formed with a plurality of liquid crystal driving active elements; first, second and third liquid crystal cells stacked in this order on an inter-layer film formed on the first substrate; and a second substrate disposed on the third liquid crystal cell with intervention of a planarizing film; wherein the first, second and third liquid crystal cells each have a counter electrode, a liquid crystal layer and a driving electrode connected to a corresponding one of the liquid crystal driving active elements formed on the first substrate, and are each electrically isolated by an insulating layer from the counter electrode and driving electrode of an adjacent liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: An amplifying type photoelectric converting device is disclosed. The device includes: a semiconductor substrate of a first conductive type; a well portion of a second conductive type for accumulating signal charges generated by photoelectric conversion; a semiconductor region of the first conductive type provided in a region in the well portion; a first gate region including a first electrode; and a second gate region being adjacent to the first gate region and including a second electrode. An active element is formed between the semiconductor region and the semiconductor substrate, and a change in an operational characteristic of the active element which is generated by the signal charges is used as an output signal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal electro-optical device comprising: a pair of insulating substrates; an electrode and an alignment film formed in this order on each of the insulating substrates; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of insulating substrates, wherein the alignment film is a film capable of aligning the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer perpendicularly with respect to the insulating substrates, and wherein the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is 45 to 70% of the twist pitch of the liquid crystal molecules.

Abstract: An image-quality stabilizer in a copying machine feedback-controls a charger output according to an amount of toner on a photoreceptor drum detected by a patch sensor during a rotation of the photoreceptor drum after a copying operation. The image-quality stabilizer counts time that the copying machine is unused, i.e., time that the photoreceptor drum is stopped being rotated using a timer, and one-way controls the charger output according to the time immediately before the next copying operation. With these controlling operations, it is possible to correct a change in the copy density which is caused when the copying machine is used or left unused without increasing the consumption of toner and impairing the responsiveness of the copying machine, thereby achieving stable image quality.

Abstract: A toner image fixing device realizes a stabilized fixing process by smoothly controlling a surface temperature of its heating roller, preventing peeling-off of a layer of the roller core. The toner image fixing device comprises a heating roller consisting of a core covered with a layer of, e.g., a silicon rubber, a heat lamp mounted in the heating roller and a pressure roller for pressing a sheet of paper against the heating roller. The toner image fixing device is provided with a temperature sensor for sensing a surface temperature of the heat roller and for operating the heater lamp at a preset ON-OFF ratio (e.g., 1:3) to elevate the heating roller surface temperature from a first preset value to a second preset value and thereafter to maintain it at the second preset temperature.

Abstract: A magneto-optical recording medium has a recording layer whereon information is magneto-optically recorded. A readout layer is provided on the recording layer. The readout layer has a compensating temperature that is located between room temperature and the Curie temperature. In the readout layer, upon an application of a light beam, the in-plane magnetization occurs at room temperature and a transition from the in-plane magnetization to vertical magnetization occurs as the temperature of the irradiated area of the readout layer rises above a predetermined temperature. By employing this magneto-optical recording medium, with an application of a light beam that is intensity modulated into two levels, only a spot having a temperature not less than a predetermined temperature is involved in the reproduction; therefore, a recorded bit with a size smaller than the diameter of the light beam can be reproduced, thereby greatly increasing the recording density.

Abstract: A thermomagnetic printer of the in-plane magnetization system includes a magnetic recording layer made of Dy.sub.x Co.sub.(1-x) or Dy.sub.y Co.sub.(1-y) and a base layer made of Ti or Ta. Since the described arrangement enables the magnetic recording layer to be formed by the sputtering method or the electron beam evaporation method, and the like, the magnetic recording layer having a uniform thickness and properties in a large area can be formed without difficulties. In addition, by adopting the Ti layer or the Ta layer as the base layer, a reduction in a residual magnetization can be prevented even when the magnetic recording layer is made thicker, thereby increasing a magnetic attraction force.

Abstract: The projection type liquid crystal display apparatus of the invention includes: a light source; a liquid crystal display device; and a projection lens. In the projection type liquid crystal display apparatus, the projection lens and the liquid crystal display device are arranged to satisfy the relationship: .theta..sub.LC-max -1.degree..ltoreq..theta..sub.LENS .ltoreq..theta..sub.LC-max +1.degree., where .theta..sub.LENS is a collection angle of the projection lens and .theta..sub.LC-max is a maximum viewing angle of the liquid crystal display device at which a contrast ratio of an image light beam emitted through the projection lens CR.sub.PROJ is equal to a prescribed contrast ratio CR.sub.TARGET, and CR.sub.PROJ is calculated by the following equation:CR.sub.PROJ =.intg.T.sub.max (.theta..sub.LC, u, V.sub.LC-max).multidot.t(.theta..sub.LC) d.theta..sub.LC /.intg.T.sub.min (.theta..sub.LC, u, V.sub.LC-min).multidot.t(.theta..sub.LC)d.theta..sub.LC,where, u=d.multidot..DELTA.n/.lambda.; t(.theta.

Abstract: An electronic miniaturized memory device according to the invention has at least one integrated memory circuit (2,20) and an interconnection interface (3), said memory device comprises a case (1) being a housing for an electronic subsystem (17), said interconnection interface (3) comprises at least one central contact (7,70) for electrically contacting at least one integrated memory circuit (2,20) and said case (1) comprises projecting portion (14) facilitating the attaching of the memory device to a support (8), allowing the memory device to document information relative to the curriculum vitae of the support (8) or to elements in its environment.

Abstract: A laser beam is projected from a laser oscillator 1 and converged by a condenser lens 2. The laser beam converged by the condenser lens 2 is reflected in any arbitrary direction by a scanning mirror 4 which is rotated by scanning means 3. The laser beam is linearly moved. The laser beam is reflected by a curved surface reflecting mirror 5 which is formed in a spherical surface in the primary scanning direction of the laser beam and an ellipsoid in the secondary scanning direction so that the scanned surface is scanned at a substantially predetermined speed.

Abstract: An automatic image quality controlling apparatus in an electronic copier classifies image data obtained through an image pickup means is divided into character part and picture part, detects an overall height of characters based on a distance between character lines in character part and detects an overall width of characters based on a distance between character columns in character part. Based on the information thus obtained, the apparatus decides an overall size of outline squares for characters, assumes positions of segments where characters should be located, comparatively judges whether any isolated image data resides in the assumed segments, separates irregular components based on the result determined and erases the irregular components separated.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of pixels includes ferroelectric liquid crystal material having ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules therein capable of being aligned in a first stable alignment state, whereby a principal axis of each of the molecules is aligned at an angle .omega. with respect to a central line, and of being aligned in a second stable alignment state, whereby the principal axis of each of the molecules is aligned at an angle -.omega. with respect to the central line, and a pair of polarizers on opposite sides of the ferroelectric liquid crystal material, a polarizing axis of one of the polarizers being substantially aligned with the central line.

Abstract: A conventional definition camera acquires video data relating to a portion of an image to be televised and stores the data in a higher definition capacity store. The camera is panned and tilted to acquire data relating to other parts of the image. A motion detector determines the degree of movement of the camera and controls the writing of data to the store. A spatio-temporal interpolator interpolates the video data to correct for spatial or sensitivity incompatibilities. The output from the store may again be spatio-temporally interpolated by an interpolator under control of the motion detector to compensate for movement within the image to be televised. In a further embodiment image data is acquired by a plurality of overlapping lower definition sources.

Abstract: In a drive circuit for a display apparatus into which a digital video signal is input and in which a plurality of parallel signal electrodes are provided, one of signal voltages having different levels is output in accordance with the digital video signal, or two adjacent ones of said signal voltages are simultaneously output. Alternatively, one of the signal voltages is supplied to a signal electrode in one portion of one output period, and another one of the signal voltages is supplied to the signal electrode in another portion of the output period. The length ratio of the two portions of one output period is appropriately determined according to a digital video signal, whereby an arbitrary voltage corresponding to the video signal data can be applied to the pixel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hot air oven for the preparation of foodstuffs, with a housing with four housing side walls, a bottom and a housing cover, with a cooking chamber delimited by four side walls 4 as well as a bottom 2 and a ceiling 3, with a first blower 6 for generating a hot air flow in the cooking chamber, with a rotatable basket 5 for the foodstuffs, which can be inserted into the cooking chamber, wherein the hot air stream flows through the basket 5 during oven operation, with a control device for the course of the cooking progress, wherein the control device includes a temperature control, and with at least one incoming air conduit and at least one air outlet conduit 6, wherein at least one separation device 10 serving to separate out particles conveyed in the hot air flow is provided.

Abstract: There is provided an encoding and decoding apparatus which can provide a high quality of reproduction of sound. There are provided an encoding section and a decoding section. A block length determining section of the encoding section time-sharingly divides an input signal into blocks having a block length corresponding to the degree of change of the input signal. A frequency band dividing section divides the signal of each block into a plurality of frequency bands. A bit allocating section obtains a masking threshold value-to-noise ratio of each frequency band from the magnitude of the power of each frequency band reflecting a psychoacoustic characteristic, and determines the number of quantization bits to be allocated to each frequency band based on the magnitude of the masking threshold value-to-noise ratio. A quantizing section generates a code string by quantizing the signal while allocating a specified amount of bits to each frequency band based on information from the bit allocating section.

Abstract: A copying machine is disclosed which is capable of copying an original document having a page number by preliminarily erasing or correcting the page number portion of the image and by changing the order of the output images according to their respective page numbers or by changing the path for delivering the sheet of paper to be copied. A document page image read-in by a charge coupled device sensor is converted into digital signals which are corrected for shading and then binarized and stored in an image memory. This image data is transferred to a working memory wherein the page number shown on the document is read by a page number recognizing unit. The control unit checks the page number and allocates a binding margin on a suitable portion of the document's image. On the basis of the recognition of the page number on the document's image, it also decides to copy the document on one side of the sheet of paper and to deliver it out, or to copy the next document onto the other side of the sheet of paper.