Abstract: A lighting apparatus for providing illumination, comprising: a) an array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source directs a source illumination beam, over a beam angle ?, toward an illumination plane; b) an array of beam spreading optical elements corresponding with the array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein refraction of the source illumination beam by each beam spreading optical element substantially satisfies a distribution function: dy / d ? ? ? = f ? ( ? ) wherein y is a radial distance along the illumination plane from the optical axis of the beam-spreading optical element, dy is an arbitrarily small increment of the radial distance, d? is the angular increment of the beam angle corresponding to dy, and ƒ(?) is the distribution function for the angular distribution of the light source, such that each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitt

Abstract: This invention provides a method of preparing a silver halide photographic emulsion which comprises adding to the silver halide emulsion after precipitation and before or during sensitization a disulfide compound and a sulfinate compound, wherein the disulfide compound and the sulfinate compound are added simultaneously. It further provides a silver halide photographic emulsion prepared by the above method.

Abstract: It is known to replenish processing solutions in photographic processing apparatus in accordance with the throughput of material being processed. However, in low usage apparatus, there is no allowance for other losses which may occur, for example due to evaporation and/or oxidation. Described herein is a method of replenishing such processing solutions which allows for losses due to evaporation and/or oxidation. The method comprises determining a relationship between loss rates due to evaporation and/or oxidation, and water evaporation rate from the apparatus. It has been found that the relationship is substantially linear.

Abstract: A method of processing a color negative photographic recording material containing tabular grain silver halide emulsion units wherein the fixing agent comprises an aqueous solution of thiosulfate with low ammonium concentration. The silver halide emulsion in at least one of the units comprises grains having a tabularity of between about 50 and 25,000. The photographic recording material has a silver coverage of less than about 7.0 g/m.sup.2, and an iodide coverage of less than about 0.35 g/m.sup.2. The fixing bath has an ammonium concentration of less than about 1.2 molar, and ammonium may be absent entirely.