Abstract: Thiol ester compositions, methods of making the thiol ester compositions, and methods of using the thiol ester compositions are provided. In some embodiments, the thiol ester compositions include thiol esters, hydroxy thiol esters and cross-linked thiol esters. The thiol ester composition can be used to produce cross-linked thiol esters, sulfonic acid-containing esters, sulfonate containing esters and thioacrylate containing esters. The thiol ester compositions can be used to produce polythiourethanes. The polythiourethanes can be used in fertilizers and fertilizer coatings.

Abstract: Processes, methods and apparatus relating to olefin oligomerization include the use of Raman spectrometry to monitor the concentration of reactants, products or other chemical components. One or more oligomerization conditions are adjusted in response to those monitored concentrations. The present processes, methods and apparatus are capable of monitoring olefin oligomerization with the use of low resolution Raman spectrometry equipment, even where there is some degree of overlap between Raman spectral peaks. Apparatus for olefin oligomerization reactions have at least one Raman probe located in the oligomerization equipment, the Raman probe providing an output signal, and Raman spectrometry equipment located outside the oligomerization equipment and operatively connected to at least one Raman probe.