Abstract: A multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) has a plated through hole for receiving a pin of a component. The plated through hole passes through all layers of the PCB and includes a first conductive portion on a first surface of the PCB and a second conductive portion on a second surface of the PCB. At least one layer of the PCB includes a planar conductive material disposed over a planar insulating material. The conductive material surrounds the plated through hole and is separated therefrom by a gap.

Abstract: A device measures current magnitude in a conductor coupled to an electrical device and generates a signal comprising a series of pulses having a frequency. The frequency of the series of pulses is responsive to the magnitude of current measured. The device comprises a sensor magnetically linked with the conductor connected to the electrical device. The sensor produces an analog signal in response to the presence of a current within the conductor. A signal conditioner is located proximate to the sensor and is electrically coupled to the sensor so as to receive the analog signal. The signal conditioner produces, in response to the analog signal, a first signal representative of a magnitude of the current. A converter receives and converts the first signal into an output signal that comprises a series of pulses having a frequency. The frequency of the series of pulses is responsive to the magnitude of the current. All the sensor, the signal conditioner, and the converter are located in a single unitary package.

Abstract: A regulated voltage down pump circuit comprises a reference generator circuit receiving a voltage. P channel and N channel device voltage thresholds are measured and compared. A first reference voltage is generated using the largest voltage threshold. A second reference voltage is generated an amount (which may be programmable) above the first reference voltage. The second reference voltage is compared with an output voltage of a pump circuit. When the output voltage is less than the second reference voltage, a clock signal is sent to the pump circuit that generates and pumps up the output voltage to the reference voltage. The pumped voltage at the second reference is then used for logic circuits at reduced power and nearly constant gate delay over voltage, temperature and process variations.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a specified physical characteristic in an object exposes the object to at least two angularly fixed sources of electromagnetic radiation to create projected images of the object. The sources are rotationally scanned about the object so as to oscillate in an angular range about the object. The sources are relatively stationary to one another. A three dimensional reconstructed image of the object based on the projected images of the object is created and examined for a specified physical characteristic in the object.