Abstract: A proton exchange solid support includes a first solid support including a polymer, a second solid support, and a tetravalent boron-based acid group that links the first solid support to the second solid support.

Abstract: An anion exchange membrane includes a porous structural framework and bismuth atoms bonded to pore surfaces of the porous structural framework. Each bismuth atom is bonded to a pore surface by way of one or two oxygen atoms.

Abstract: A mobile phase including a lithium salt flows through a stationary phase including an oxygenated metal compound with affinity to the lithium salt through a Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction so that the oxygenated metal compound captures the lithium salt through the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction. An eluent flows through the stationary phase to release the lithium salt captured by the oxygenated metal compound into the eluent. The eluent includes a Lewis base or a Lewis acid that disrupts the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction between the lithium salt and the oxygenated metal compound. The eluent including the released lithium salt is collected after the eluent flows through the stationary phase.

Abstract: A boron-containing proton-exchange solid support may include a proton-exchange solid support comprising an oxygen atom and a tetravalent boron-based acid group comprising a boron atom covalently bonded to the oxygen atom.

Abstract: A proton exchange membrane includes a porous structural framework and a boron-based acid group bonded to the porous structural framework. The porous structural framework may be formed of an amorphous or crystalline inorganic material and/or a synthetic or natural polymer. The boron-based acid group may be a tetravalent boric acid derivative, such as a cyclic boric acid derivative, borospiranic acid, or a borospiranic acid derivative. The boron-based acid group may be the reaction product of boric acid or a boric acid derivative and a poly-hydroxy compound.