Abstract: Methods and apparatus for separation of one or more salts from water are described. The methods include addition of a water miscible solvent to the water, followed by separation of the precipitated salt in a slurry, and evaporation of the water miscible solvent from the slurry. The apparatus include a novel design for a wetted wall separator tube that allows the solids in the slurry to pass through while providing efficient evaporation of the water miscible solvent from the water.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of separating phase separated, neutrally buoyant materials from liquids and apparatuses for carrying out the methods. The methods and apparatuses employ nanobubbles. In certain embodiments, the nanobubbles may be formed in solutions of hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers. The methods result in removal of 90% by weight or more of neutrally buoyant materials from liquids. The methods are useful in certain embodiments for separating neutrally buoyant oily mixtures from water produced by mining operations.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for precipitating a water soluble salt or water soluble salts from water, including adding a water-miscible solvent to a water solution including an inorganic salt. The system, method and apparatus also allow for the separation of the precipitated salt, and for separation of the solvent from the water. In doing so, reclamation of water is provided.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of separating a first soluble salt from water that contains the first soluble salt and a second soluble salt, by (a) adding a composition to a water product containing a first soluble salt and a second soluble salt, the composition comprising seed crystals composed substantially of a target insoluble salt to be formed from the first soluble salt; and (b) collecting the target insoluble salt. These methods may be used, for example, to separate strontium from water that includes at least one soluble strontium salt and a second soluble salt (such as one soluble calcium salt).