Abstract: An exhaust system is described comprising an array of a plurality of operably coupled fluid treatment apparatus for the treatment of a fluid substance.

Abstract: A fluid treatment apparatus is described for the treatment of a fluid substance having multiple component substances to control levels of one or more particular component substances. The apparatus has a reactor chamber; a fluid inlet adapted to provide fluid communication from an external supply of a fluid substance to be treated to said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass into and through said reactor chamber; a fluid outlet adapted to provide a fluid communication from said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass from said reactor chamber; at least one first electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveguide, having at least one first waveguide input port operably coupled within said reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined first wavelength to a fluid substance passing through said reactor chamber. A method for the treatment of a fluid substance is also described.

Abstract: A fuel activation and energy release apparatus is provided for increasing energy output of a fluid substance. The apparatus comprises a fluidly sealable reactor chamber, adapted to withstand a predetermined fluid pressure and temperature; a fluid injection port, adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from an external fluid reservoir to said reactor chamber; a fluid ejection port, adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from said reactor chamber to an external region, so as to controllably release said fluid substance from said reactor chamber and at least one first electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveguide. The first EMR waveguide having a first waveguide input port and a first waveguide output port, operably coupled within said reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined first wavelength to a fluid substance injected into said reactor chamber.

Abstract: Vehicles of embodiments of the invention are propelled by an electric motor (DC or AC motor) coupled to one of the vehicle's axles. The electric motor is powered by two or more electrical storage devices (e.g., batteries or battery banks or capacitors). The electrical storage devices are charged by alternators driven by a rotating flywheel. The flywheel is selectively coupled to a different one of the vehicle axles, such that movement of the vehicle (caused by the electric motor) causes the rotation of the flywheel.

Abstract: Vehicles of embodiments of the invention are propelled by an electric motor (DC or AC motor) coupled to one of the vehicle's axles. The electric motor is powered by two or more electrical storage devices (e.g., batteries or battery banks or capacitors). The electrical storage devices are charged by alternators driven by a rotating flywheel. The flywheel is selectively coupled to a different one of the vehicle axles, such that movement of the vehicle (caused by the electric motor) causes the rotation of the flywheel.

Abstract: A high rate discharge battery cell 150 is disclosed. The battery cell 150 comprising an anode end 200 and a cathode end 100 contains: a laminate including at least one anode electrode sheet 102; at least one cathode electrode sheet 101; and at least one separator sheet disposed between the anode electrode sheet 102 and the cathode electrode sheet 101; wherein the anode electrode sheet 102 projects outwardly of the edge of the laminate towards the anode end 200 of the battery cell 300; the cathode electrode sheet 101 projects outwardly of the edge of the laminate towards the cathode end 100 of the battery cell 150; a first current collector 203 in electrical contact with the outwardly projecting part of the anode electrode sheet 102 in the laminate formed by metal spray; and a second current collector 103 in electrical contact with the outwardly projecting part of the cathode electrode sheet 101 in the laminate formed by metal spray.