Abstract: A method for measuring the difference between two voltages with a time-controlled measuring cycle includes feeding two voltages with opposite polarity to one integrator, initially integrating up one of the voltages and subsequently integrating down the other of the voltages with the integrator in an integration cycle, and delivering a voltage corresponding to the mean valve of the difference between the voltage at an output at the conclusion of the integration cycle.

Abstract: Electrochemical storage cell based on sodium and sulfur with an anode space and a cathode space which are separated from each other by a solid electrolyte and are bounded at least in some places by a metallic housing, and a sulfur electrode formed of a fiber-like material impregnated with sulfur arranged within the cathode space. An auxiliary substance which decomposes during charging of the cell to produce ternary sodium sulfide is arranged in the cathode space at least in the boundary regions between the solid electrolyte and the sulfur electrode.

Abstract: A semiconductor power module includes at least two mutually parallel ceramic substrates each having two sides, metallizations disposed on at least one side of each of the substrates, at least one controlled semiconductor power component disposed between each two respective substrates and contacted by the metallizations above and below the component, the substrate above the component having at least one hole formed therein above the component for accommodting control connections to the component.

Abstract: A power thyristor assembly, includes an insulating and metallized substrate, and a power thyristor having a cathode and gate side facing toward and soldered to the substrate, and an anode side facing away from the substrate, the anode side having an anode and a passivation ditch surrounding the anode, the anode side including a reverse junction, the cathode and gate side including a blocking pn-junction, and the passivation ditch being common to the anode side reverse junction and to the cathode and gate side blocking pn-junction.

Abstract: Rotating rectifying device for excitation of a synchronous machine. The device includes an armature mounted on the machine shaft in a magnetic field with rotating coils connected to rectifier assemblies mounted on the inside flange surface of a support wheel, also mounted on the machine shaft. Each rectifier assembly has a first cooling body mounted on the inside flange surface, and a second cooling body that is resiliently spring biased with an outwardly facing surface against a disc-shaped semiconductor rectifier that rests with its other surface against the first cooling body. The second cooling body has parallel ribs that project into the circular space formed by the support wheel flange. In one version of the invention the second cooling body and the spring element is of circular construction.

Abstract: Thermal insulation with a double-walled housing, between the two housing walls of which an evacuated space is provided which contains at least one fiber-like insulating material which retards the heat flow between the two housing walls and is arranged perpendicularly to the temperature gradient. The insulating material is formed by glass fibers which are made of at least two different glass materials, and the modulus of elasticity of which remains large at temperatures above 400.degree. C.

Abstract: In directly bonding a metal to ceramics, in accordance with the invention, that surface of a metal component which is to be bonded by heating to a ceramic substrate is provided with parallel-running grooves before the preoxidation. The grooves make it possible to optimize the quantity of oxygen available at the bonding location and provide good flow behavior of the melt. As a result, a bond with good adhesion is obtained. Moreover, there is no formation of a thicker oxide layer on the free smooth surface of the metal component.

Abstract: A method for controlling flatness in cold-rolling mills having a roll stand with at least six rolls including intermediate and working rolls capable of being deflected, includes measuring tensile stress distribution over the width of a strip to be rolled having central and edge regions, comparing the measured tensile stress distribution with a desired predeterminable tensile stress distribution, determining a deviation at the central region of the strip between the measured and desired tensile stress distribution, determining a deviation at the edge region of the strip between the measured and desired tensile stress distribution, forming a strip center coefficient from the central region deviation in the form of a deviation control for influencing deflection of the intermediate roll, and forming a strip edge coefficient from the edge region deviation in the form of a deviation control for influencing deflection of the working roll, and a circuit for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A cooling system for indirectly cooled superconducting magnets of a superconducting winding, includes a winding form having canals formed therein through which liquid helium flows, the canals including a lower feed canal, an upper collecting canal and mutually parallel cooling canals interconnecting the feed and collecting canals in close thermal contact with the superconducting winding, a helium supply vessel disposed opposite to and elevated with respect to the winding form, the helium supply vessel having an outlet and a connecting stub, an outgoing line connected between the feed canal and the outlet, and a return line connected between the collecting canal and the connecting stub.

Abstract: Electrochemical storage cell based on alkali metal and chalcogen with an anodic space and a cathodic space which are separated from each other by an alkali ion-conducting solid electrolyte and are limited at least areawise by a metallic housing, and ceramic structural elements connected with metallic structural elements by thermocompression. The metallic structural elements connected with ceramic structural elements by thermocompression are very thin-walled at least in the joint region and are supported at least areawise by a reinforcement element of a metallic or non-metallic material.

Abstract: A cutting apparatus for heated stock in the form of metallic bars of finite length, includes a transport device for moving the bars back and forth in longitudinal direction of the bars along a transport path, a heating device upstream of the transport device along the transport path, a cutting device downstream of the transport device along the transport path for cutting the bars to a given bar section length at a cutting position, a stop downstream of the cutting device along the transport path for limiting movement of the bars, a clamping device disposed between the cutting device and the stop along the transport path for holding bars of at least a given minimum remnant length in the cutting position, a device in vicinity of the cutting device for carrying away cut bar sections and end remnants of bars out of the cutting position, a repulsion device in vicinity of the cutting device for moving the bar remnants into the heating device after cutting, a sensor disposed along the transport path for sensing pres

Abstract: Electrochemical storage cell of the alkali metal and chalcogen type with at least two electric terminals as well as at least one anode chamber and one cathode chamber which are both provided with at least one current collector and are separated from each other by an alkali-ion-conducting solid electrolyte as well as are bounded at least in some areas by a metallic housing. The two electric terminals are integrated in one component and are connected to each other electrically via the alloy of a fusible component if the temperature in the storage cell rises to a value above the operating temperature of the storage cell.

Abstract: Substituted polyacetylenes are prepared by contacting a mixture of acetylene and a substituted acetylene with a polymerization catalyst. The substituents on the polyacetylene chains increase the distance between neighboring parallel chains and shield the chains from attack by oxygen, thereby preventing crosslinking of the chains.

Abstract: For the chemical cleaning of cooled waveguides, in particular water-cooled waveguides of electric machines and apparatus, whose cooling cycle is maintained by a feed pump and comprises an ion exchanger in a closable bypass, alternately a complexing agent is added into the cooling cycle with the bypass closed and thereafter a purification of the cooling water via the ion exchanger is effected with the bypass open. The preferred complexing agent is a chelate former or one of the salts thereof. In addition to the complexing agent, an oxidant, in particular hydrogen peroxide or oxygen gas, may be added in at least one passage cycle.

Abstract: Method for heating and igniting as well as controlling or regulating the light flux of low-pressure gas-discharge lamps, including a ballast having an inverter for generating an ac voltage at inverter output terminals from a dc voltage generated from an ac supply network by rectifiers, the ac voltage having a frequency higher than line frequency, the ballast including an L-C circuit having a capacitor and a first choke connected between one of the inverter output terminals and a lamp, the lamp being in turn connected to another of the inverter output terminals, a second choke shunted across the lamp, the charge of the capacitor being constantly reversed by the inverter with controllable frequency, which comprises changing the inverter frequency in accordance with the desired light flux with constant ac voltage amplitude at the outputs of the inverter, tuning the frequency, voltage, capacitor, first choke and second choke to each other, circulating substantially the required heating current through heating coi

Abstract: Electrochemical measuring device for determining the oxygen content in gases with approximately constant pressure, especially in combustion exhaust gases, with an oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolyte having two electrodes connected to a voltage source, and measuring changes in current. In combination with the electrical measuring device, a constriction is disposed in the path of the constant pressure gas stream with the constriction having a passageway of cross sectional area to pass the gas stream at the velocity of sound under the condition of critical pressure ratio dependent on a ratio of the pressure at the outflow side of the inflow side of the constriction which brings about sound velocity of the gas stream.

Abstract: Device for fastening built-in wiring equipment, the bottom of the wiring equipment having a fixed projection for engaging behind one L-shaped extension of an inverted hat-profile-shaped support channel, and a movable projection for snapping behind another L-shaped extension thereof, including a support plate having a device integral therewith for mounting a bus bar to hold a circuit breaker and a first L-shaped extension engageable with a projection of the wiring equipment, and a support strip attachable to the support plate and having a second L-shaped extension integral therewith, the first and second extensions forming together an inverted hat-profile-shaped support channel.

Abstract: Circuit for the uniform charging and discharging of electrochemical storage cells of the alkali metal and chalcogen type having a protective element in the circuit. The protective element is a container filled with a chemical compound which easily dissociates and easily recombines. The outer surface of the container forms an anode. An electrically conducting rod which forms a cathode extends into and also out of the container, and is electrically insulated in its mounting.

Abstract: Semiconductor device, including a housing having a surface, at least two semiconductor elements in the form of wafers at least one of which being controllable, electrodes for the semiconductor elements being insulated and passivated at the rims thereof and being electrically connected to each other, the electrodes being in the form of main anode and cathode terminals as well as a main center tap terminal provided if the semiconductor elements are connected in series, and control terminals, each of the terminals being disposed so as to extend through the surface of the housing, and an additional auxiliary cathode connection terminal disposed in the housing and extending through the surface thereof as separate terminals in each cathode of the controllable semiconductor elements, each of the auxiliary cathode terminals and the corresponding control terminal of each of the semiconductor elements being disposed adjacent to one of the main terminals and relatively far from each other.

Abstract: Battery formed of electrochemical storage cells of the alkali metal and chalcogen type in series or groups of several parallel-connected storage cells connected in series. To assure uniform charging and discharging of the storage cells, each series-connected cell or each group of parallel-connected cells, has parallel-connected to the cell or group of cells, a protective circuit. Upon reaching a given maximum charge or discharge, a cell or group of cells, the circuit acts to bridge i.e. short the cell or group of cells which has reached a maximum charge or discharge, and prevent further charge or discharge of such cell or group of cells. The circuit is functionally connected to a switch which is conductively connectible directly to the negative and positive electrodes of the cells and to the electric terminals. The protective circuit is directly connected to both terminals and the storage cell to at least one of the two terminals via the switch.