Abstract: A heating system for a spray dryer has a heating element, a heating unit having an open-pore metal foam, and a fluid input and a fluid output. The metal foam is arranged between the fluid input and the fluid output so that fluid which flows in through the fluid input and out through the fluid output is laminarized. A method for simultaneously heating and laminarizing a fluid with the aid of an open-pore metal foam is also disclosed, as is an electrostatic precipitator having a sleeve-shaped electrode connected to a base part of the precipitator. Also disclosed is a device for detaching particles from an inner surface of a sleeve-shaped electrode, a method for detaching particles, and a spray dryer with a heating system as above and/or with an electrostatic precipitator.

Abstract: A device and a process are used for filling a column with a filler material. The column is provided on two ends with a fill opening or with an intake opening. The column is held by a holding device. Using the holding device the column can be inserted in a tank in which the filler material is located. The column is connected via a connecting line to a negative pressure source. By producing a negative pressure in the interior of the column the filler material can be sucked homogeneously into the interior of the column.

Abstract: A vapour lead-through system for a rotary evaporator with a rotatable evaporator vessel (5) and a stationary cooler (7) consists of a vapour lead-through tube (6) and a connection piece (8). The vapour lead-through tube (6) is on the cooler-side mounted in a stationary seal (9). On the evaporator-side end the vapour lead-through tube (6) is connected to the connection piece (8) in a manner such that the axis (A) of the vapour lead-through tube (6) is movable with respect to the axis (A′) of the connection piece (8).

Abstract: A device and a process are used for filling a column with a filler material. The column is provided on two ends with a fill opening or with an intake opening. The column is held by a holding device. Using the holding device the column can be inserted in a tank in which the filler material is located. The column is connected via a connecting line to a negative pressure source. By producing a negative pressure in the interior of the column the filler material can be sucked homogeneously into the interior of the column.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic calibration method related to spectra of a spectrometer for examining substances in the pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, dye, plastics, rubber, and foodstuff industries.

Abstract: The connection element (1) is preferably provided with two retaining collars (5, 5′) which enclose the connection sections (2, 2′) which do the holding together. The retaining collars are releasably connected to one another or held against one another by way of fastening elements, preferably screw bolts (6). Each retaining collar consists of at least two segments (9a, 9b). With this the fastening elements have additionally also still the function of holding together the two segments. For releasing the connection at least one of the segments can be pivoted open.

Abstract: A vacuum membrane pump includes a housing, a membrane and a head portion having a sealing surface which engages with a sealing edge of the membrane to form a seal. A pump chamber is formed between the head portion and the membrane. The head portion is cast from glass, and has at least one penetrating opening for accommodating a valve element on the side away from the pump chamber. The membrane rests with its sealing edge on a shoulder of the housing and, with the sealing edge, engages with the sealing surface of the head. The valve element is in turn engaged with the inside of the openings of the head. A closure connected to the housing delivers an axial force to the valve element. The valve element, the head, and the membrane are pressed together to form a sealed assembly.

Abstract: Extractor (21) has extraction vessel (24) to which reflux line (26) is molded in one piece. Valve (1) which can be opened to allow the extract to flow back from extraction vessel (24) into distillation vessel (22) is sealed into reflux line (26). Valve (1) can be triggered depending on the height of the solvent level in extraction vessel (24).

Abstract: An evaporator flask for a rotary evaporator is formed in two portions: a substantially cylindrical bowl and a lid secured to the bowl by a connecting ring. The lid is connected to a rotary drive mechanism, and a conduit passes through a central aperture in the lid to provide fluid communication between the interior of the flask and a condenser. A mechanical scraper or stirrer is affixed to the end of the conduit within the bowl portion of the flask.

Abstract: In a method for the determination of the fat content of samples, preferably organic samples, fat portions are dissolved out of the sample by means of extraction. A high boiling point solvent is used for extraction. Through the use of a high boiling point solvent, all possible fat portions will be dissolved out and the extraction time will be significantly reduced. Concurrent with extraction, the extracted fat portions are saponified through the addition of a base, as a result of which salts of the fatty acids contained in the sample will be formed. In further procedural steps, these salts of the fatty acids are subjected to further treatment, separated from one another and analysed. The method enables the exact determination of the fat content of organic samples on the basis of the fatty acids contained within the sample.

Abstract: With a device for reducing in size and mixing material (4), a blade (12) rotates in a the working chamber (2) of a container (3). During reducing in size and mixing, the working chamber (2) is reduced in volume by means of a piston.

Abstract: An evaporator flask for a rotary evaporator is formed in two portions: a bowl and a lid secured to the bowl by a connecting ring. The lid is connected to a rotary drive means, and a conduit passes through the lid to provide fluid communication between the interior of the flask and a condenser. A mechanical scraper or stirrer is affixed to the end of the conduit within the bowl portion of the flask.