Abstract: The invention relates to a ceramic dead-end filter for filtration of liquid. The ceramic dead-end filter comprises at least one ceramic filter membrane having a first side with a front surface and a second side. The ceramic membrane comprises a selective front layer providing said front surface and the selective front layer comprises a maximum pore size diameter of about ?m or smaller, for example between about 0.5 nm and about 25 ?m. The ceramic dead-end filter of the invention provides an effective filtration with a high flux and a long durability. The filter can furthermore be regenerated in a simple way. The invention also relates to filtration system comprising such ceramic dead-end filter, a method of performing the filtration process as well as a method of producing the filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for electronic scanning of the kind in which an optical beam emitted and reflected on itself on a catadioptric mirror is displaced rapidly in space so as to sweep over a zone under control, the optical beam being formed by an electro-luminescent diode which projects a continuous train of optical impulses towards the catadioptric mirror, and said reflected impulses are received on a phototransistor device, the train of electrical impulses intended to excite an electro-luminescent diode and formed by a single preparation means being switched electronically in a cyclic manner, while at the same time the photo-transistor associated with the electro-luminescent diode in course of emission is rendered operative, the train of impulses being switched over from one diode to the next following at each impulse, characterized in that in order to ensure the state-by-state progression of the electronic switching circuit, each state validated by this circuit is comp