Abstract: A duct can be configured to receive a denuding gas flow. A solid denuding surface that is connected to a drive system can be configured to move the solid denuding surface within the duct while the solid denuding surface is continuously concentrating one or more gas-phase species from the denuding gas flow on the denuding surface. Also, a denuding gas flow can be passed along a denuding surface to concentrate one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface with a diffusion denuding action. The denuding surface can be moved while continuing to concentrate the one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface.

Abstract: A sample fluid stream can be received from a main fluid stream through a nozzle of a probe located at least partially in the main fluid stream. The sample fluid stream can travel into the nozzle and a portion of the main fluid stream adjacent to the sample fluid stream can flow past the probe without entering the probe. The sample fluid stream can flow downstream within the probe, and a portion of the main fluid stream can flow downstream outside the probe. While receiving the sample fluid stream, a gas sheet can be directed from the probe, with the gas sheet flowing upstream against the main fluid stream.

Abstract: A duct can be configured to receive a denuding gas flow. A solid denuding surface that is connected to a drive system can be configured to move the solid denuding surface within the duct while the solid denuding surface is continuously concentrating one or more gas-phase species from the denuding gas flow on the denuding surface. Also, a denuding gas flow can be passed along a denuding surface to concentrate one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface with a diffusion denuding action. The denuding surface can be moved while continuing to concentrate the one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface.

Abstract: A duct can be configured to receive a denuding gas flow. A solid denuding surface that is connected to a drive system can be configured to move the solid denuding surface within the duct while the solid denuding surface is continuously concentrating one or more gas-phase species from the denuding gas flow on the denuding surface. Also, a denuding gas flow can be passed along a denuding surface to concentrate one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface with a diffusion denuding action. The denuding surface can be moved while continuing to concentrate the one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface.

Abstract: A sample fluid stream in a probe apparatus may be redirected in a redirection area, and a flowing gas sheet may be directed into the redirection area. Additionally, a conduit downstream of a probe nozzle may define a reverse taper (where the conduit is wider downstream), a lip for collecting droplets that have collected on conduit walls, and/or re-entraining gas directed at collected droplets. Focusing gas may focus the sample fluid stream away from the walls of the conduit. Such focusing gas may be at different temperatures for different sections of the conduit. For example, the focusing gas may be a lower temperature near the probe inlet, and may be at a higher temperature to act as drying gas farther downstream.

Abstract: A duct can be configured to receive a denuding gas flow. A solid denuding surface that is connected to a drive system can be configured to move the solid denuding surface within the duct while the solid denuding surface is continuously concentrating one or more gas-phase species from the denuding gas flow on the denuding surface. Also, a denuding gas flow can be passed along a denuding surface to concentrate one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface with a diffusion denuding action. The denuding surface can be moved while continuing to concentrate the one or more gas phase species from the denuding gas flow onto the denuding surface.

Abstract: A sample fluid stream in a probe apparatus may be redirected in a redirection area, and a flowing gas sheet may be directed into the redirection area. Additionally, a conduit downstream of a probe nozzle may define a reverse taper (where the conduit is wider downstream), a lip for collecting droplets that have collected on conduit walls, and/or re-entraining gas directed at collected droplets. Focusing gas may focus the sample fluid stream away from the walls of the conduit. Such focusing gas may be at different temperatures for different sections of the conduit. For example, the focusing gas may be a lower temperature near the probe inlet, and may be at a higher temperature to act as drying gas farther downstream.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing mercury, and in particular elemental mercury, from a fluid stream by exposing the fluid stream to a polyethersulfone or filter-coated with anion exchange resin, or anion exchange resin-coated surface onto which has been loaded elemental iodine. Elemental iodine is loaded onto the PES or anion exchange resin-coated surface by immersing the PES or anion exchange resin-coated substrate in an iodine/pentane solution, then removing the substrate from the iodine/pentane solution and rinsing in pentane.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a fluid sample by XRF includes the steps of: depositing the fluid sample onto a substrate, exposing the sample and the substrate to an x-ray emission, generating a first analytical signal responsive to the x-ray emission, providing an operable first reference material having a first extended position above the substrate and in communication with the x-ray emission, periodically extending the first reference material to its first extended position, generating a first calibration signal, providing an operable second reference material having a first extended position below the substrate and in communication with the x-ray emission, and periodically extending the second reference material to its first extended position and generating at least one second calibration signal. The first and second calibration signals are compared with predetermined values. The first and second reference materials also have second retracted positions.

Abstract: A liquid comprising an analyte can be nebulized to produce droplets, and the droplets can be entrained in a carrier fluid flow. A portion of the droplets can be selected to remain entrained in the carrier fluid flow, thereby producing a selected droplet fluid flow including the carrier fluid and the selected portion of the droplets. The selected droplet fluid flow can be dried to produce an aerosol flow containing particles comprising the analyte. In addition, an amount of the liquid consumed in producing the aerosol flow can be quantified.

Abstract: A method for removing mercury, and in particular elemental mercury, from a fluid stream by blending the fluid stream with a second stream comprising iodine. The blended stream is then passed through at least one filter, which is capable of removing oxidized forms of mercury from gas streams.