Abstract: A micromechanical tool includes at least one functional module. The functional module has a housing which is constructed as a layer package consisting of structured, flat material elements forming several layers of the layer package. In one embodiment the functional embodiment positions a first end of a light conductor with respect to an object. It is also conceivable for the function module to be a machining module by irradiating for the purpose of altering the material by laser radiation.

Abstract: In order to provide a method of electrolysis for the electrolysis of water, in which water is decomposed electrolytically from an electrolysis medium and the electrolysis gases hydrogen and oxygen obtained are each separated from the liquid electrolysis medium in a gas separator, wherein a supply of water to balance out the water consumption resulting from the electrolysis is controlled by a determination of an electrolysis medium volume which is determined by the total amount of electrolysis medium in the method of electrolysis, and by means of which the total volume of the electrolysis medium in the plant can be maintained constant, it is proposed that at least one physical quantity which is characteristic of the electrolysis, and whose variation causes a change in the electrolysis medium volume in addition to the change in the electrolysis medium volume resulting from the water consumption, is measured and there is calculated from a deviation of this quantity from a predetermined reference value for this q

Abstract: Layers of compound semiconductor 60 are grown epitaxially on a substrate 40. One or more components 24 are removed from a target 14 by a supply of energy 18, and reacted with gas surrounding the target. The gas stream conveys the components through a nozzle 34 to achieve a uniform layer on the substrate.

Abstract: In order to improve a piping comprising at least one pipe and reinforcement on the outer wall of each pipe in such a way as to increase the maximum permissible internal operating pressure, it is proposed that the reinforcement should be capable of expansion along the length of the pipe and capable of contracting radially in such a way that a bias pressure can be applied to the pipe around its circumference by the longitudinal expansion of the reinforcement.

Abstract: In order to provide a gas meter calibration device for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures which comprises a connection for a gas meter such that it enables a gas meter for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures to be accurately calibrated, it is proposed that a hydrogen-oxygen mixture can be produced in a mixing zone with oxygen from an oxygen gas store and hydrogen from a hydrogen gas store, and that the composition of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture can be adjusted by means of at least one mass flow regulator, with a control system checking and ensuring that the foreign gas concentration of hydrogen or oxygen in the mixture lies below the lower explosion limit.

Abstract: In order to improve a powder coating arrangement for the application of melted coating powder onto a substrate, comprising a preparation unit for generating a flow of coating powder, a powder applicator head, from which the flow of coating powder issues and spreads in the form of a directed jet of powder towards the substrate, a melting zone, through which the flow of coating powder passes in a direction of passage, and an optical beam guidance system, which directs a laser beam generated by a laser onto the melting zone to melt the coating powder, such that the coating powder may be essentially completely melted before impact on the substrate, it is proposed that the melting zone is arranged in the powder applicator head, and that the optical beam guidance system is equipped with several elements for reflecting the laser beam, which permit the laser beam to pass several times through at least one heating zone for the flow of coating powder in the region of the melting zone transversely to the direction of pa

Abstract: A sensor is provided for precisely measuring the composition of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The sensor has an active surface, at which hydrogen and oxygen are catalytically converted into water. A transport inhibiting barrier is disposed on the active surface. The heat released during the conversion is measured, and is indicative of the mixture composition.

Abstract: An image is produced in an image plane using a row of semiconductor laser emitters which provide a corresponding row of outlet spots as light sources. An optical projection system receives radiation from the outlet spots and the radiation on the image plane as one or more rows of images by virtue of the illumination of individual, adjacently located imaging spots. The optical projection system associates at least one outlet spot with each of the imaging spots, and simultaneously forms the image of the outlet spots of all of the semiconductor laser emitters of the row of light sources at the imaging spots associated therewith.

Abstract: In order to provide a trough-shaped collector for radiation, in particular for solar radiation, comprising a trough-shaped mirror extending in longitudinal direction and reflecting the radiation into a focus region, and an absorber line extending in longitudinal direction through the focus region of the trough-shaped mirror and having a guide tube for the heat transport medium and an absorber pipe surrounding the guide tube such that an annular chamber is formed between guide tube and absorber line, with which the problems existing as a result of the uneven irradiation of the absorber line are also reduced or eliminated, it is suggested that an annular passage medium flow in the annular chamber and that the annular passage medium couple the guide tube thermally to the absorber pipe.

Abstract: To provide a process for the manufacture of a ceramic part which is a ceramic part resistant to temperature changes and, in particular, suitable also for high temperatures, it is suggested that a formed body be produced by forming and sintering a ceramic material essentially comprising non-oxidic ceramic components and that the ceramic part be produced from the formed body by oxidizing the ceramic material starting from a surface of the formed body.

Abstract: In a gas discharge device having a gas discharge channel, which comprises two gas discharge electrodes and a gas discharge volume lying between said electrodes, having an energy storage circuit connected by a switching device to the gas discharge electrodes for producing a current surge flowing between a first output terminal and a second output terminal for operating a gas discharge, and having an ignition device for separate ignition of the gas discharge, in order to improve said device in such a way that it operates better and more reliably, it is proposed that the switching device comprises a voltage divider lying between the output terminals and comprising a first and a second impedance, that the gas discharge electrodes are connected in parallel to the first impedance and a spark gap is connected in parallel to the second impedance, that the first impedance is so dimensioned that, in the absence of a gas discharge, a voltage lying below the breakdown voltage of the gas discharge electrodes is applied to

Abstract: In order to improve an apparatus for generating an image in an image plane that is visible, in particular, for a human eye, comprising a radiation source which generates an image via an optical projection means by building up at least one row of image spots during an image build-up cycle by illuminating individual, adjacently located image spots and periodically repeating the image build-up cycle, so that it is possible to generate images as simply and, therefore, also as inexpensively as possible, it is suggested that a row of light sources comprising a plurality of semiconductor emitters be provided for the illumination of the image spots of the row of image spots, that the optical projection means associate each exit spot for the radiation of each semiconductor emitter with at least one of the image spots and that the optical projection means simultaneously image the exit spots of all the semiconductor emitters of the row of light sources onto the image spots associated therewith.

Abstract: In order to improve an oxygen-iodine laser comprising a reaction unit for the generation of a gas stream composed of excited oxygen by chemical reaction between a reaction liquid and a reaction gas, a steam trap with a condensation chamber, in which steam entrained by the gas stream is condensed onto cold surfaces, an iodine injector, which injects iodine into the gas stream to generate a laser-active gas mixture, and a laser resonator with the laser-active gas mixture flowing through it, in such a way as to obtain a gas stream as free from steam as possible using the simplest possible means, it is proposed that the cold surfaces for separation of the steam are formed by liquid surfaces of a condensation liquid moved in the condensation chamber.

Abstract: In order to improve a process for the production of a composite consisting of electrode material, catalyst material and a solid-electrolyte membrane for an electrochemical cell, in particular a fuel cell, with which solid-electrolyte material is brought into pore-deep contact with the electrode material and the catalyst material by softening it, such that this can be carried out as effectively and inexpensively as possible it is suggested that a catalytic powder comprising electrode material, catalyst material and the solid-electrolyte material be produced, that a catalytic layer be produced on a carrier from the catalytic powder, that the catalytic layer be heated on a side facing away from the carrier to soften the solid-electrolyte material and that subsequently the catalytic layer be applied under pressure to the solid-electrolyte membrane while the solid-electrolyte material is still softened in order to form a composite.

Abstract: In order to improve a process for increasing the torque of an internal combustion engine burning a fuel by means of an oxidizing agent and comprising at least one cylinder and an induction system, in which the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent into the cylinder or cylinders is increased, as well as an internal combustion engine such that the torque of the internal combustion engine is increased at any rotational speed to a greater extent than with known passive pressure-charging processes, it is suggested to make a charging mixture consisting of a charging fuel and the oxidizing agent available in the induction system and to ignite this cyclically in the induction system at such points of time that due to the expansion during the rapid combustion of the charging mixture an increase in pressure occurs at the intake port of at least one cylinder during its intake phase.

Abstract: In order to improve a process for the production of a composite consisting of electrode material, catalyst material and a solid-electrolyte membrane for an electrochemical cell, in particular a fuel cell, with which solid-electrolyte material is brought into pore-deep contact with the electrode material and the catalyst material by softening it, such that this can be carried out as effectively and inexpensively as possible, it is suggested that a catalytic powder comprising electrode material, catalyst material and solid-electrolyte material be produced, that the catalytic powder be arranged on a surface area, that the catalytic powder be heated on a side facing away from the surface area in order to soften the solid-electrolyte material and that subsequently the catalytic powder be applied to the solid-electrolyte membrane under pressure with the side facing away from the surface area while the solid-electrolyte material is still softened in order to form a composite.

Abstract: In order to improve a process and an apparatus for producing a functional structure of a semiconductor component, which comprises layers arranged on a base substrate and defining the entire functions of the semiconductor component, such that the functional structure of the semiconductor components can be produced as simply as possible and with as little susceptibility as possible with respect to the quality of the semiconductor components it is suggested that all the layers be produced without lithography and applied to the base substrate one after the other exclusively with physical layer application processes.

Abstract: In order to improve a semiconductor laser system with a plurality of semiconductor laser units comprising a laser oscillator, laser radiation exiting from each of these units, a light-conducting fiber associated with each semiconductor laser unit, a coupling element for coupling the laser radiation exiting from the respective semiconductor laser unit into the respective light-conducting fiber, and a fiber bundle comprising the fibers as light conductor system, a total laser radiation formed by the sum of the coherent laser radiation generated by the respective semiconductor laser units exiting from one end of the fiber bundle, this total laser radiation illuminating a target surface on an object to be irradiated during laser activity of all the semiconductor laser units, such that complex irradiation tasks can be performed with this system in a simple and as effective a manner as possible it is suggested that a control be provided for controlling the power of each individual semiconductor laser unit in a defi

Abstract: In order to improve a process and an apparatus for producing a functional structure of a semiconductor component, which comprises layers arranged on a base substrate and defining the entire functions of the semiconductor component, such that the functional structure of the semiconductor components can be produced as simply as possible and with as little susceptibility as possible with respect to the quality of the semiconductor components it is suggested that all the layers be produced without lithography and applied to the base substrate one after the other exclusively with physical layer application processes.

Abstract: In order to improve a process for the electrolysis of a fluid electrolyte containing cations and anions in an electrolytic cell with a cathode and an anode located opposite the cathode such that primary energy not present in an electrical form, in particular thermal energy from reservoirs having a moderately high temperature, can be used for the electrolysis with lower losses, it is suggested that a current path between the cathode and the anode be closed, that a magnetic field be applied to the electrolytic cell and that a relative movement between the magnetic field and the electrolyte be generated so that on account of the effect of Lorentz forces the cations migrate to the cathode and the anions to the anode and products of electrolysis be formed on the cathode and on the anode in electrolytic reactions, wherein the charge equalization necessary for the electrolytic reactions be carried out by the current path closed between the cathode and the anode.