Abstract: The distance sensor for projectile fuzes, according to the invention, employs a range finder (6', 17, 25, 27) operating on the principle of pulse propagation time. The signal (18) is radiated by an antenna (4, 5') and the portion (18') reflected by the target is also received thereby. From a pulse (17') derived from the transmitter pulse and delayed in time by a definite amount in the delay member (19), one obtains the receiver sampling pulse (20). This pulse is used to sample the portion (18') and the resulting low-frequency representation of the receiver pulse is passed through a low-frequency amplifier (21) and a band-pass filter (44).

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for determining the range of vision of the driver of an motor vehicle upon encountering a fog. A transmitter and receiving member is mounted on the front portion of the motor vehicle. A series of beam are transmitted from the range finder to different measured portions of the roadway. The reflections from the roadway are monitored. When the atmospheric conditions change so that a fog or other obstacle appears in the roadway, the reflected signal will take on different characteristics or will not appear at all. The driver of the motor vehicle can have a visual and/or an acoustic warning indication inside the vehicle to note that some dangerous condition exists.

Abstract: In order to improve the attack capabilities against armor or combat vehicles and combat aircraft, projectiles (2) must be detonated at a small distance ahead of the impact point on the target (1). This distance cannot be determined mechanically or even with the customary pulse time-of-flight method. In order to insure the resolution of such distances, lying mostly in the region from 0.5 to 2.0 meters, the projectile is equipped with a laser range finder (3) that operates on the sampling principle and permits exact measurements. The range finder may be used as a distance detector or as an approach sensor. In the latter case, the most favorable point of time is determined in that the sampling pulses are used to set several distance gates by means of which additional information for target analysis can be obtained.

Abstract: An alarm system for military objects of a laser-radiating hostile weapon system. A plurality of units for detecting impinging laser radiation are mounted on an airplane, for example. Each detection unit is arranged to detect in one of six directions along three mutually perpendicular axes. The detection units are coupled to output signals representing the direction of incoming laser radiation to processing electronics. Each detection unit has an array of detector elements in a first plane and a diaphragm equal in size to the array in a second plane parallel to the first plane. The diaphragm and array are arranged so that the direction of the laser radiation can be determined from the pattern of detector elements activated in response to laser radiation passing through the diaphragm.

Abstract: A surface for electrical discharge for incorporation in a gas discharge chamber and designed to produce a uniform distribution of the field strength factor, and an increase in the photon and/or the electron density. This is achieved by employing a microstructure combining at least two materials of different physical properties and having a geometry which increases electron emission.

Abstract: A directional antenna is provided having an array of directional antenna elements arranged in at least one row. The directional antenna elements are activated in accordance with a predetermined pattern. The signal amplitudes on the receiving side are time-shifted to simulate a low-frequency signal for detection of deeper-lying anti-tank mines. Each directional antenna element has a pair of flat strips which lie close to each other at the base side and which proceed in parallel before diverging to a greater width toward the aperture side.

Abstract: A radiation detection method utilizing essentially two serial arrangements of receiving elements which are rigidly connected to a reconnaissance plane (1) and of different lengths, which yield in longitudinal direction of sight the censor angle .epsilon. and on the ground the pictorial strips (6, 6'). The pictorial strips are arranged transverse to the axis (25) of the plane and parallel to each other. The processing of the signals is such that, by scanning the two serial arrangements with a time delay, a different signal signature results only if the scanned object (2) moves during over flight, independently of whether the reconnaissance plane (1) during the measuring operation is subject to a pitch angle .alpha. and/or a side slip angle .beta. and/or a roll angle speed. Moreover, in this way, it is also possible to independently obtain the target speed and direction.

Abstract: A method and circuit arrangement for performing surface measurements to enable a beam source to be triggered such that changes in the oscillation frequency, maximum scanning angle, and distance from the measurement surface of the scanner are automatically compensated for. In one embodiment an alternating voltage proportional to the lateral displacement of the impinging beam from a reference point is generated and then compared with a stepped reference voltage. A trigger signal is produced when the alternating voltage equals the reference voltage, so that the beam impinges at equidistant intervals. The reference voltage is adjusted to compensate for changes in distance and maximum scanning angle. In another embodiment, a pulse sequence is generated such that the number of pulses occurring in the scanning cycle is constant. The pulses are counted and the count is compared with reference values corresponding to equiangular intervals. A trigger signal is output if the count equals the reference value.

Abstract: The receiver (3') of a laser range finder operating on the pulse propagation and including a transmitter unit (1) and a first receiver unit (2) is sampled by a spike pulse (5) derived from the transmitter pulse in such a way as to produce a low-frequency representation (10). The non-linearity of the phase modulation of this spike pulse, which is detrimental in very accurate measurements taken over long distances, is eliminated in that the oscillations of high-frequency oscillator (8) are supplied to a second receiver unit (2') in which they are scanned by the same spike pulse (5) and are then also suitably transformed into a low-frequency representation (10'). A counter (12) then counts the low-frequency zero-passages of the oscillator, beginning with the onset of the low-frequency cycle, thereby eliminating all errors (FIG. 1).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for changing the operational state of an optical or optoelectronic sighting device from the READY state to an operational state and vice versa, wherein the change in the state of the device is effected automatically, thereby freeing the user's hands for use in other immediate tasks. The apparatus comprises an eyepiece, a deformable eye rest, shutter means formed integrally therewith, transmitter means, receiver means, reflecting means fixed to the shutter means, and switch means. In the READY state, only those parts of the apparatus which require a relatively longer start-up time are energized. Also, in the READY state, a beam is transmitted from the transmitter means to the reflecting means and then back to the receiver means. When the user presses his head against the deformable eye rest, the eye rest deforms and the shutter means opens, uncovering the sight channel formed by the eyepiece and the eye rest. Also, the optical path of the transmitted beam is interrupted.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for scanning for radiated energy employs a scanning mirror (1) pivoting azimuthally about a vertical scanning axis (2) and capable of being pivoted also about a pivotal axis (3) that makes an angle with the scanning axis. The mirror reflects the incident IR energy onto a vertically disposed field composed on n individual IR detector elements (22) having (n-1) spacings of equal magnitude. The horizontal motion of the mirror takes place in customary manner but the pivotal motion is smaller than the individual detector elements and their separations. Therefore, the same thermal image requires several pivotal processes and, hence, also several mutually parallel horizontal scanning motions, resulting in achieving greater resolution of the image.

Abstract: A radiometer has a concave mirror turnable about its optical axis and photoelectric converters which receive light waves reflected by the mirror and are mechanically coupled with the same. An interrupter disk is arranged in the path of the radiation which falls onto the mirror and has a side facing the mirror which is reflective. The converters are heated and a housing surrounds the mirror, the converters and the heater and is provided with a window located on the optical axis and permitting the admission of light to the mirror. An electronic circuit processes the various signals of the device. According to the invention the light-admitting window is arranged in the center of curvature of the hollow part-spherical mirror, which center of curvature is located behind or inwardly of the interrupter disk as seen in the direction of the incoming light.

Abstract: A simulator for simulation of signals of a target radiator includes a first free-running frequency generator operating at a first frequency for simulating the intensity fluctuations of a target radiator, an amplitude regulator connected to the free-running generator for controlling the amplitude of the first frequency, a second free-running generator operating at a second frequency lower than the first frequency for simulating the amplitude and phase of a vectoril target representation, and a frequency divider chain for coupling the first generator to the second generator.

Abstract: A scanning radiometer in which at least one curved mirror is integral with a drivable optical system. Thermal radiation is directed onto a detector facing the mirror at a distance. An electronic system performs a weighting evaluation corresponding to the position of the detectors, and a threshold value is indicative of the degree of radiation of the observed object shown on a display unit. The optical system together with the detectors is located about axes containing the center of curvature of the curved mirror and is rotatable in steps or continuously. The mirror is, furthermore, shaped in the form of a hollow sphere or a hollow sphere segment. The latter avoids irradiation of detectors by scatter radiation incident via the aperture with boundaries running parallel to the optical axis or with a boundary expanding funnel-like from the entry window towards the mirror.

Abstract: The invention provides a particular prism arrangement suitable for use between a source of infrared image and a receiving element suitable for receiving infrared radiation. The prism provides for a line scanning of the image and for this purpose is provided with side faces suitably arranged to provide for the scanning of a multiplicity of lines.

Abstract: Process for making radomes for the aircraft industry from fabrics and the like of varying weaves, saturated with resins, and allowed to harden in a two-part mold that corresponds to the radome profile, while applying pressure and heat. A stocking-shaped webbing, constituting an outer layer, is inserted into the negative half of the mold, followed by the insertion of a molding material into the so equipped mold half, the material preferably consisting of two components, a resin and fiber clippings various optional steps are suggested by the invention.

Abstract: A method is contemplated for removing ringing phenomena from a signal impulse which comprises storing amounts of energy or voltage corresponding to amplitude variations of the signal impulse, interrogating said amounts in a delayed manner, and subsequently feeding back the interrogated amounts to the signal impulse. An apparatus is provided for the method which comprises an analog memory including a ring stepping switch including switching contacts, storage capacitors coupled to said contacts and means for interrogating said capacitors. The number of switching steps is determined by the number of the switching contacts and corresponds at least in part to part of the signal impulse passing unchanged through the apparatus.