Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a method to determine a binocular alignment, the method comprising: measuring a disassociated phoria of a first eye and a second eye of a patient at an apparent distance; and determining an accommodative convergence of the first eye and the second eye at the apparent distance using the measured disassociated phoria. In other embodiments, a system to determine a binocular alignment comprises a stereo display, for a projection of images for a first eye and a second eye; an accommodation optics, to modify the projection of the images according to an apparent distance; an eye tracker, to track an orientation of the first eye and the second eye; and a computer, coupled to the stereo display, the accommodation optics and the eye tracker, to manage a determination of the binocular alignment.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design. A Deep Learning Method for an Artificial Intelligence Engine can be used for a Progressive Lens Design Processor.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design. A Deep Learning Method for an Artificial Intelligence Engine can be used for a Progressive Lens Design Processor.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design. A Deep Learning Method for an Artificial Intelligence Engine can be used for a Progressive Lens Design Processor.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design. A Deep Learning Method for an Artificial Intelligence Engine can be used for a Progressive Lens Design Processor.

Abstract: A Progressive Lens Simulator comprises an Eye Tracker, for tracking an eye axis direction to determine a gaze distance, an Off-Axis Progressive Lens Simulator, for generating an Off-Axis progressive lens simulation; and an Axial Power-Distance Simulator, for simulating a progressive lens power in the eye axis direction. The Progressive Lens Simulator can alternatively include an Integrated Progressive Lens Simulator, for creating a Comprehensive Progressive Lens Simulation. The Progressive Lens Simulator can be Head-mounted. A Guided Lens Design Exploration System for the Progressive Lens Simulator can include a Progressive Lens Simulator, a Feedback-Control Interface, and a Progressive Lens Design processor, to generate a modified progressive lens simulation for the patient after a guided modification of the progressive lens design. A Deep Learning Method for an Artificial Intelligence Engine can be used for a Progressive Lens Design Processor.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a method to determine a binocular alignment, the method comprising: measuring a disassociated phoria of a first eye and a second eye of a patient at an apparent distance; and determining an accommodative convergence of the first eye and the second eye at the apparent distance using the measured disassociated phoria. In other embodiments, a system to determine a binocular alignment comprises a stereo display, for a projection of images for a first eye and a second eye; an accommodation optics, to modify the projection of the images according to an apparent distance; an eye tracker, to track an orientation of the first eye and the second eye; and a computer, coupled to the stereo display, the accommodation optics and the eye tracker, to manage a determination of the binocular alignment.

Abstract: A convergence-reducing lens, wherein a central normal defines a z-axis, and a central region defines an x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system, the convergence-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region with a negative distance-vision optical power, having a distance-vision front surface with a center of distance-vision front curvature, and a distance-vision rear surface with a center of distance-vision rear curvature; and a near-vision region with an optical power within 0.

Abstract: An eye-strain reducing lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system, and includes a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a near-vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an x-z location of the eye-center representative location at a corresponding y height; wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.

Abstract: A convergence-reducing lens, wherein a central normal of the convergence-reducing lens defines a z-axis, and a center of the convergence-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining a coordinate system, the convergence-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, to refract a light ray, directed parallel to the z-axis at a distance-vision region point at an x-distance from a y-z plane of the coordinate system, so that its extension intersects the y-z plane at a distance-vision intersection z-distance; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5D.

Abstract: An off-axis curvature center lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system of the convergence-reducing lens, the off-axis curvature lens comprising a distance-vision region with a non-negative distance-vision optical power, having a front distance-vision surface with a center of front distance-vision curvature, and a rear distance-vision surface with a center of rear distance-vision curvature; and a near-vision region with an optical power within 0.5D of the distance-vision optical power, having a front near-vision surface with a center of front near-vision curvature, and a rear near-vision surface with a center of rear near-vision curvature; wherein at least one of an x-coordinate of the center of front near-vision curvature is nasal relative to an x-coordinate of the center of front distance-vision curvature, and an x-coordinate of the center of rear near-vision curvature is temporal relative to an x-coordinate of the center of rear distance-vision curvature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a method to determine a binocular alignment, the method comprising: measuring a disassociated phoria of a first eye and a second eye of a patient at an apparent distance; and determining an accommodative convergence of the first eye and the second eye at the apparent distance using the measured disassociated phoria. In other embodiments, a system to determine a binocular alignment comprises a stereo display, for a projection of images for a first eye and a second eye; an accommodation optics, to modify the projection of the images according to an apparent distance; an eye tracker, to track an orientation of the first eye and the second eye; and a computer, coupled to the stereo display, the accommodation optics and the eye tracker, to manage a determination of the binocular alignment.

Abstract: An eye-strain reducing lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system, and includes a distance-vision region, baying a non-negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical point within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a near-vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to the same eye-center representative location; wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance -vision x-distance.

Abstract: A convergence-reducing lens of a low-convergence spectacle is characterized by a central normal of the convergence-reducing lens that defines a z-axis, and a center of the convergence-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system, the convergence-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a non-negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed parallel to the z-axis at a distance-vision region point at an x-distance from a y-z plane of the coordinate system, to intersect the y-z-plane at a distance-vision intersection z-distance; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.

Abstract: A class of prismatic contact lenses includes a first prism zone, having a first prism and a first optical power; and a progressive prism zone, adjacent to the first prism zone, having a progressive prism that varies from the first prism to a second prism. The prismatic contact lens can further comprise a second prism zone, adjacent to the progressive prism zone, having the second prism and a second optical power. Another class of prismatic contact lenses include a first prism zone, having a first prism and a first optical power; a second prism zone, adjacent to the first prism zone, having a second prism and a second optical power; and a sharp transition between the first prism zone and the second prism zone.

Abstract: An off-axis curvature center lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system of the convergence-reducing lens, the off-axis curvature lens comprising a distance-vision region with a non-negative distance-vision optical power, having a front distance-vision surface with a center of front distance-vision curvature, and a rear distance-vision surface with a center of rear distance-vision curvature and a near-vision region with an optical power within 0.5D of the distance-vision optical power, having a front near-vision surface with a center of front near-vision curvature, and a rear near-vision surface with a center of rear near-vision curvature; wherein at least one of an x-coordinate of the center of front near-vision curvature is nasal relative to an x-coordinate of the center of front distance-vision curvature, and an x-coordinate of the center of rear near-vision curvature is temporal relative to an x-coordinate of the center of rear distance-vision curvature.

Abstract: An eye-strain reducing lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system, and includes a distance-vision region, having a non-negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a near-vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to the same eye-center representative location, wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.

Abstract: A convergence-reducing lens of a low-convergence spectacle is characterized by a central normal of the convergence-reducing lens that defines a z-axis, and a center of the convergence-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-v plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system, the convergence-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a non-negative distance-vision optical pourer, configured to refract a light ray, directed parallel to the z-axis at a distance-vision region point at an x-distance from a y-z plane of the coordinate system, to intersect the y-z-plane at a distance-vision intersection z-distance; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and lenses for reducing asthenopia related symptoms associated with proprioceptive disparity. In certain aspects, lenses of the invention include a distance portion and a near portion, and a progressive increase in minus power from the distance portion to the near portion. Additionally, lenses of the invention may include a prism and a progressive reduction in optical power, in which the prism and the progressive reduction are varied independently. In one embodiment, a lens is provided that has a base-in prism and that provides an increase in minus power from the distance vision portion of the lens to a near vision portion of the lens (i.e., a progressive reduction).