Abstract: The invention provides improved burners, combustion apparatus, and methods for carbon nanomaterial production. The burners of the invention provide sooting flames of fuel and oxidizing gases. The condensable products of combustion produced by the burners of this invention produce carbon nanomaterials including without limitation, soot, fullerenic soot, and fullerenes. The burners of the invention do not require premixing of the fuel and oxidizing gases and are suitable for use with low vapor pressure fuels such as those containing substantial amounts of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The burners of the invention can operate with a hot (e.g., uncooled) burner surface and require little, if any, cooling or other forms of heat sinking. The burners of the invention comprise one or more refractory elements forming the outlet of the burner at which a flame can be established. The burners of the invention provide for improved flame stability, can be employed with a wider range of fuel/oxidizer (e.g.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fullerene film which can be easily formed by a wet process without deteriorating the intrinsic properties of a fullerene by using a fullerene derivative as a raw material. Also disclosed are a fullerene polymer, a method for producing a fullerene film, and a method for producing a fullerene polymer. A fullerene film or a fullerene polymer maintaining the intrinsic properties of the fullerene is obtained by coating a base with a solution of a fullerene derivative and then heating the thus-obtained coating film at a temperature higher than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene derivative but lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fullerene film which can be easily formed by a wet process without deteriorating the intrinsic properties of a fullerene by using a fullerene derivative as a raw material. Also disclosed are a fullerene polymer, a method for producing a fullerene film, and a method for producing a fullerene polymer. A fullerene film or a fullerene polymer maintaining the intrinsic properties of the fullerene is obtained by coating a base with a solution of a fullerene derivative which is decomposed at a temperature lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene, for example one represented by the formula below, and then heating the thus-obtained coating film at a temperature higher than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene derivative but lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene.

Abstract: A fullerene mixture comprising any two or more of C60, C70 and higher fullerenes having greater than 70 carbon atoms is brought into contact with an amine having two or more nitrogen atoms, especially an amine having an amidine structure, in a solvent to form a complex of a specific fullerene contained in the fullerene mixture and the amine, and the complex is separated from a solution in which fullerenes not forming the complex are dissolved. Consequently, a method of fullerene separation, by which the specific fullerene is separated from the fullerene mixture with ease and at low cost, and the complex having the fullerene can be provided.

Abstract: A metal material that is, without using expensive apparatus, carburized in a low temperature region where crystal grains do not grow so much, and a producing method of the metal material are provided. A metal material mainly containing iron, wherein a surface of the metal material is subjected to a carburization treatment by a treatment using fullerenes as a carbon source.

Abstract: A fullerene mixture comprising any two or more of C60, C70 and higher fullerenes having greater than 70 carbon atoms is brought into contact with an amine having two or more nitrogen atoms, especially an amine having an amidine structure, in a solvent to form a complex of a specific fullerene contained in the fullerene mixture and the amine, and the complex is separated from a solution in which fullerenes not forming the complex are dissolved. Consequently, a method of fullerene separation, by which the specific fullerene is separated from the fullerene mixture with ease and at low cost, and the complex having the fullerene can be provided.

Abstract: There are provided a novel carbon material having a characteristic property of a high volume electrical resistance, which is different from conventional carbon black. A carbon material of the present invention is insoluble in organic solvents, and has a peak height ratio H(B)/H(A) and a peak strength ratio I(D)/I(G) which are fall within the region defined by four points: (X, Y)=(0.86, 0.71), (0.65, 0.86), (0.28, 0.59) and (0.23, 0.63) in the coordinate system shown in FIG. 1 where the peak height ratio H(B)/H(A) is plotted as the X-axis and the peak strength ratio I(D)/I(G) as the Y-axis, wherein H(A) represents a height of the strongest peak at the diffraction angle 2 ? of 12-16° and H(B) represents a height of the peak at 2 ?=22° in the X-ray diffractometry using CuK?-rays, and I(G) represents a peak strength in the band of G1590±20 cm?1 and I(D) represents a peak strength in the band D1340±40 cm?1 in the Raman spectrometry at the excitation wavelength of 5145 ?.