Abstract: A system for a distributed archive and data restoration which achieves both high-speed processing and security is provided. A random number is generated by a seed random number generator, and inputted to a key random number generator as a seed, and each data fragment is obtained by dividing a source data file to be archived, and is redundantly stored on (n?k+1) storage mediums identified as destination storage mediums among n storage mediums on the basis of the random number generated by the key random number generator each time where n is an integer no less than 2 and k is an integer no more than value of n.

Abstract: A magnetic random access memory (MRAM), and a memory module, memory system including the same, and method for controlling the same are disclosed. The MRAM includes magnetic memory cells configured to change between at least two states according to a magnetization direction, and a mode register supporting a plurality of operational modes.