Abstract: Provided herein are peptides and variant peptides that exhibit enhanced activity at the GLP-1 receptor, as compared to native glucagon.

Abstract: In a drift tube partitioned into a plurality of cascaded drift tube segments each followed by an ion elimination region, a method of separating ions as a function of ion mobility includes repeatedly, and alternating between at least two different time durations, establishing electric drift fields in the drift tube segments and in some of the ion elimination regions while establishing electric repulsive fields in others of the ion elimination regions such that ions having a predefined mobility or range of mobilities are transmitted through the drift tube at one or more frequencies which include one or more overtones of a fundamental frequency at which ions having the predefined mobility or range of mobilities are transmitted through the drift tube with the electric drift fields and electric repulsive fields repeatedly established with uniform time durations.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for assisting flow of a fluid in a conduit. In some embodiments, a viscous impeller rotating within a protective cage provides a boost and total pressure to blood within the circulatory system of an animal.